Latin American publication on Open Science: analysis of scientific journalsABSTRACT
Introduction: Open Science has driven changes in scientific production and communication, with Latin America leading the way in adopting these initiatives.
Objective: This study aims to investigate the journals used as vehicles for Latin American scientific publication on Open Science. More specifically, it aims to a) analyze the access model and editorial typology of scientific journals, b) compare these characteristics according to the indexing database and the country of origin of the journals, and c) identify the scientific journals that concentrate the largest number of Latin American publications on Open Science.
Methodology: The research universe consists of 1,687 scientific articles with at least one author linked to Latin American institutions, which addressed Open Science and/or its facets and were indexed in the SciELO Citation Index and/or Web of Science Core Collection databases.
Results: The articles were published in 858 scientific journals, of which 39.86% adopt the diamond open access model and 34.15% adopt the hybrid access model. In Web of Science, 57.58% of the journals are from commercial publishers and 40.36% adopt the hybrid model. SciELO, in turn, presents 72.64% of the journals edited by Higher Education Institutions and 89.15% under the diamond open access model.
Conclusion: This points to the relevance of the diamond open access model for the research corpus. The use of the two databases made it clear that, in a way, authors reproduce different behaviors depending on the spaces they occupy and the strategic positions that these require of their publications.
KEYWORDS:
Open science; Latin America; Scholarly publishing; Scholarly communication; Scholarly journals
RESUMO
Introdução: A Ciência Aberta tem impulsionado mudanças na produção e comunicação científica, com destaque para a tradição da América Latina na adoção dessas iniciativas.
Objetivo: Com isso, a pesquisa objetiva investigar os periódicos utilizados como veículos da publicação científica latino-americana sobre Ciência Aberta. Mais especificamente objetiva a) analisar o modelo de acesso e a tipologia editorial dos periódicos científicos, b) comparar estas características de acordo com a base de dados indexadora e o país de origem dos periódicos e c) identificar os periódicos científicos que concentram o maior número de publicações latino-americanas sobre Ciência Aberta.
Metodologia: O universo da pesquisa é formado por 1.687 artigos científicos com ao menos uma autoria vinculada à instituições latino-americanas, que abordassem a Ciência Aberta e/ou suas facetas e que estivessem indexados nas bases de dados SciELO Citation Index e/ou Web of Science Core Collection.
Resultados: Os artigos foram publicados em 858 periódicos científicos, onde 39,86% dos periódicos adotam o modelo de acesso aberto diamante e 34,15% o modelo de acesso híbrido. Em Web of Science, 57,58% dos periódicos são de editoras comerciais e 40,36% adotam o modelo híbrido. SciELO, por sua vez, apresenta 72,64% dos periódicos editados por IES e 89,15% sob a via de acesso aberto diamante
Conclusão: Aponta-se para a relevância que o modelo de acesso aberto diamante representa para o corpus da pesquisa. O recorte das duas bases pôde explicitar que, de certo modo, os autores reproduzem comportamentos distintos dependendo dos espaços de inserção e dos posicionamentos estratégicos que ocupá-los requer das suas publicações.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE:
Ciência Aberta; América Latina; Publicação científica; Comunicação científica; Periódicos científicos
1 INTRODUCTION
Open science is conceptualized as a broad, comprehensive movement based on openness, sharing, and transparency throughout the entire cycle of scientific research, production, and communication (Caballero-Rivero, Sánchez-Tarragó, Santos, 2019; UNESCO, 2022; Vicente-Sáez; Martínez-Fuentes, 2018).
Due to its conceptual breadth and range of activities, the movement has a diverse nomenclature. The main term, "Open Science," is commonly described in the literature as an umbrella term (Abadal ; Anglada, 2020; Funamori, 2017; Silva; Silveira, 2019). It unfolds into other facets representing movements and initiatives of openness in different areas of scientific activity, such as Citizen Science, Open Access, and Open Data (Abadal, 2021; Silva; Silveira, 2019).
