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Papers • Soc. nat. 36 • Jan-Dec 2024 • https://doi.org/10.14393/SN-v36-2024-72430x linkcopy

Open-access Impact of the BR-282 highway on the mortality of wild felids in the extreme west of Santa Catarina, Brazil: threat to conservation

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Abstract

Among human impacts, road kills are an important source of mortality for wild animals, as highways and roads result in the fragmentation of natural habitats. Felids are strongly negatively impacted and, although roads are mentioned as potential threats, few studies address how felids interact with these environments. We aimed to describe the richness and composition of wild felids, analyze the spatial and temporal effect, and identify road-kill hotspots of these species on a stretch of the BR-282 highway between the cities of São Miguel do Oeste and Paraíso, in the extreme west of the State of Santa Catarina, southern Brazil. From December 2021 to November 2022, we traveled a 28-km stretch weekly to collect data on road-killed wild felids, and at each carcass sighted, the vehicle was parked to collect information, photographs, and geographical coordinates. During this period, 26 specimens of three different species were found, viz. Leopardus guttulus (southern tiger cat), Leopardus wiedii (margay), and Herpailurus yagouaroundi (jaguarundi). In addition to the significant number of wild felids found, a hotspot for road kills of these species was identified.

Keywords:
Leopardus guttulus; Leopardus wiedii; Herpailurus yagouaroundi; Road kills; Hotspots

Resumo

Dos impactos antrópicos, os atropelamentos estão entre as principais causas de morte de animais silvestres, já que as rodovias e estradas acarretam na fragmentação dos habitats naturais. Dentre esses, os felídeos são fortemente impactados de maneira negativa e apesar das estradas serem citadas como potenciais ameaças, poucos estudos abordam como os indivíduos da família Felidae interagem com esses ambientes. Com isso, o objetivo do estudo foi descrever a riqueza e composição de felídeos silvestres, analisar o efeito espacial e temporal, e identificar hotspots de atropelamentos dessas espécies em um trecho da BR-282 entre as cidades de São Miguel do Oeste e Paraíso, no extremo oeste do Estado de Santa Catarina. Durante o período de dezembro de 2021 a novembro de 2022, percorremos um trecho de 28 km semanalmente para coleta de dados de felídeos silvestres atropelados, sendo que em cada carcaça avistada, o veículo era estacionado para realizar a coleta de informações, o registro fotográfico e as coordenadas geográficas. Nesse período encontramos 26 exemplares de três diferentes espécies, sendo elas Leopardus guttulus (gato-do-mato-pequeno), Leopardus wiedii (gato-maracajá) e Herpailurus yagouaroundi (jaguarundi). Além do número expressivo de felídeos silvestres encontrados, foi identificado um hotspot de atropelamentos dessas espécies.

Palavras-chave:
Leopardus guttulus; Leopardus wiedii; Herpailurus yagouaroundi; Atropelamentos; Hotspots

INTRODUCTION

Humans cause significant impacts on ecosystems worldwide, often leading to high-magnitude effects on biodiversity (Ripple et al., 2017). Although some species present adaptive responses to new habitats, feeding, predators, and parasites, others face substantial challenges in the face of anthropogenic pressure (Sih, 2013; Bastianelli et al., 2021). Poaching, deforestation, and pollution are included in the statistics of causes of death of wild animals. However, road kills have been considered a significant threat to biodiversity (Seiler; Helldin, 2006; Laurance et al., 2009; Van der Ree et al., 2015; Ramos-Abrantes et al., 2018) since highways reduce the connectivity between habitats (Lauxen, 2012).

Mortality in traffic accidents can lead to severe declines in population size for several species (Ceia-Hasse et al., 2017; Grilo et al., 2020), and those that have a low density become more vulnerable to extinction (Ceia-Hasse et al., 2017) because the loss of individuals, besides reducing the abundance of a population, involves a decrease in genetic diversity (Jackson; Fahrig, 2011). Thus, the collision of vehicles with wild animals is considered one of the main causes of human-induced mortality and is responsible for the loss of millions of vertebrates annually (Hill et al., 2019; Grilo et al., 2020).

Studies indicate that the occurrence of road kills is not random, and some stretches of the highways concentrate the road kills of wild fauna (Forman; Alexander, 1998; Forman et al., 2003; Freitas, 2009; Bueno; Almeida, 2010; Bueno et al., 2015). These data are fundamental to implementing mitigation measures in adequate places, which include habitat reconnection to reduce mortality.

