Nutraceutical quality of grafted tomato and cultivated in the NFT system

Qualidade nutracêutica de tomate enxertado e cultivado no sistema NFT

ABSTRACT

Malnutrition problems are related with diets lacking one or more essential elements, which are extremely important for food enrichment to improve the content of compounds effective for health. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of the addition of Ca²⁺, K⁺ and Mg²⁺ on the induction of nutraceutical quality in grafted tomatoes grown in the NFT (Nutrient Film Technique) system. In the experiment, two factors were evaluated: plants with and without grafting and the foliar application of 10 mL/L Ca²⁺, 4 mL/L K⁺ and 10 mL/L Mg²⁺ cations separately for each case, in addition to the control (grafted and non-grafted plants without foliar applications). The treatments were evaluated using a completely randomized design, with 5 repetitions per treatment. The interactive effects between grafting and foliar application of Ca²⁺ induced a greater content of lycopene, β-carotene and total flavonoids in tomato fruits. The interactive effects between the graft and the Mg²⁺ foliar applications obtained the best results in the phenol content. About the antioxidant capacity of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′ -Azino-bis-[3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS)], the graft decreased the concentration, increasing the content of these through foliar applications of calcium. Regarding the enzymatic variables, graft factor increased the activity of catalase, glutathione peroxidase and phenylalanine ammonium lyase and obtained the best results of graft interaction and foliar application of calcium and magnesium. The foliar application of K obtained a low response on antioxidant defense systems. The obtained results demonstrate the influence of grafts and foliar applications of calcium and magnesium as tools that could improve the nutraceutical quality of tomato.

Keywords:
Lycopersicon esculentum; enzymatic antioxidants; non-enzymatic antioxidants

RESUMO

Problemas de desnutrição estão relacionados a dietas carentes de um ou mais elementos essenciais, sendo de extrema importância o enriquecimento alimentar para melhorar o teor de compostos efetivos para a saúde. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar o efeito da adição de Ca²⁺, K⁺ e Mg²⁺ na indução da qualidade nutracêutica em tomates enxertados, cultivados no sistema NFT (Nutrient Film Technique). No experimento, foram avaliados dois fatores: plantas com e sem enxertia e a aplicação foliar de 10 mL/L de cátions Ca²⁺, 4 mL/L K⁺ e 10 mL/L Mg²⁺ separadamente para cada caso, além da testemunha (plantas enxertadas e não enxertadas sem aplicação foliar). Os tratamentos foram avaliados utilizando delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com 5 repetições por tratamento. Os efeitos interativos entre a enxertia e a aplicação foliar de Ca²⁺ induziram maior teor de licopeno, β-caroteno e flavonoides totais nos frutos de tomateiro. Os efeitos interativos entre a enxertia e as aplicações foliares de Mg²⁺ obtiveram os melhores resultados no teor de fenóis. Quanto à capacidade antioxidante do ácido 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazil (DPPH) e do ácido 2,2′-azino-bis-[3-etilbenzotiazolina-6-sulfônico (ABTS)], o enxerto diminuiu a concentração, aumentando o teor destes por meio de aplicações foliares de cálcio. Em relação às variáveis enzimáticas, o fator enxerto aumentou a atividade da catalase, glutationa peroxidase e fenilalanina amônio liase, e obteve os melhores resultados da interação enxerto e aplicação foliar de cálcio e magnésio. A aplicação foliar de K obteve baixa resposta nos sistemas de defesa antioxidante. Os resultados obtidos demonstram a influência do uso de enxertos e aplicações foliares de cálcio e magnésio como ferramentas que podem melhorar a qualidade nutracêutica do tomateiro.

Palavras-chave:
Lycopersicon esculentum; antioxidantes enzimáticos; antioxidantes não enzimáticos

Several studies have demonstrated the effects of the minerals Ca²⁺ K⁺ and Mg²⁺ on the detoxification of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide radicals (O²⁻), and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). The excessiveness of ROS causes oxidative damage to the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), proteins, and lipids (Ravi et al., 2023; Kobayashi et al., 2018). Exogenous applications of mineral elements such as Ca²⁺ K⁺ and Mg²⁺ benefit the growth, crop yield and the quality of agricultural products, since each mineral element plays a key role in the physiological processes of the plant (Andersson et al., 2017). Ca²⁺ is the main component of cell walls and plays an important role in membrane permeability; it also improves the growth and development of plant germination and pollen. It also increases the enzymatic speed, accelerating mitosis, increasing cell size, and producing good-quality fruit (Riveras et al., 2015). Also, acts as an important second messenger in plant cells in response to various endogenous or environmental cues (Zhang et al., 2014).

