EXHAUSTION AND BURNOUT SYNDROME AMONG BRAZILIAN MILITARY POLICE OFFICERS STATIONED IN THE INTERIOR OF PERNAMBUCOABSTRACT
Objective: to analyze the socio-occupational factors predisposed to develop burnout syndrome in Brazilian military police officers stationed in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil.
Method: this is a cross-sectional, observational study with a quantitative approach conducted in two military police battalions located in the Zona da Mata and Agreste regions of rural Pernambuco, Brazil, between September 2023 and March 2024, with the participation of 118 military police officers. Two data collection instruments were administered: the first, a questionnaire with questions about sociodemographic profiles, work experience, and lifestyle habits; and the second, an instrument which assesses burnout syndrome using the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI).
Results: most military police officers hold enlisted positions (89 %), perform operational work (59 %), have more than six years of professional experience (70.3 %), and feel fulfilled in their profession (80.5 %). It was found that 54.2 % of military police officers classified as having burnout and 24.6 % as having disengagement and exhaustion. Thus, 78.8 % of military police officers exhibit signs of professional illness. Factors associated with professional illness include insufficient quantity and quality of sleep per night, performing operational duties as enlisted personnel, and having worked for six to 20 years.
Conclusion: the study found high burnout rates among police officers and analyzed the factors related to burnout syndrome, disengagement, and exhaustion among military police officers in Pernambuco, Brazil.
DESCRIPTORS:
Police officers; Occupational health; Mental health; Burnout; Nursing
RESUMO
Objetivo: analisar os fatores sociolaborais predisponentes para o desenvolvimento da síndrome de burnout em policiais militares brasileiros lotados no estado de Pernambuco.
Método: estudo transversal, observacional com abordagem quantitativa, realizado em dois batalhões da polícia militar localizados na Zona da Mata e Agreste no interior de Pernambuco, no período de setembro de 2023 e março de 2024 com a participação de 118 policiais militares. Aplicou-se dois instrumentos para a coleta de dados, sendo o primeiro um questionário com perguntas sobre o perfil sociodemográfico, laboral e hábitos de vida, e o segundo, um instrumento que avalia a síndrome de burnout utilizando o Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI).
Resultados: a maioria dos policiais militares possuem o cargo de praça (89 %), prestando trabalho operacional (59 %) com mais de seis anos de atuação profissional (70,3 %) e se sentem realizados com a profissão (80,5 %). Evidenciou-se que os policiais militares classificados com Burnout representam (54,2 %) e com distanciamento e esgotamento (24,6 %), dessa forma, (78,8 %) dos policiais militares apresentam sinais de adoecimento relacionados ao campo profissional. Dentre os fatores associados ao adoecimento profissional, estão a quantidade e a qualidade de sono por noite insuficiente, exercer atividade operacional no cargo de praça e ter tempo de atuação profissional entre seis a 20 anos.
Conclusão: de acordo com o estudo realizado, foi possível verificar altos índices de burnout entre os policiais e analisar os fatores relacionados à Síndrome de Burnout, ao distanciamento e esgotamento entre os policiais militares de Pernambuco.
DESCRITORES:
Policiais; Saúde ocupacional; Saúde mental; Burnout; Enfermagem
RESUMEN
Objetivo: analizar los factores sociolaborales que predisponen al desarrollo del síndrome de burnout en policías militares brasileñas destacados en el estado de Pernambuco, Brasil.
Método: se realizó un estudio observacional transversal con enfoque cuantitativo en dos batallones de la policía militar ubicados en las regiones de Zona da Mata y Agreste, en el área rural de Pernambuco, entre septiembre de 2023 y marzo de 2024, con la participación de 118 policías militares. Se administraron dos instrumentos de recolección de datos: un cuestionario con preguntas sobre perfiles sociodemográficos, experiencia laboral y hábitos de vida, y un instrumento que evalúa el síndrome de burnout mediante el Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI).
Resultados: la mayoría de los policías militares ocupan puestos de tropa (89 %), realizan trabajo operativo (59 %), tienen más de seis años de experiencia profesional (70,3 %) y se sienten realizados en su profesión (80,5 %). Se encontró que el 54,2 % de los policías militares presentaron síndrome de burnout y el 24,6 %, desapego y agotamiento. Por lo tanto, el 78,8 % de los policías militares presentan signos de enfermedad profesional. Los factores asociados con esta enfermedad incluyen la falta de sueño, el desempeño de funciones operativas como personal alistado y haber trabajado de seis a veinte años.
Conclusión: el estudio detectó altas tasas de burnout entre los policías y analizó los factores relacionados con el síndrome de burnout, el desapego y el agotamiento en los policías militares de Pernambuco.