Over the last two decades, this movement has become popular worldwide, mainly due to widespread discontent with current standards of scientific production and communication (Abadal ; Anglada, 2020; Funamori, 2017). It has been enthusiastically received by scientific communities in peripheral countries and regions (Salatino; Banzato, 2021; Silva, 2023).
Latin America is one such region. Aligned with the openness and democratization of knowledge, Latin America uses open scientific infrastructures and initiatives to structure its scientific communication spaces and enhance its international visibility (Aguado-López; Vargas Arbeláez, 2016; Cabrera; Saraiva Cruz, 2022; Silva, 2023).
The alignment of Latin American researchers with open science is evident in publications discussing the topic within a regional context. Examples include the research of Appel, Lujano, and Albagli (2018); De Filippo and D’Onofrio (2019); and Pantoja and Cruzado (2023). The publication of research results in scientific journals is part of the return on public resources invested in research and development (outputs), as discussed by Noronha and Maricato (2008). Therefore, analyses of scientific publications can demonstrate a country's or region's interests and strategies when addressing a particular topic.
Thus, this study examines the publication patterns of Latin American researchers addressing Open Science and its facets in relation to selected journals. The research presents the following specific objectives, which are based on the general objective of investigating the journals used as vehicles for Latin American scientific publication on Open Science: a) to analyze the access model and editorial typology of scientific journals; b) to compare these characteristics according to the indexing database and the country of origin of the journals; and c) to identify the scientific journals that concentrate the largest number of Latin American publications on Open Science.
2 METHODOLOGY
The research universe consisted of 1,687 scientific articles that addressed open science and/or its facets. These articles had at least one author affiliated with a Latin American institution and were indexed in the SciELO Citation Index (2002-present) and/or the Web of Science Core Collection (WoS) (1900-present).
These databases were chosen because of interest in analyzing publications indexed in an open infrastructure database designed mainly for scientific journals from the Latin American region and in a database based on a commercial core science scenario. Additionally, both databases are spaces of international visibility, prestige, and certified scientific reliability among peers.
The search strategy was developed based on the authors' interest in analyzing all aspects and initiatives within the Open Science movement. To this end, the Open Science Taxonomy (Silveira et al., 2023) served as the basis for the search, which focused on the main term "Open Science" and its category facets1. The selected terms were searched in Portuguese, Spanish, and English in the SciELO fields TI (title) and AK (author keywords) and in the WoS fields TI (title), AK (author keywords), and KP (KeywordsPlus). To limit the geographical scope of the research, the AD=address tag containing the 19 Latin American countries and their language variations was used in both databases. Finally, a refinement filter for document type was added to restrict searches to research and review articles.
Data collection took place in April 2024 when individual searches were performed for each facet in the databases. The bibliographic records underwent deduplication and the elimination of irrelevant or redundant data, in compliance with Latin American authorship criteria and the exclusion of 2024 records, as this was the year of the research. Thus, in SciELO, the articles that comprised the corpus were published between 2006 and 2023. In WoS, they were published between 1981 and 2023. Additionally, of the 1,687 articles, 1,668 were classified as research articles by the databases and 19 as review articles.
The treatment and analysis of data from the scientific journals in which the articles were published involved categorizing the variables of editorial type and access model. Editorial types were organized based on information recorded in the WoS publisher field. If the type could not be identified from the field, the publishers' websites were used as a source of information. The journals were categorized into five groups for analysis: Higher Education Institution (HEI), Association, Government, Commercial, and Others.
All higher education institutions (HEIs), as well as related sectors (such as university centers and publishers), were considered. The association category included all publishers whose names included the terms "association" or "society." The government category grouped all institutions with some type of government link, such as ministries or research institutes. Publishers with a commercial bias were categorized as commercial. Finally, the "Other" category was used for publishers that did not fit into any of the previous categories, accounting for less than 1% of total publications.