For its part, Mg²⁺ plays a central role in chlorophyll biosynthesis and CO₂ fixation, activating the enzymes involved in photosynthesis and ATP biosynthesis, favoring the biosynthesis of nucleic acids and proteins. In addition, magnesium is also involved in the transport of metabolic substances (Wang & Xing, 2017).

Similarly, K⁺ plays an important role in the quality of the fruit by being involved in metabolic processes. Such as enzyme activation, protein synthesis, and membrane transport processes, K⁺ has a strong mobility in plants, carrying out an important role in the regulation of cellular osmotic pressure and the balance of cations and anions in the cytoplasm. Through these processes, K⁺ participates in the regulation of stomatal opening and closing, cell elongation, and other important physiological processes (Daoud et al., 2020).

The amount and type of nutrients supplied to the tomato can influence not only its yield but also its nutrient content, flavor and postharvest storage quality. However, to maintain high production levels and high quality, it is necessary to use a high amount of fertilizers and large volumes of water, which increase production costs and negatively affect the environment and human health (Hoogesteger & Wester, 2017). Therefore, the use of tools such as recirculating nutrient solution systems seems to be the most rational solution for this type of problem. Sambo et al. (2019) established a nutrient solution that covers all the nutritional requirements of plants; it maximizes both the yield and the quality of agricultural products. In this sense, hydroponic cultivation systems also allow a better reproducibility in plant growth and yield as well as in the quality of the agricultural products in terms of nutraceuticals content (Skrypnik et al., 2019). Grafting provides higher yield, quality and tolerance to avoid or reduce yield loss caused by biotic and abiotic stress (Huang et al., 2015).

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Experimental site and design

The work was carried out in a greenhouse in the Department of Horticulture at Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, in Saltillo, Coahuila, México (25°21´23´´; 101°02´11´´; 1760 m altitude). The conditions inside the greenhouse were 4.5 W/m² of solar radiation, a day maximum temperature of 37°C and a minimum of 21°C, and relative humidity of 40%. The experiment started on February 16, 2021, and ended on August 3 of the same year. In the experiment, two factors were evaluated: plants with and without grafting and the foliar treatments with recommended doses of 10 mL/L Ca²⁺, 4 mL/L K⁺ and 10 mL/L Mg²⁺ separately for each case, in addition to the controls (control 1= grafted and control 2= non-grafted plants without foliar applications). The experimental design used for this experiment was completely randomized with 5 repetitions per treatment one plant per repetition. An analysis of variance and a comparison of means test were performed according to Fisher's LSD test (p≤0.05) with the statistical program InfoStat (InfoStatversion 1.0).

The pH adjustment was 6.8 and the electrical conductivity (EC) was 1.8 dS/m. Hoagland's solution was used whose sources of mineral elements with a concentration of 100% were: 500 mg/L of Ca(NO₃), 0.083 mL/L of H₃PO₄ (53%), 0.311 mL/L of HNO₃ (55%), 355 mg/L of KNO₃, 302 mg/L of K₂SO₄, and 197 mg/L of MgSO₄. It needs to be mentioned that 130 liters of water were used for the NFT (Nutrient Film Technique) station, whose concentration of the nutrient solution varied according to the phenological phase of the crop (vegetative development, flowering and fruit filling) with 50, 70 and 100% concentration.