DESCRIPTORES:
Policías; Salud laboral; Salud mental; Burnout; Enfermería
INTRODUCTION
Burnout syndrome has been defined as a psychological disorder triggered by chronic exposure to workplace stress. Both the identification of its symptoms and its definition were described in the 1970s by Freudenberger and Maslach. It was recently classified as an occupational disease, and is always detrimental to the professional and personal lives of the individual who suffers, as the worker feels unhappy and dissatisfied with their work performance1-2.
Burnout is usually characterized by three dimensions: emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and low professional fulfillment. It can be detected in different professional categories, but is more common among professionals who work with others, especially in service-providing activities such as healthcare, education, and public safety2-4.
Based on empirical evidence, some authors consider disengagement/depersonalization and exhaustion to be central dimensions of burnout, while reduced personal fulfillment plays a less important role, being a facet that yields weaker results compared to the other burnout dimensions5-6.
Living with situations of constant stress makes military police officers a distinct working class from others due to their greater exposure to extreme factors which affect the health and quality of life of this population, such as: recurring exposure to occasions of anguish and pain, the requirement to control emotions when provoked, the inconclusive nature of police work, the responsibility of carrying a firearm, in addition to the responsibility of protecting the lives of citizens7-10.
Reports from the 2023 Brazilian Public Security Yearbook, the 2022 Public Security Health Report, and the 2023-2030 Pernambuco State Public Security Plan categorically expose the situation of violence and lethality in the role of police officers in society. Violence in the state of Pernambuco is unevenly distributed, with high crime rates, even in the interior. An average of over 100 people were killed per year due to police intervention between 2018 and 2023, and the state ranks fourth in the country in the death rate of active police officers11-12.
According to data from the Violence Atlas, this violence scenario has been occurring for decades in Pernambuco, which stands out negatively in terms of homicide rates, consistently ranking among the five most violent states in the country13. The occupational health of police officers is a concern due to their specific characteristics, along with the need to identify critical situations early on that, without intervention, could lead to more dangerous situations14-15.
Therefore, understanding the stressors which generate burnout syndrome will allow managers to be aware of the importance of occupational health services for the prevention and recovery of their employees and to invest in health promotion initiatives to mitigate illness rates and improve their quality of life. In turn, it is appropriate to describe and analyze the socio-occupational factors which predispose to develop burnout syndrome in Brazilian military police officers stationed in the interior of the state of Pernambuco, Brazil.
METHOD
This is a cross-sectional, observational, and quantitative study which involved administering a questionnaire addressing sociodemographic and work profiles, lifestyle habits, and the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI), which assesses burnout syndrome. The participants were 118 military police officers from the two largest military police battalions in the interior of Pernambuco, Brazil; one located in the Zona da Mata region and the other in the state’s Agreste region.
Data collection took place between September 2023 and March 2024, and the selected sampling technique was stratified random sampling. The study population was divided into subgroups based on hierarchical category (e.g., officers or enlisted men) and by gender, given that the military police are predominantly male.
A sample size calculation4 based on a confidence interval of one proportion was used considering the estimated 40 % rate of burnout among police officers, with a 95 % confidence level and 90 % power for a finite population of 1,100 police officers, resulting in a sample of 93 individuals.
Data were collected using a structured instrument developed for the study through interviews with military police officers who agreed to participate and signed the Informed Consent Form (ICF) after being informed about the study.
The Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI) was developed in 1998 in German by Evangelia Demerouti and validated in different occupational groups. It was translated and validated into English by the same author and subsequently validated in several languages16-17. The scale was adapted and validated for Brazilian Portuguese 6, and more recently for Brazilian Portuguese and Portuguese 14.
The OLBI scale is an instrument which can be used in virtually any occupational context. It assesses burnout and divides it into two factors: exhaustion and disengagement from work. It consists of 16 questions, measured using a 4-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 4 (strongly agree). Each dimension (exhaustion and disengagement from work) contains eight questions, four of which are formulated positively and four negatively6.
However, the version adapted to Brazilian Portuguese now contains 13 questions after confirmatory analyses and internal consistency assessments, six of which assess exhaustion and seven assess disengagement from work14. The values of the following variables (EE3; EE5; DT1; DT4; and DT7) were inverted to assess the means for the constructs Exhaustion and Disengagement from work, thus characterizing it as follows: the higher the mean, the higher the burnout rates6,14-15,17.
Peterson et al.18 proposed that mean scores ≥ 2.25 in the Exhaustion dimension and ≥ 2.1 in the Disengagement dimension will be considered high to classify burnout using the OLBI, and individuals will be classified as shown in Chart 1.
The data were tabulated using double entry in Microsoft Office Excel® spreadsheets and then transferred to IBM SPSS Statistics version 20.0. Descriptive statistics were calculated on the profile of military police officers using frequency distributions for qualitative variables and appropriate central tendency and dispersion measures based on the distribution pattern of the data curve for numerical variables. The assumptions of normality of the variable curves were assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk and Kolmogorov-Sminorv tests.