Journals were classified according to their access model: diamond open access, gold open access, subscription, or hybrid. Although "diamond" and "gold" are often used interchangeably in Open Access literature, this study chose to analyze them separately due to their differences in charging publication fees (APCs). We used the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) and the individual websites of each journal to check the access model information and the existence of APC charges.
Finally, it should be noted that articles indexed in both databases were retrieved. When the database was an analysis variable, the total quantities overlapped with the overall value of articles and journals in the research corpus because the items were counted in both databases, considering their double indexing.
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The 1,687 articles that comprised the research corpus were published in 858 scientific journals. The distribution of articles among the journals analyzed is equivalent to an average of 1.97 and a median of 1 article per title. Of the total number of articles analyzed, 1,402 were retrieved from WoS, while 428 were retrieved from SciELO, with 143 articles indexed in both databases. Regarding journals, 726 were retrieved from WoS and 212 from SciELO, with an overlap of 80 journals (Figure 1).
By organizing the publishing groups that manage the journals into editorial categories, it was possible to observe that commercial publishers are responsible for the majority of the analyzed journals. Of the total articles, 48.07% were published in journals of this type, and 48.72% of the total journals are from commercial publishers. Additionally, only the Higher Education Institution editorial type presented a significant quantity: 37.23% of the articles and 33.68% of the analyzed journals (Table 1).
When analyzing the scientific output of Latin American authors indexed in Web of Science (WoS), Neubert (2020) found that 66.67% of journals were managed by commercial publishers and 14.75% by higher education institutions (HEIs). Following this trend, research by Rodrigues, Neubert, and Araújo (2020) and Anselmo, Rodrigues, and Mugnaini (2023) analyzed Brazilian scientific publications indexed in WoS and observed that commercial publishers were responsible for the vast majority of the journals in their corpus: 65% and 74.74%, respectively.
While the results are similar to the aforementioned studies in terms of commercial publisher leadership, the observed percentage differences-less than 50% in this study versus values equal to or greater than 65% in the cited studies-indicate attenuation of this type of publisher's predominance regarding articles on Open Science topics. This reduction can be attributed to the present analysis's inclusion of the SciELO database and not just WoS. Graph 1 shows the contrast between the editorial types of journals indexed in both databases. Analyzing the distribution of editorial types between the two databases reveals their distinct biases.
In WoS, commercial publishers represent the largest share in both articles and journals: 57.85% and 57.58%, respectively. Meanwhile, IES publishers account for 29.53% of articles and 26.72% of journals (see Graph 1). Focusing solely on WoS, the dominance of commercial publishers is consistent with the findings of Anselmo, Rodrigues, and Mugnaini (2023), Neubert (2020), and Rodrigues, Neubert, and Araújo (2020). However, IES publishers are even more prevalent in WoS in this study than in the others.
When analyzing SciELO data only, the distribution differs from that found in WoS. For the article unit, the HEI typology is highlighted, representing 76.64% of those analyzed. Government and Association represent 11.45% and 9.81%, respectively. For the journal unit, HEIs represent 72.64% of the editorial typology, followed by associations at 12.74% and Government at 11.32%.
Notably, SciELO's journal coverage represents the excellence of scientific publications primarily from Latin America and the Caribbean (Vélez-Cuartas, Lucio-Arias; Leydesdorff, 2016; Santin, 2019). This region's scientific infrastructure is characterized by university, research institute, and public funding agency management and publishing of scientific journals (Aguado-López; Vargas Arbeláez, 2016; Salatino, 2022; Santin, 2019; Ramírez; Samoilovich, 2021; Rodrigues, Neubert; Araújo, 2020). Therefore, the results in Graph 1 are consistent with the database's specificities and the region's scientific scenario.
To further analyze the scientific journals included in the study, data was collected on the access models used and classified as open or subscription access. Of the total number of journals analyzed, 62.7% (538) adopt open access models, including 39.86% (342) that use the diamond model and 22.84% (196) that use the gold model. Of the journals with subscription access, 34.15% (293) use the hybrid model, while only 3.15% (27) use the subscription-only model (see Graph 2).