The density of 9 plants/m² was established. In respect of treatments, the product AMIFOL K was used as potassium source, composited of 31.0% w/w potassium and 5.12% free amino acids (w/w), at the recommended dosage of 4 mL/L, applied every 15 days. The product HUMISOIL CA-16 was used as calcium source, composed of 16% (w/w) calcium, 8% (w/w) nitrogen, 1.30% (p/p) phytohormones, 2% (w/w) free amino acids, 12% (w/w) humic and fulvic acids and 60% (w/w) extenders and conditioners, at the recommended dosage of 10 ml/L, one application each 15 days. Finally, the product HUMISOIL Mg-14 was used as magnesium source, whose composition is based of 14% (p/p) magnesium, 8% (w/w) nitrogen, 1.30% (w/w) phytohormones, 2% (w/w) free amino acids, 2% (w/w) humic and fulvic acids and extenders and 51.70% (p/p) of conditioners, in the same way, at the recommended dosage of 10 mL/L, applied every 15 days. A total of 8 applications of the treatments were made per crop cycle.

Plant material

As plant material, ball-type tomato seeds of the "LEZAFORTA" variety were used, a plant easily adaptable to temperate climate conditions, with excellent foliar coverage, continuous ties and short internodes. "FORTAMINO" tomato was used as a rootstock, a plant with an extra-vegetative habit, which has excellent foliar coverage for conditions of high luminosity and high temperatures. It allows lengthening the productive cycles and provides more growth to the tomato bunches. Both materials belong to the commercial house Enza Zaden.

Graft

The LEZAFORTA variety was sown on February 2021 in a 200-cavity polystyrene tray with peat moss as substrate and 10 days later, the FORTAMINO rootstock was sown in a 200-cavity tray, using peat moss as substrate. The reason for sowing the rootstock 10 days later was due to its characteristic greater vigor and vegetative growth, which allowed a better adaptation of the shoot size and stem width. This action made it possible to equalize the diameters of the stems, benefiting the union (grafting) of both plant structures. The plants were grafted after reaching 3 mm stem diameter, which was obtained 32 days after planting the variety. For this, the splicing technique was used according to Lee et al. (1994), which consists of a cut at an angle of 45° to the two plants to form the union of the stems, for the fastening of the union point of the graft. We used special 2-mm-wide silicone tweezers. Subsequently, the grafted plants were kept for 15 days in an acclimatization chamber, where they were kept in conditions of darkness and relative humidity of 95% for a period of 6 days, five with 50% shade and the rest of the days without shade, and a temperature ranging between 25 and 35°C. For the recovery of the plants, we applied the Phos Green Campbell product, composed of N 12.790%, P₂O₅ 61.60%, Ca 01.05%, Mg 01.02%, Fe 0.190%, Zn 0.130%, Mn 0.11%, Cu 0.09%, B 0.11%, Mo 0.01%, S 1.480% and Co 0.01%, to achieve timely nutrition at critical moments of plant development, at the dose of 1 g/L. The product was daily applied to the foliage with a manual sprinkler.

Transplant to NFT system

The transplant to the NFT (Nutrient Film Technique) system was done 15 days after grafting in March, 2021. The seedlings were removed from the substrate and their roots were rinsed with water. Subsequently, a fungicide was applied to the base of the seedlings as preventive treatment against disease-causing microorganisms. Subsequently, the plants were transferred to plastic baskets for hydroponics of 3 inches in diameter. For the adjustment of the plant inside the basket, a polyurethane sponge was raised, leaving the root free, allowing contact with the nutrient solution.

Sample process for biochemical analysis

From each plant, five representative tomatoes with commercial maturity were harvested by treatments, making a total of 40 samples. Each sample consisted of 50 g of tomato stored in plastic jars and kept in an ultra-freezer at -80°C for 48 h. Subsequently, they were lyophilized at -80°C with a vacuum pressure of 0.020 mbar for 72 h. The samples were extracted and macerated with a porcelain mortar and stored in plastic jars. The extraction was performed with 100 mg of lyophilized and macerated tissue that was placed in 2 mL microtubes, then 2.0 mL of the 1:1 water: acetone solution was added and stirred for 30 seconds. Subsequently, the sample was sonicated for 5 min and centrifuged at 12,000 rpm for 10 min at 4°C. The supernatant was removed with plastic syringes, filtered through 0.45-micron pore filters and stored in microtubes.

Antioxidant capacity

Antioxidant capacity was determined by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2′ -Azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid). For this, the methodology proposed by Sykłowska-Baranek et al. (2012) was used. The absorbances were obtained in the Microplate Reader (Biotek, Model ELx808™) at 540 nm. The determination of antioxidants by ABTS was carried out by the spectrophotometric method (Miller et al., 1993); absorbance was quantified in a UV-VIS spectrophotometer (UNIQUE, model 2150, Dayton, USA) at 754 nm. The results were expressed in mmol equiv TROLOX/mg sample.