Carnivorans are vulnerable to collision with vehicles due to their high dispersion capacity, wide home ranges, low density, and dependence on prey availability to eat (Crooks, 2002; Cardillo et al., 2004). Among them, wild felids are negatively impacted by roads. This family has an important biological role as top predators of the food chain, regulating the population of other species. Therefore, the decrease of this group can be a great threat to the whole ecosystem since it can lead to an increase in the population of species in the trophic level below, leading to an imbalance of the food chain (Reis et al., 2006; Peroni; Hernández, 2011; ICMBio, 2020).

Although roads are mentioned as potential threats and important determinants of space use by these species, few studies address how felids interact with these environments. It is, therefore, urgent to identify the factors that affect the long-term persistence of felid populations in anthropogenic landscapes such as roads (Bastianelli et al., 2021). This study aimed to (1) describe the richness and composition of wild felids occurring in the region, (2) analyze the spatial and temporal effect, and (3) identify road-kill hotspots for these species in a stretch of the BR-282 highway between the cities of São Miguel do Oeste and Paraíso in the extreme west of the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Study Area

The study was conducted in a stretch of the BR-282 highway between the cities of São Miguel do Oeste (26º76’12” S; 53º50’04” W), which has about 44 thousand inhabitants and 40 thousand vehicles, and Paraíso (26º76’12” S; 53º50’04” W), with 4 thousand inhabitants and 3 thousand vehicles (IBGE, 2022), both located in the extreme west of the state of Santa Catarina, southern Brazil. The stretch between the cities is 28 km long and has a traffic speed that varies from 60 to 80 km/h. It is a two-way paved road with shoulders and stands out as an important connection between the state of Santa Catarina and Argentina. During the monitoring days, we observed that the average daily vehicle flow on weekdays is about 100 and 50 vehicles per hour in the morning and the afternoon, respectively.

Considering that the state of Santa Catarina has an extension of 2,345km of federal highways (CNT, 2021), the sampled stretch represents only 1.19% of these highways and lies in the region belonging to the Uruguay River's Dissected Plateau, which has as its main relief feature the strong dissection, with deep valleys and slopes in steep levels (Santa Catarina, 1991). The period from December 2021 to June 2022 was characterized as the dry period, whereas that from July to November 2022 corresponded to the rainy period (INMET, 2022). The climate, according to the Köppen's system, is of the Cfa type, humid subtropical mesothermal, having hot summers and frequent occurrence of frost during the coldest season (Peel et al., 2007). The precipitation for 2022 was 705 mm at the São Miguel do Oeste Weather Station (INMET, 2022).

The region's landscape consists of a mosaic of native and human-disturbed habitats, which consists mainly of small private agricultural properties (usually < 10 hectares) of family farming (Preuss et al., 2020) and patches of Atlantic Forest, including Araucaria Forest forming a mosaic with grasslands in the highlands and sandbank forests in the lowlands.

Data collection

We monitored the studied stretch between December 2021 and November 2022, covering it by car weekly at speeds varying between 40 and 60 km/h with one observer on board, starting in the city of São Miguel do Oeste, driving toward the city of Paraíso and then returning to São Miguel do Oeste, with the sampling only occurring in the first direction. Whenever the carcass of a wild felid was sighted, we parked the vehicle at the shoulder. We then identified the species (taxonomy) and sex of the specimen, photographed it, and recorded the coordinates-using a GPS receiver (Garmin Etrex 10)-as well as the date, time, temperature, weather conditions, and surrounding vegetation. At the end of the record, if the animal was on the lane, we removed it from the road safely.

Data analysis

The collected data were added to a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet. To identify the presence of stretches with higher concentrations of road kills, we used the 2D hotspot analysis of the program Siriema 2.0 (Coelho et al., 2014) using a 200-meter radius with 1000 simulations, 500 divisions, and a confidence interval of 95%. The mortality rate was also obtained using the program Siriema 2.0 (Coelho et al., 2014), which considers the highway's length, the number of road kills, the number of inspections, and the interval between them.

To assess the difference in abundance of the road-kill records between the dry and rainy periods and between spring and winter, the data were analyzed through a Shapiro-Wilk test using the Student’s t procedure and obtaining a normal distribution. The data were processed using the program Past 3.23 (Hammer et al., 2001) with significant results for α ≤ 0,05.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

From December 2021 to November 2022, in a 28-km stretch between the cities of São Miguel do Oeste and Paraíso, we covered a total of 1,344 km and recorded 26 road-killed wild felids belonging to three species, viz. southern tigrina (Leopardus guttulus; 50%), margay (Leopardus wiedii; 30,76%) and jaguarundi (Herpailurus yagouaroundi; 19,24%; Figure 1).