Next, the parameters measuring burnout using the OLBI (total burnout, exhaustion, and disengagement from work) were calculated and compared with the profile characteristics of these workers through bivariate analysis using Spearman’s correlation test, Student’s t-test for independent samples, and one-way ANOVA. The assumption of homogeneity of variance was assessed using Levene’s test. Bootstrapping procedures (1,000 resamplings; 95 %CI BCa) were performed for the Student’s t-test and one-way ANOVA to obtain greater reliability of the results, to correct for deviations from normality of the sample distribution and differences between group sizes, and to present a 95 % confidence interval for the differences between means19.
Bivariate analyses were grouped into two categories: education (high school and college) and marital status (married and unmarried) variables. A significance level of 5 % (p<0.05) was considered for data interpretation.
This study complied with the ethical precepts for research involving human subjects, regulated by Resolution No. 466/2012 of the National Health Council, and was submitted to and approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the HUOC/PROCAPE Hospital Complex.
RESULTS
A total of 130 military police officers eligible for the study were invited to participate; however, only 118 accepted. The expected proportions for gender (Table 1) and position (Table 2) were maintained regarding participant characteristics. The average age of the officers was 37 years, the majority considered themselves mixed race (54.2 %), were married (75.2 %), practiced some religion (90.6 %), and had completed higher education (78.5 %) (Table 1). It was observed that most participants led a healthy lifestyle, except for sleep, as can be seen in Table 1.
Regarding the ranks of the participants, the majority of enlisted personnel are sergeants (33.8 %), the majority of officers are lieutenants (6.7 %), the majority work in the operational part (59 %), meaning that they work directly providing public safety services on the streets, have between 11 and 20 years of service (48.3 %) and feel fulfilled with the profession (80.5 %) (Table 2).
Labor data of military police officers from two battalions in the interior of Pernambuco, Brazil, 2024. (n=118).
This study used the standardization of Peterson et al.18 to classify the OLBI scores of police officers as shown in Table 3.
Spearman’s correlation between the variables age, length of service, and hours of sleep with burnout and its dimensions (exhaustion and disengagement) demonstrated that only the hours of sleep variable negatively and significantly correlated with burnout (r=-0.275; p<0.01), exhaustion (r=-0.261; p<0.01), and disengagement (r=-0.241; p<0.01). Age (p=0.708) and length of service (p=0.291) did not present a statistically significant correlation. The effect size between the statistically significant variables have a weak influence (r=|0.10| − |0.39|).
The overall burnout score and its dimensions (exhaustion and disengagement from work) did not show statistically significant associations with the variables gender (p=0.293; p=0.059; p=0.795), religion (p=0.456; p=0.639; p=0.385), physical activity (p=0.233; p=0.628; p=0.175), alcohol consumption (p=0.497; p=0.594; p=0.480), smoking (p=0.575; p=0.510; p=0.627), nature of work (p=0.318; p=0.899; p=0.101) or ethnicity (p=0.625; p=0.901; p=0.409). The “position” variable did not show a statistically significant relationship with the overall score and burnout (p=0.127; p=0.493). Marital status (married or not) did not show a statistically significant association with the overall score or work disengagement (p=0.054; p=0.094), and education level did not show a statistically significant association with work disengagement (p=0.223).
It was found that enlisted personnel had statistically higher “work disengagement” scores than officers. Officers with higher education (i.e. a college degree) had higher overall and burnout scores than those with only a high school diploma. Married individuals had lower burnout scores than those who were not married (single, separated, and widowed) (Table 4).
The “perception of getting enough sleep,” “sleep quality,” and “feeling fulfilled with the profession” variables showed statistically significant relationships with the overall burnout score and its dimensions, as detailed in Table 4.
DISCUSSION
The average burnout scores estimated by the OLBI for military police officers are lower than for healthcare professionals. However, they are higher for exhaustion (2.51) and lower for disengagement from work (2.19) when compared to other workers.
According to another study that evaluated workers in various work sectors, the average found for exhaustion was 2.33 and 2.4 for work disengagement. These values are classified as intermediate levels, thus the study population presents burnout levels that require attention6. A study of Brazilian physicians working in primary healthcare identified a burnout score of 2.7 measured by the OLBI15.
The prevalence of burnout among police officers in this study (54.2 %) was higher than that found in the literature. It is estimated that between 12.9 % and 40 % of the population of public safety professionals exhibit warning signs, and between 2.77 % and 11 % exhibit critical signs of burnout syndrome. This corroborates the present study and the literature, demonstrating that exhaustion is among the burnout dimensions which presents the highest scores in scale assessments of public safety professionals4,8,20-21.