Lycopene and β-carotene

Lycopene and β-carotene concentrations were quantified using the equations proposed by Nagata & Yamashita (1992) for antioxidants in tomato fruits.

Lycopene (mg/100 g FW) = -0.0458 A663 + 0.372 A505 - 0.0806 A453

β-carotene (mg/100 g FW) = 0.216 A663 - 0.304 A505 + 0.452 A453,

The results were expressed in milligrams per 100 grams of dry weight (mg/100 g).

Total phenols

The total phenols were evaluated according to the methodology proposed by Yu & Dahlgren (2000). The quantification was carried out according to Sultana & Anwar (2009), and Nsor-Atindana et al. (2012). The absorbance prolonged in a UVVIS spectrophotometer at 750 nm. The absorbances were interpolated in the equation obtained from calibration curve with gallic acid (1-12.5 ppm); the results were grains in milligrams Gallic Acid Equivalents per 100 grams of dry weight (mg GAE/100 g PS).

Total flavonoids

The total flavonoids were evaluated by the Dowd method, adapted by Arvouet-Grand et al. (1994). The absorbance was read at 415 nm wavelength in a UV-VIS spectrophotometer. The total flavonoid content was determined using a calibration curve with quercetin (0 to 50 ppm) in methanol; the results were expressed in equivalent milligrams of Quercetin per 100 grams of dry weight (mg EQ/100 g PS).

ENZYMATIC ANTIOXIDANTS

Catalase (CAT)

Its activity was quantified by measuring two reaction times, time 0 (T0) and time 1 (T1), by the spectrophotometric method of Cansev et al. (2011). The reaction was carried out at 20°C under constant stirring; the consumption of H₂O₂ was read at 270 nm in a UV-VIS spectrophotometer (UNIQUE, model 2150, Dayton, USA). The difference of the absorbances was interpolated in the equation of the calibration curve made with H₂O₂ (20 to 200 mM). The results were reported as specific activity (U/g protein).

Glutathione peroxidase (GPX)

Was determined through the methodology of Flohé & Günzler (1984) with H₂O₂ as substrate. The absorbances were determined in a UV-VIS spectrophotometer (UNICO, model 2150, Dayton, USA) at 412 nm and these were interpolated in the equation of the calibration curve made with GSH (0.02 to 1 mM). The results were reported as specific activity (U/g proteins).

Ascorbate peroxidase (APX)

Was measured at two times T0 (initial time) and T1 (one-minute reaction time) according to Nakano & Asada (1987). The results were reported as specific activity (U/g proteins).

Phenylalanine ammonium lyase (PAL)

Was determined according to Sykłowska-Baranek et al. (2012). Absorbance at 290 nm was determined in a UV-VIS spectrophotometer (UNIQUE, model 2150, Dayton, USA). The absorbances were interpolated in the equation obtained from the calibration curve with transcinnamic acid (0.01-0.8 mg/mL). The results were reported as specificc activity (U/g proteins).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