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Figure 1
Species of road-killed wild felids in a stretch of the BR-282 highway between the cities of São Miguel do Oeste and Paraíso, state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. A) Leopardus guttulus (Hensel, 1872); B) Leopardus wiedii (Schinz, 1821); C and D) Herpailurus yagouaroundi (É. Geoffroy, 1803).

A study conducted between October 2013 and September 2014 in a 145-km stretch of the BR-282 highway between the cities of São Miguel do Oeste and Chapecó in the state of Santa Catarina recorded 13 road kills of felids belonging to two species (Leopardus wiedii and Herpailurus yagouaroundi) (Preuss, 2015). In that same study, a road-kill rate of 0,001 animals/kilometer/day was observed, whereas in our study we found a road-kill rate of 0.019 animals/kilometer/day. This demonstrates that the studied stretch, despite being short, has a large impact on the mortality of these species. The recorded species are classified as vulnerable by the Lista Nacional de Espécies Ameaçadas de Extinção (National List of Threatened Species) (MMA, 2022), which makes this area a priority for the development of conservation strategies. We highlight that L. guttulus, besides being the species with more records in our study, has a severely fragmented population with a continuous reduction of adult individuals (De Oliveira et al., 2016) due to habitat loss, which reduces the capacity of the landscape to support the populations, reducing the connectivity of the population, subdividing it and increasing its isolation (Cushman, 2006; Cushman et al., 2013; Haddad et al., 2015; Haddad et al., 2017). Small and isolated populations are more prone to inbreeding problems and genetic loss, which increases the probability of extinction (Gibbs, 2001; Traill et al., 2010).

The individuals were distributed along the whole stretch analyzed, but a hotspot was detected on a 500-m stretch between the coordinates 26º39’35” S, 53º36’19” W and 26º39’23” S, 53º36’27” (Figure 2), where we found five road-killed specimens. Next to that location is the bridge over the Índio River, which suggests that these animals use the riparian forests as corridors for their displacement (Freitas et al., 2015; Ascensão et al., 2017). Souza et al. (2010) also recorded a larger number of road kills near water bodies.

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Figure 2
Mapping of the stretch of the BR-282 highway (black line) between the cities of São Miguel do Oeste and Paraíso, state of Santa Catarina, Brazil, with highlight (red) of the area identified as a road-kill hotspot for wild felids.

Regarding the location of the carcasses, L. guttulus and L. wiedii were found in locations with dense vegetation on at least one of the sides of the highway, which is related to the habits of these animals since L. guttulus has forests as its preferable habitat (De Oliveira et al., 2016) and is recorded even in small forest patches and altered areas (Rinaldi et al., 2015; Regolin et al., 2017; Cruz et al., 2018), and L. wiedii is a tree-dwelling species, depending on forest habitats (Sunquist; Sunquist, 2014). The whole studied stretch is located in semi-urban and rural areas, which often have a larger amount of vegetation on the sides of the roads, increasing the risks of road kills of the wild fauna (Kreling et al., 2019; Kent et al., 2021).

Individuals of H. yagouaroundi were found in regions with open vegetation (grasslands/pastures). However, since they are found in all biomes (Oliveira, 1998; Michalski et al., 2007; Lyra-Jorge et al., 2008, Stone et al.; 2009; Melo et al., 2012), they can inhabit more preserved areas to highly altered landscapes (Giordano, 2016; Magioli et al., 2016) and are associated with more open habitats (Oliveira, 1998).

The difference in the number of records between the species can be related to several factors. Among them are the habits of these animals. Both L. guttulus and L. wiedii, because they have predominantly nocturnal habits, become more vulnerable to road kills since at night the lights of the vehicles can immobilize them and hinder their vision as they cross the roads (Gárcia-Sánchez et al., 2023). On the other hand, H. yagouaroundi has predominantly diurnal and terrestrial habits and may show arboreal behavior at night when they are not seeking food (Konecny, 1989; Oliveira, 1998; Giordano, 2016). During the day, they are more easily noticed when they walk on the roads, but at night their coloration can camouflage with the highway, making them difficult to see and favoring road kills.