This result contrasts with research by Anselmo, Rodrigues, and Mugnaini (2023) that found 83.25% of the analyzed scientific journals followed the subscription access model and only 16.75% followed the open access model.
However, this result is similar to that found by Pantoja and Cruzado (2023), who identified the diamond open access model as dominant in their study of Open Science scientific production in Latin America in Scopus, accounting for 38% of their quantitative data.
Considering the scope of this research, the predominance of the open access model, especially the diamond model, suggests that the adoption of open science extends beyond the scope of the research topics to include the authors' publication choices.
To better understand the specificities of access models within the research corpus, this variable was examined alongside the journals' editorial typologies (Graph 2).
Although there are differences in percentages among editorial types, the diamond open access model is the most widely adopted. Journals linked to government and higher education institutions stand out, with 88.23% and 84.77% corresponding to this model, respectively. The Other and Association categories also account for significant percentages of journals in the diamond model, at 60.86% and 45.74%, respectively. Only journals from commercial publishers differ from the others. 61.49% of journals under this editorial type incorporate the hybrid access model. Additionally, commercial publishers account for the largest number of journals under the gold open access model. Of the 196 journals identified as gold open access, 133 (67.85%) belong to commercial publishers.
The predominance of the diamond open access model among IES, association, and government publishers is consistent with the context of Latin American scientific infrastructure. In this context, scientific management and publishing are linked to public or associative institutions, as well as to spaces for the communication and dissemination of knowledge, which are made available through open access, primarily in scientific journals under the diamond publication route (Neubert ; Rodrigues, 2021; Packer, 2011, 2021; Ramírez ; Samoilovich, 2021; Rodrigues ; Neubert ; Araújo, 2020).
The concentration of diamond open access journals among publishers affiliated with higher education institutions and associations aligns with Morrison's (2018) findings. Morrison (2018) observed that approximately 99% of the journals in the research corpus analyzed that did not charge publication fees-i.e., diamond model journals-had variations of the words "University" and "Society" in their names.
It is important to note regarding journals from commercial publishers that this editorial typology is mainly controlled by an editorial oligopoly: a small group of commercial publishers that holds the largest share of the scientific communication market. This oligopoly dominates the publishing system with an inelastic market logic that transforms scientific products into marketable goods (Abadal; Nonell, 2019; Aspesi et al., 2019; Larivière, Haustein; Mongeon, 2015; Neubert, 2020; Neubert, Rodrigues; Mugnaini, 2021; Vessuri, Guédon; Cetto, 2014).
After public funding agencies and organizations adopted criteria for publishing research results in open access, especially following the launch of Plan S, the oligopoly viewed the adoption of the gold open access model as an opportunity to expand its income sources and increase its influence in the scientific publishing market (Aspesi et al., 2019; Björk, 2012; Rooryck, 2022).
Consequently, the number of commercial journals adopting the gold open access model and the hybrid publishing model has increased considerably (Morrison, 2018; Rodrigues, Abadal; Araújo, 2020). At the same time, article processing charges (APCs) have increased over the last few years (Anglada; Abadal, 2023; Khoo, 2019; Morrison et al., 2022). According to Morrison et al. (2022), APC prices increased by 80% between 2011 and 2021.
In the present study, the group of commercial publishers had the highest number of gold open access journals, reflecting this group's interest in the publication model. Similarly, Morrison et al. (2015) and Anselmo, Rodrigues, and Mugnaini (2023) found that commercial publishers held 61% and 76.76%, respectively, of the gold open access journals analyzed in their studies, revealing a significant number of scientific journals developed solely for the gold open access publishing model (Asai, 2023; Anglada ; Abadal, 2023; Rodrigues ; Abadal ; Araújo, 2020).