NON-ENZYMATIC VARIABLES

Antioxidant capacity DPPH and ABTS

In general, they are based on the ability to eliminate the radicals (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), ABTS and 2,2-diphenyl-1-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) hydrazyl, DPPH (Mareček et al., 2017). The results show that the plants with the grafting factor presented a lower DPPH antioxidant capacity, decreasing more than double in most treatments (p<0.05), between grafted and ungrafted plants. Presenting a higher antioxidant capacity (p<0.05) the plants treated with 10 mL/L Ca²⁺ without the graft factor, increased by 23% compared to control 2 (non-grafted plants without foliar applications). Regarding the ABTS antioxidant capacity, the same trend was obtained, since the plants with the graft factor decreased antioxidant content, obtaining the best results again for the plants treated with 10 mL/L Ca²⁺ without the graft factor, increasing by 8% compared to control 2. Once again, no significant difference was observed between the application of calcium and magnesium treatments (Table 1). The results from the ABTS and DPPH (techniques quantifies the hydrophilic compounds) assays, presented a general decrease in antioxidant capacity in grafted plants. Results of the combination of the LEZAFORTA variety and the FORTAMINO rootstock do not influence the increase in antioxidant capacity. The results showed that the plants treated with foliar applications of calcium obtained the best effects. These results agree with previous works. Vinkovic et al. (2011) determined the antioxidant activity by the DPPH method (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and concluded that the variety was significantly higher in antioxidant activity compared to rootstocks and grafted plants. Greathouse et al. (2021) obtained as results that the ABTS assay did not show a correlation between the antioxidant capacities of any of the combinations of tomato varieties and rootstocks. Yeo & Shahidi (2019) point out that the antioxidant properties of tomatoes depend largely on the lycopene content, since it is the main water-soluble antioxidant of tomato and contribute to the antioxidant activity of the water-soluble fraction. These results indicate that certain combinations of tomato varieties and productive rootstocks may influence the antioxidant capacity. Regarding the effect of calcium, Thwin et al. (2020) and Bagheri et al. (2015) obtained similar results, when treating cherry tomato and persimmon fruits with CaCl₂; they observed increases in antioxidant activities of ABTS and DPPH for all treatments.

Lycopene and β-carotene content

The interactive effects between the graft and the Ca²⁺ concentrations obtained significant differences (p<0.05) in the amount of lycopene, where the grafted tomato and the application of 10 mL/L Ca² presented an increase of 52% and 67% in lycopene content compared to the control treatments (control 1= grafted and control 2= non-grafted plants without foliar applications) respectively. Similarly, the graft factor with the application of magnesium induced a higher lycopene content compared to control 1 and 2, increasing 13% and 24% respectively. According to the interaction of the graft and the applications of potassium in the lycopene content, only a slight increase of this antioxidant can be observed compared to the controls. In general terms, a greater increase in this antioxidant is observed in grafted plants (Table 1).

Regarding the content of β-carotene, the same trend can be observed, since the grafting factor with foliar applications of calcium and magnesium obtained the best results. Also, an increase of this antioxidant in the grafted plants was observed.

The different nutritional components of tomato fruits, the antioxidant group composed of carotenoids as lycopene and β-carotene are crucial for human health as they stimulate the immune response, reduce adverse effects of stress. Additionally, the effect has been documented beneficial of carotenoids against some degenerative diseases (Moreno et al., 2019).

The results obtained show an increase in the content of lycopene and β-carotene in the interactive effects between the graft and the foliar application of 10 ml L⁻¹ Ca²⁺. A maximum content of 39.94 mg/100g^-1 of lycopene was obtained at the level of tomato paste product with a content that ranges from 5.40-150mg/100^-1 g (Imran et al., 2020). Similarly, to the β-carotene content, previous sources mention a content of 0.23-4.06 mg/100 g. Orchard et al. (2021) obtained as result a maximum content of 5.64 mg/100 g. Moreno et al. (2019) obtained similar results, showing that grafting increased the content of carotenoids (lycopene, β-carotene and total carotene) in the fruits, mentioning that the changes observed in the content of lycopene are the result of the differential regulation of genes responsible for the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. This behavior is regulated according to the rootstock/variety combination (Lang & Nair, 2019).

As regards the effect of calcium on the increase of lycopene, Abdelhameed & Abdelhady (2018) obtained similar results, where the lycopene content increased with foliar application treatments with calcium. Mazumder et al. (2021) observed significant differences in the lycopene content with the highest concentrations of CaCl₂. Verma et al. (2019) indicate that this element is crucial for plant growth, having a direct role in physiological and biochemical systems. Also, calcium has a favorable effect on human health, being associated not only with the prevention of hypertensive disorders and blood pressure reduction but also with cholesterol levels and prevention of osteoporosis (Onakpoya et al., 2011).

According to our results, the application of potassium did not have a significant effect on the content of carotenoids; a possible answer is based on the results obtained by Taber et al. (2008) since, by inducing a higher fertilization with K⁺ in various tomato cultivars, they were able to verify that the degree of response of the content of certain carotenoids such as lycopene and β-carotene depended on the genotype.

Phenol content

The interactive effects between the graft and the 10 mL/L Mg²⁺ foliar applications obtained the best results in the phenol content (p<0.05), increasing by 27.43% compared to its control without grafting (Table 1). Although magnesium increases the content of this antioxidant in ungrafted plants, no significant differences were obtained between treatments.