Another factor interfering with species records is population density. L. guttulus has a density varying between 0.08 and 0.87 animals/km² (Tortato; Oliveira, 2005; Kasper et al., 2016), but its population estimation varies between 1.844 and 9.174 individuals (Trigo et al., 2018). The population of L. wiedii has densities that vary between 0.01 and 0.05 animals/km² but can reach 0.1-0.25 animals/km² in areas considered of high density. Its size is estimated at 4,700 individuals, being notably more abundant in forested areas of the Atlantic Forest in Brazil's South and Southeast regions (Tortato et al., 2018). H. yagouaroundi has population densities that vary from 0.01 to 0.05 animals/km², and the estimations of its population size vary from 5,200 to 26,400 individuals, and it occurs across the whole country (Almeida et al., 2018).

The state of Santa Catarina has been considered the most important area for the conservation of L. guttulus because it harbors the best and likely most viable population of the species, with numbers estimated from 1,500 to 2,600 individuals (most probably near the lower limit) (De Oliveira et al., 2016). This is due to the extension of the Atlantic Forest remnants in the state (Oliveira et al., 2008). Thus, the studied stretch is very important for the record of road kills of these individuals and has a negative impact on the conservation of this species.

Over the year in which these animals were found, we can observe, in Figure 3, the number of individuals of each species per month. In December 2021 and November 2022, we had the largest number of road-kill records, whereas July 2022 was the only month without records. The lack of records in that month can be related to the reduced displacement of mammals on very cold days since July had the lowest monthly mean temperature in 2022 (INMET, 2022).

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Figure 3
Number of road-killed individuals found per month between December 2021 and November 2022, separated according to species.

When we analyze road kills per period, we notice that there was a higher tendency of road kills in the dry period (n=18) than in the rainy period (n=8), but it was not statistically significant (t =1.6308, p=0.133). Bueno and Almeida (2010) also found a larger number of road-killed animals in the dry period, which was significantly different from the rainy season. They attributed this difference to the scarcity of resources, which forces the animals to increase displacement in search of water and food, thus increasing the need to cross roads that go through their home range.

There was also a larger number of road kills recorded in spring (n=11) than in winter (n=2), but the difference was not statistically significant (t=1.6713, p=0.169). Weiss and Vianna (2012) also found a larger number of road-killed animals in spring, with a statistically significant difference. This larger number of records in spring may be the result of higher food availability or due to the mating period, which increases displacement through the highways in search of food or mating partners (Silva; Vianna, 2009).

Regarding the sex of the carcasses, the number of males (17 specimens) was almost twice as large (sex rate of about 1.9:1) than that of females (nine specimens). These included seven males and six females of L. guttulus, five males and three females of L. wiedii, and five males of H. yagouaroundi, with no female individuals of this species found. December had the largest number of records. Of the seven found, five were males, and this may be related to the reproductive period of these animals, especially regarding L. guttulus and L. wiedii, which have a reproductive seasonality that depends on photoperiod and food availability, beginning in spring and extending until summer (Moreira, 2007). On the other hand, H. yagouaroundi reproduces throughout the whole year (Ewer, 1973; Weigel, 1975).

Another factor that may cause a larger number of road kills of male individuals is the home range of these animals since some studies on wild felids showed that males have a larger home range than females (Konecny, 1989; Sana et al., 2006). This may result in males finding highways more often and, consequently, having a higher risk of being road-killed.

Finally, the studied stretch is located near the border between Brazil and the Province of Misiones, Argentina, where the Yaboti Biosphere Reserve is located and is considered an area of high endemism and high species diversity (Bertonatti; Corcuera, 2000; Myers et al., 2000; Szumik et al., 2012; Brum et al., 2017). Although human-disturbed, we can consider the studied area to be important due to the number of road-killed individuals in a short stretch, which shows the need to increase the protection and connectivity of the local remnants to ensure the ecological viability of the populations.

Among the recommended mitigation measures, we can mention fauna passages (tunnels or bridges), information panels, warning signs, fences, reflective, fauna repellents and speed reducers (Glista et al., 2009; Clevenger; Ford, 2010; Huijser; McGowen, 2010).

CONCLUSIONS

The present study recorded an expressive number of wild felids victims of road kills in a short stretch of the BR-282 highway over one year and identified a road-kill hotspot of these species in an area near a watercourse.

Of the identified species, L. guttulus had the largest number of recorded road kills. Regarding sex, most were males.

Concerning the distribution across the months, we noticed a higher concentration of road kills in the drier months and, regarding the seasons, most road kills occurred in spring.

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  • Funding Source
    This study was partially financed by Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Financial code 001. Process number: 88887.798621/2022-00.

Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    14 Feb 2025
  • Date of issue
    Jan-Dec 2024

History

  • Received
    09 Feb 2024
  • Accepted
    16 Apr 2024
  • Published
    17 June 2024
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