Regarding commercial publishers, the data show that most journals in this group use the hybrid access publication model. This highlights their interest in profiting twice from journals by charging article processing charges (APCs) to authors who choose the gold route and maintaining subscription fees for full access to journal content (Anselmo, Rodrigues; Mugnaini, 2023; Jahn, Matthias; Laakso, 2021; Neubert; Rodrigues, 2021; Rooryck, 2022). The prevalence of the hybrid access model among commercial journals may demonstrate these publishers' interest in doubling their profit margins, a strategy known as "double dipping" (Asai, 2023). Asai's (2023) research revealed that the average APC for hybrid journals was higher than for gold open access journals, and commercial publishers do not appear willing to reduce these fees.
Additionally, there is a correlation between APCs and journal impact, meaning that journals with high-Impact Factors tend to charge high publication fees (Morrison et al., 2022). The logic of equivalence between price and prestige means that some authors, especially those with the financial means, choose to publish in these spaces to increase their international scientific capital (Björk; Solomon, 2015).
The dominance of the publishing oligopoly in the traditional publishing model and in the context of open access with article processing charges (APCs) amplifies, complicates, and perpetuates the crisis of access to scientific information. This crisis was the initial motive for the articulation and development of the Open Access Movement (Neubert; Rodrigues, 2021; Rodrigues, Abadal; Araújo, 2020).
Analyzing the access model and editorial typology variables through the database (Table 2) reveals that the particularities of this intersection are shaped by the indexing strategies of WoS and SciELO. These strategies reflect the databases' positions of power in the science communication landscape.
Commercial publishers dominate the publication of journals in WoS, which directly reflects the characteristics of the indexed content in the database (Lariviere, Haustein; Mongeo, 2015; Neubert; Rodrigues, 2021). The present study reveals the predominance of commercial publisher journals (57.58%) in WoS, with the hybrid model being the primary access model at 35.40%. Combined with the percentages of the other editorial types, this accounts for 40.36% of the database. Additionally, the gold open access model accounts for a significant percentage of commercial journals: 18.32%.
Besides commercial publishers, higher education institutions (HEIs) account for 26.72% of WoS journals, 21.35% of which adopt the diamond open access model. This result may be associated with the increase in Latin American scientific journals linked to the diamond model that the database has indexed over the last few years (Lucio-Arias, Velez-Cuartas; Leydesdorff, 2015; Neubert; Rodrigues, 2021; Santin, 2019).
Regarding the SciELO database, 72.64% of the journals are published by higher education institutions (HEIs), 67.45% of which adopt the diamond open access model. In this context, 89.15% of the analyzed journals indexed in SciELO adopt the diamond model.
In their global analysis of diamond journals, Bosman et al. (2021) found that 72% were associated with university publishers, a result similar to that found in this study. Additionally, they identified the dominance of the diamond model in Latin America, where 95% of analyzed journals followed the model (Bosman et al., 2021).
This study also analyzed the countries of origin of the journals chosen by authors to publish their articles (see Table 3). England had the most journals, with 185 (21.56% of the total). Next were the United States with 139 (16.78%) and Brazil with 102 (11.89%).
Examining the regions where these countries are located, Europe had the highest number of journals: 47.2% of the total, spread across 15 countries in the region. Of the journals in this region, the hybrid, and gold open access models were the most prevalent, accounting for 23.19% and 14.57% of journals, respectively.
England had the highest number of journals in both the hybrid and gold models, as well as in the subscription access model: 13.64%, 5.71%, and 1.4%, respectively. Spain had the most journals in only the diamond access model: Thirty-four (3.96%) of the 65 (7.58%) journals under this model in the region originate from Spain (Table 3).
Next was Latin America, the second region with the most journals selected for publication by the authors of the research corpus, at 33.8%. These journals are based in 12 different countries in the region. The most widely adopted access model in this set of journals is the diamond model, accounting for 29.95% of the region's total. Brazil was the only country where articles were published in hybrid journals. The two subscription model publications are based in Mexico and Chile.
North America is the third most significant region in terms of the number of journals publishing articles. 16.78% of the total. The majority of these journals (16.20%) are located in the United States. In terms of access models, 9.56% of journals in the region use the hybrid model, and 4.2% use the gold model.