This group of phytochemical compounds is of great nutritional interest due to its contribution to the maintenance of human health, mainly associated with antioxidant activity and antinutritive properties (Rehman-Shah et al., 2021). Koleška et al. (2018) obtained similar results: the phenol content in tomato fruits was significantly affected by grafting, but the alteration of these parameters was dependent on genotype. Other studies also show (Vinkovic et al., 2011) that, when using different rootstocks, total phenols in tomato fruits did not show a significant effect. Maršič et al. (2014) mention that the graft can influence the phenolic concentrations of the fruits, however, these authors did not provide concise information on these mechanisms, obtaining as results a wide range of phenols in the fruits of 3 commercial varieties of aubergine and a native variety grafted on tomato. Other studies have found that biofortification with magnesium applied via edaphic route (Lopez, 2019: Ciscomani et al., 2021; Fiorentini et al., 2021) induce a significant increase in the content of phenols in crops such as potatoes, green beans and tomato. Several authors mention that magnesium is a crucial component of many metabolic and signaling pathways (Fiorentini et al., 2021). The effects of Mg imbalances in metabolic processes seem to occur rapidly. Alsharafa (2017) showed that hydrogen peroxide was significantly increased after 72 h in deficient nutrient solution of Mg²⁺.

Flavonoid content

The interactive effects between grafting and Ca²⁺ foliar applications obtained the best results in flavonoid content (p<0.05), increasing by 30% and 34% compared to control 1 and 2 respectively. As shown in table 1, the graft did not have a very significant effect on the content of this antioxidant, observing a greater effect with the foliar application of calcium.

Flavonoids are a class of phenolic compounds whose health properties derive from their antioxidant characteristics as free radical scavengers; the structural and electrochemical properties of flavonoids suppress lipid peroxidation and protect the membrane structure by reducing lipid oxidation (Eren et al., 2018). Some more specific functions have been reported in human health, effects on cancer prevention, anti-inflammatory and antiviral activities, and its positive effect on vascular protection (Kaleem & Ahmad, 2018). Ahmad et al. (2018), by applying calcium exogenously, induced gene expression for polyphenol biosynthesis, increasing the flavonoid content to what corresponds to a greater ROS removal capacity; Aghdam et al. (2013), mention that, when applying calcium in cherry tomato fruits, stimulate the accumulation of flavonoids by activating their biosynthetic pathways carried out via the shikimate­phenylpropanoid pathways.

Regarding the effect of grafting on the increase of these secondary metabolites, various studies reported variations in the content of flavonoids (Milenkovic et al., 2018; Marsic et al., 2018). Discrepancies between these studies and our findings may be due to genetic factors, culture system, and/or environmental differences.

Effect of potassium on non-enzymatic antioxidants

Based on previous studies, an increasing level of K fertilization may influence a lower concentration of antioxidants such as lycopene, β-carotene, and total phenols (Sonntag et al., 2020). Ehret et al. (2013) mention that factors, such as the environment, temperature or light intensity, can affect or reverse the effects of K fertilization in tomatoes. Based on these results from previous work, we justify the low effect that this element had on the non-enzymatic antioxidant action.

Table 1
Comparison of results obtained on grafted and ungrafted plants and doses of different minerals applied foliar, on non-enzymatic variables. Saltillo, Coahuila. Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro. 2021.

Factor	Treatment	Total flavonoids (mg/g)	Total phenols (mg/g)	Lycopene (mg/100 g)	β-carotene (mg/100 g)	DPPH (mM-ET/mg sample)	ABTS (mM-ET/mg sample)
Grafted	Control 1	33.43bc	3.89a	26.18c	4.41b	6.61e	12.51b
Grafted	10 mL/L Ca2+	51.07a	3.13bc	39.94a	5.64a	16.19c	17.41ab
Grafted	4 mL/L K+	27.61c	3.28bc	26.66bc	3.66c	7.80d	9.86c
Grafted	10 mL/L Mg2+	37.69b	4.01a	29.61b	4.77ab	7.35de	8.32c
Ungrafted	Control 2	35.54b	2.91c	23.79cd	3.48cd	23.40b	20.28a
Ungrafted	10 mL/L Ca2+	38.69b	3.02bc	19.47de	3.06d	30.13a	22.14a
Ungrafted	4 mL/L K+	30.12c	3.09bc	18.36e	2.71d	16.82c	17.59ab
Ungrafted	10 mL/L Mg2+	32.08c	3.43b	20.53d	2.72d	7.67de	8.32c

• Means with different letters are significantly different, LSD Fisher mean comparison test (p>0.05).