As in other studies using the OLBI, it was observed that sociodemographic factors did not have a significant impact on burnout syndrome6-7,15. It is likely that the nature of police work and the work-related stressors that officers, especially those of lower rank, face in their daily work make sociodemographic factors irrelevant to develop the syndrome8.
Higher education levels were found to be a predisposing factor for exhaustion and burnout syndrome in this study. This is possibly associated with a perception of devaluation, particularly among enlisted personnel, who have higher education levels and feel less recognized within the institution, as promotion criteria within the military police are not necessarily tied to education. Related to the lack of recognition and status in some professions, it has been reported that individuals with higher education levels tend to have higher scores on the “emotional exhaustion” and “depersonalization” dimensions21.
It is noteworthy that married individuals had lower average exhaustion scores compared to unmarried individuals (single, separated, and widowed), raising the hypothesis that having a steady partner creates a support network which reduces work-related stress levels. It is also evident that social factors such as marriage and family life reduce the experience of burnout symptoms22.
Another important factor linked to burnout syndrome and its dimensions in military police officers was the quality and quantity of sleep, with the relationship between burnout and sleep described by other researchers. Sleep is one of the most affected aspects of these professionals due to the conditions of the profession itself, which involves shift work and high stress levels due to the inherent dangers of the job23-24.
The perception of fulfillment as a military police officer appears to be a protective factor against burnout. Despite some variability, the literature demonstrates that workers’ perception of their work is fundamentally important for burnout. It is worth noting that the satisfaction level is an essentially subjective assessment and is directly related to the workers’ perception of the importance of their work25.
The study participants mostly demonstrated healthy lifestyle habits, such as regular physical activity, abstaining from alcohol consumption, and smoking. Most of these behavioral factors did not significantly impact burnout in the analyses, unlike another study with healthcare professionals26.
Associated with the occupational world, burnout syndrome is closely related to the way work is organized, as well as the nature of the work performed. The occurrence of burnout is influenced by factors such as chronic stress, excessive pressure, workplace conflicts, and low recognition1,4,27-28.
Employee well-being at work can be impacted by both the level of demands and the types of demands, even under highly challenging conditions. Job resources, such as coworker support, autonomy, and development opportunities, promote positive affect and work engagement. This leads to a perception of workplace well-being, reduced stress levels, and the prevention of burnout, with the potential to reduce workplace accidents and early retirement among military police officers10,29.
In this context, we suggest that future studies consider the causal factors for the incidence of burnout among military police officers, considering that this topic is relevant for identifying specific characteristics and vulnerabilities so that preventive health measures can be targeted. Therefore, it is crucial to assess the conditions which contribute to burnout incidence, as studies reveal that this condition impairs self-care and self-protection and consequently increases aggressive behavior.
In addition, it is important to highlight the importance of occupational health nurses within occupational health services to develop stress management training for police officers which can help them deal more effectively with the stress inherent in the profession, to develop personal techniques to help themselves improve their professional path and potentially prevent future burnout of a large part of the force.
CONCLUSION
Disengagement, exhaustion, and burnout syndrome among military police officers are intrinsically related to the type of position held, the nature of operational work, and having worked for more than six years, contributing to feelings of professional and emotional exhaustion. Given this context, it is necessary to develop support, acceptance, and emotional and psychological support measures to minimize the factors which contribute to illness among public safety professionals.
The study results serve as a warning and reflection, expressing that professionals working in public and social security, as well as performing risky and exposed activities, require inclusive and effective public policies, reinforcing the need for occupational health in platoons, promoting self-care, acceptance, and emotional support, thus enabling to minimize risk factors and provide attention to worker health.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We would like to thank the General Command of the Military Police of Pernambuco and the Integrated Directorate of the Interior I for the authorization and all the military police officers who participated in the study.
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NOTES
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ORIGIN OF THE ARTICLE
Extracted from the thesis - “Relação da autoeficácia e do Burnout sobre o absenteísmo do Policial Militar”, presented to the Associated Postgraduate Program in Nursing at the University of Pernambuco and the State University of Paraíba, in 2025.
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FUNDING INFORMATION
Financing was received through the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) with the Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE).
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APPROVAL OF ETHICS COMMITTEE IN RESEARCH
Approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the University of Pernambuco Foundation, opinion no. 6.091.891/2023, Certificate of Presentation for Ethical Assessment - 69587923.6.0000.5192.
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TRANSLATED BY
Christopher Quinn.
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DATA AVAILABILITY
The dataset that generated the results of this study is available upon request from corresponding author Angélica de Godoy Torres Lima. These data are not publicly available because they are part of a doctoral thesis, some of which are yet to be published.
The dataset that generated the results of this study is available upon request from corresponding author Angélica de Godoy Torres Lima. These data are not publicly available because they are part of a doctoral thesis, some of which are yet to be published.
