Birth weight, physical growth and body composition in children: A longitudinal study

SANTOS, Marcos André Moura dos; VERÇOSA, Marcela de França; GOMES, Thayse Natacha Queiroz Ferreira; MAIA, José António Ribeiro; LEANDRO, Carol Gois

doi:10.1590/1678-98652018000300003

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ORIGINAL ARTICLES • Rev Nutr 31 (3) • May-Jun 2018 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-98652018000300003 linkcopy

Birth weight, physical growth and body composition in children: A longitudinal study

Peso ao nascer, crescimento físico e composição corporal de crianças: um estudo longitudinal

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Objective To describe children’s physical growth (body mass and height) velocity and body composition (fat percentage and Fat Free Mass); to investigate the magnitude of interindividual differences according to age, gender and birth weight categories, as well as to examine the differences in the average trajectories of children with Low Birth Weight and Normal Weight according to international references.

Methods The sample consisted of 534 children (279 boys and 255 girls, 7 to 10 years old) evaluated in the first year of study and followed for 3 years with overlap between the ages of 7 and 9 years. Physical growth and body composition measurements included: height, body mass, fat percentage (%Fat) and Fat Free Mass. Multilevel Modelling was used.

Results Birth weight was not associated with physical growth and body composition markers at 7 years old or with the velocity of their changes (p>0.05). There were significant interindividual differences in the trajectories of physical growth (height and body mass; p<0.001) and body composition (%Fat and Fat Free Mass; p<0.001). In plotting on international percentile charts, the trajectories of growth and body composition were within expected values for age and gender, regardless of birth weight.

Conclusion There are significant differences in the dynamics of stature growth, body mass and Fat Free Mass, and Low Birth Weight has no influence on this trajectory. In addition, values are within the expected range for age and sex.

Keywords
Fat body; Fat Free Mass; Fat percentage; Growth Curve; Multilevel analyses

Data collection	Ages				Total
Year 1 (Children born in 2003, 2002, 2001 and 2000; Data collection time point - 2010)	7 years (n=127) ↘	8 years (n=138) ↘	9 years (n=157) ↘	10 years (n=112)	534
Year 2 (Children born in 2003, 2002, and 2001; Data collection time point - 2011)		8 years (n=71) ↘	9 years (n=103) ↘	10 years (n=69)	243
Year 3 (Children born in 2003 and 2002; Data collection time point – 2012)		9 years (n=27)	10 years (n=75)	102
Total	127	209	287	256	879

Variable		7 years (n=63; n=63)	8 years (n=109; n=101)	9 years (n=148; n=138)	10 years (n=129; n=128)
Variable		Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD
Body mass (kg)	♀	026.15±6.0	029.48±6.9	034.04±8.6	037.07± 9.4
	♂	026.80±7.4	029.46±7.7	032.84±8.2	036.14±9.4
Height (cm)	♀	124.42±5.8	130.56±6.4	136.88±7.8	141.84±7.4
	♂	125.40±6.8	131.19±6.4	135.96±6.4	139.91±7.3
Percent Body Fat (%)	♀	023.75±8.4	024.56±8.6	026.41±8.0	025.76±8.4
	♂	016.82±9.0	018.21±8.7	020.19±8.7	021.44±9.2
Fat Free Mass (kg)	♀	019.53±2.9	021.72±2.7	024.50±4.1	026.89±4.4
	♂	021.70±3.4	023.51±3.6	025.61±3.9	027.63±4.5

Variable	Height (cm)		Body Mass (kg)		Percent Body Fat (%)		Fat Free Mass (kg)
Variable	β±SE	p-value	β±SE	p-value	β±SE	p-value	β±SE	p-value
Fixed factors
7 years of age	124.89±0.91	<0.001	23.81±0.85	<0.001	21.67±1.19	<0.001	18.69±0.46	<0.001
Gender (Boys)	01.31±0.71	<0.065	0.90±0.66	0.172	-5.79±0.92	<0.001	02.13±0.36	<0.001
Velocity	005.12±0.34	<0.001	04.39±0.37	<0.001	01.29±0.43	<0.002	02.65±0.21	<0.001
Interaction (Velocity^*Gender)	-1.02±0.27	<0.001	-0.74±0.28	<0.009	0.16±0.34	0.630	-0.42±0.16	<0.012
Birth Weight Category	-0.09±0.91	<0.921	1.00±0.86	0 .245	0.61±1.20	00.607	0.48±0.46	0 .299
Interaction (Velocity^*Birth Weight Category)	0.51±0.36	0.153	-0.14±0.38	0.712	0.27±0.45	0.543	-0.10±0.22	0 .636
Variance Components (σ²)
7 years of age	37.47±3.85	<0.001	36.24±3.40	<0.001	71.50±6.66	<0.001	7.96±0.94	<0.001
Velocity	001.33±0.45	<0.003	03.32±0.53	<0.001	03.09±0.72	<0.002	0.90±0.19	<0.001
Covariance	-0.01±1.03	0.988	3.04±0.97	<0.001	-3.82±1.76	<0.030	0.34±0.32	<0.291

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[1] Note: SD: Standard Deviation; ♀: Female; ♂: Male.