ENZYMATIC VARIABLES

Catalase

Plants grafted with foliar applications of magnesium presented the highest activity, increasing by 41 and 45% compared to controls 1 and 2 respectively, while the ungrafted plants presented the least activity, no significant differences were observed between the application of the treatments (Table 2). Silva et al. (2016) mentioned that catalase is considered an enzyme involved in the cell defense process against high H₂O₂ production that takes place after grafting process, generated during lignification, in tomato plants. The, grafting method used in this study induced stress to affect the activity of the enzyme catalase. Previous studies mention, that grafted tomato plants showed a significant increase in H₂O₂ on day 8, and catalase activity increased in parallel (Fernández-Garcia et al., 2004). Therefore, it is considered that catalase could be mainly involved in cell defense against the high level of H₂O₂ production observed at this stage. Similarly, these results are consistent with previous research of Sakhonwasee & Phingkasan (2017), who mention that, along with tending to stimulate development, Mg²⁺ has many functions in plant life that are valuable for the biochemical characteristics of plants. Tang et al. (2012) report lower CAT activity in leaves deficient in Mg²⁺. The authors hypothesized that their findings may reflect a lower rate of photorespiration in Mg deficient leaves, since CAT is mainly located in the peroxisome, where it is involved in removing most of the H₂O₂ generated by photorespiration.

Glutathione peroxidase

Plants grafted with foliar application of calcium presented the highest activity, increasing by 35 and 42% compared to controls 1 and 2 respectively; similarly, most of the ungrafted plants presented the lowest activity of this enzyme; no significant differences were observed between the application of the treatments (Table 2). Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) is a potent antioxidant as it decomposes H₂O₂ to H₂O protecting the biological molecule’s damage, inactivation, cross-linking and fragmentation, and peroxidation (Al-Madboly et al., 2020). In this study, ungrafted plants presented the lowest activity of this enzyme, where the plants grafted with foliar application of calcium presented the highest activity; similar results were reported by Xu et al. (2005). These authors reported a lower activity of antioxidant enzymes in ungrafted plants than in grafted plants. Pugalendhi et al. (2021) considered that grafting increases the level of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) that stimulates defense antioxidant enzymes. Similarly, activity of catalase plants foliar treated with calcium and magnesium obtained higher results. These results for antioxidant activities were like the previous investigations to determine the efficiency of the use of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ on the biochemical characteristics (Alrashidi et al., 2022; Djabou et al., 2018), where the fertilization with Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ had a positive effect on antioxidant production in tomato and cassava.

Ascorbate peroxidase

Regarding the activity of this enzyme, no significant differences were observed, behaving similarly to the different treatments. Ascorbate peroxidase is also an H₂O₂ scavenging enzyme and is essential for the protection of chloroplasts and other cellular constituents from damage caused by H₂O₂ and hydroxyl radicals (OH) (Mehla et al., 2017). Several studies have confirmed that the increase in the activity of antioxidant enzymes is greater in grafted plants (Liu et al., 2014). However, in this study we were unable to verify these results, as grafting did not influence the enzyme ascorbate peroxidase. Gálvez et al. (2021) reported that the activity of the enzyme ascorbate peroxidase decreased significantly on grafted plants. According to Shehata et al. (2020), the antioxidant enzymes as ascorbate peroxidase were significantly affected when using grafted genotypes.

Phenylalanine ammonium lyase

The grafting factor caused the highest PAL activity, increasing by 8% between grafted and ungrafted plants, observing that the plants treated with calcium obtained the greatest increase. Regarding the treatments, no significant differences were observed (Table 2).

Phenylalanine ammonium lyase (PAL) is a key enzyme in the phenylpropanoid pathway responsible for the biosynthesis of many secondary metabolites, such as anthocyanins, flavonols, and lignins (Feduraev et al., 2020). According to our results, the induction of PAL can be related to scion-rootstock compatibility. Pereira et al. (2014) evaluated the effects of different rootstock-scion interactions in PAL activity in different grafted Prunus species, showing significant differences related to the activity of PAL between different combinations of scion and rootstock. In another study, Prabpree et al. (2018) evaluated the expression of PAL and the phenolic content in grafts on different rubber rootstocks, indicating that the expression of PAL differs between the combinations of grafts investigated at the transcriptional. Previous research suggested that (Huiyun & Xiangge, 2018) exogenous calcium concentration enhances pathogen resistance in tomato seedlings by activation of PAL gene expression.

Effect of potassium on antioxidant enzymes

Research studies have confirmed an increase in the activity of these enzymes following the application of potassium. Liang et al. (2007) observed that potassium application enhanced catalase (CAT) activity in ginger (Zingiber officinale). Similarly, Zheng et al. (2018) reported that the application of an adequate amount of KNO₃ detoxified reactive oxygen species (ROS) by increasing the activities of SOD, CAT, and POD enzymes in Triticum aestivum under saline stress. However, several studies (Soleimanzadeh et al., 2010; Amjad et al., 2016) have reported that an increase in potassium content induces a reduction in antioxidant enzyme activity. These authors mention that potassium could decrease the activity of antioxidant enzymes, perhaps by eliminating free radicals; therefore, the decrease of free radicals result in decreased activity of the antioxidant systems. Waraich et al. (2012) suggest that the use of exogenous K could decrease ROS formation by maintaining plant photosynthetic electron transport and decreasing the action of NADPH oxidase. Based on these results from previous work, we justify the low effect that this element had on enzymatic activity.

Table 2
Comparison of means obtained on grafted and ungrafted tomato plants, on doses of enzymatic variables. Saltillo, Coahuila. Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro. 2021.

Factor	Treatment	CAT (U/g PT)	GPX (U/g PT)	APX (U/g PT)	PAL (U/g PT)
Grafted	Control 1	12.12b	9.34bc	8.50a	20.28a
Grafted	10 mL/L Ca2+	9.65bc	14.48a	3.45ab	22.14a
Grafted	4 mL/L K+	15.30b	11.99ab	6.79ab	17.59ab
Grafted	10 mL/L Mg2+	20.84a	12.13ab	3.23ab	13.24bc
Ungrafted	Control 2	11.34b	8.33c	3.45ab	12.51bc
Ungrafted	10 mL/L Ca2+	7.88bc	7.47d	2.05b	9.86c
Ungrafted	4 mL/L K+	5.21c	6.89d	3.31ab	17.41ab
Ungrafted	10 mL/L Mg2+	4.57c	11.26abc	3.23b	8.32c

• CAT= catalase; GPX= glutathione peroxidase; APX= ascorbate peroxidase; PAL= phenylalanine ammonium lyase. Means with different letters are significantly different, LSD Fisher mean comparison test (p>0.05).

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the foliar application of Ca²⁺, K⁺ and Mg² on the induction of nutraceutical quality on grafted and ungrafted tomato plants, grown in the NFT system. The results showed that the combination of the LEZAFORTA variety and the FORTAMINO rootstock induced a slight increase in variables such as lycopene, β-carotene and the activity of antioxidant enzymes (CAT, GPX, PAL). Also, we obtained the best results through the graft interaction and the foliar application of 10 mL/L Ca²⁺ and 10 mL/L Mg²⁺. About the content of phenols and flavonoids, only the interaction of the graft factor and the foliar application of calcium and magnesium had a significant impact. Therefore, the combination of the use of grafts and foliar application of Ca²⁺ and Mg² increases the levels of nutraceutical components in tomato fruits.

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STATEMENTS AND DECLARATIONS

• Consent for publication:
  Consent for publication: All authors give their consent for the publication of the manuscript to Horticultura Brasileira.

• DATA AVALAIBILITY
  Data will be made available upon request to the corresponding author.

Data availability

Data will be made available upon request to the corresponding author.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  14 Apr 2025
• Date of issue
  2025

History

• Received
  02 Oct 2024
• Accepted
  05 Mar 2025