As can be seen, 66.2% of the analyzed journals are based in countries outside of Latin America, primarily in England, the United States, and the Netherlands. This finding is consistent with results from other studies (Csomós, 2018; Lariviere, Haustein, ; Mongeon, 2015; Mugnaini, Pio, ; Paula, 2019; Mugnaini, 2019; Neubert, 2021; Santin, 2019) and is explained by the fact that the headquarters of the major commercial publishers that dominate the publishing industry are located in these countries.
Nevertheless, the number of journals based in Latin America is significant, particularly in Brazil. This can be understood as a reflection of initiatives aimed at strengthening scientific publishing in the region, ranging from creating journal portals in higher education institutions to consolidating inclusion criteria in the SciELO collection (Neubert; Rodrigues; Mugnaini, 2021).
By comparing the regions and access models in Table 3 with the editorial types and access models in Graph 2, we see a significant concentration of journals managed by commercial publishers in Europe and North America. These regions have adopted the hybrid access model for articles, and 23.19% of these journals are in Europe and 9.67% are in North America. In contrast, the Latin American region has mostly diamond open access journals. Of the 39.86% of journals analyzed in the research corpus, 29.95% are located in Latin American countries. This region also has a significant number of journals published by higher education institutions.
To observe the concentration and dispersion of articles among journals, we ranked them by total number of articles published (Table 4). The journal with the most publications is Sustainability, from the commercial publisher Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), with 32 articles. MDPI has been cited in the literature for editorial misconduct, such as a high level of self-citations and practices that fall under the definition of conduct assumed by predatory journals (Copiello, 2019; Oviedo-García, 2023). MDPI was on Beall's list of predatory journals (2017) but was later removed.
Regarding the field of knowledge of the journals in the main ranking, information science and library science stand out as predominant. Thirteen of the 18 journals listed in Table 4 are classified within this field according to the Web of Science classification (Clarivate, 2020). Scientific publications in the field frequently investigate the relationships established between Open Science and Information Science, mainly those dedicated to researching scientific communication (Gäal; Martins, 2022; Gäal; Pereira, 2022; Lee; Chung, 2022).
Brazil has the highest concentration of publishers in the ranking, with seven journals. This finding is also evident in analyses of the countries of origin of the journals that published the articles (Table 3) and in other studies that have yielded similar results (De Filippo ; D’Onofrio, 2019; León-González et al., 2020; Leta, Thijs; Glänzel, 2013; Neubert, 2020; Neubert, Rodrigues, ; Mugnaini, 2021; Santin, 2019).
Table 4 also shows the access model of the ranked journals. The highlight was the diamond open access journals, 12 of which published 10 or more articles in the corpus. Eleven of these journals are associated with university publishers, and one is associated with a Cuban government agency publisher. This reflects the relationships between diamond journals and editorial types of higher education institutions (HEIs), associations, and governments. It also reflects the particular characteristics of Latin American science, as pointed out by other authors (Bosman et al., 2021; Neubert, 2021; Rodrigues, 2021; Packer, 2011; Packer, 2021; Ramírez; Samoilovich, 2021; Rodrigues ; Neubert, 2020; Araújo, 2020).
Three journals under the hybrid access model were identified in the ranking. These journals belong to Springer Nature and Elsevier, commercial publishing groups that comprise the publishing oligopoly. These journals were traditionally accessed via subscription (Asai, 2023; Aspesi et al., 2019; Lariviere, Haustein; Mongeon, 2015; Vessuri, Guédon; Cetto, 2014).
Regarding journals adopting the gold open access model, the ranking identified three published by MDPI, PLOS, and Frontiers Media. These commercial publishers differ from "traditional" ones in that they are native to the open access context and charge article processing charges (APCs) for publication in their spaces (Asai, 2023; Anglada; Abadal, 2023; Neubert; Rodrigues, 2021; Rodrigues, Abadal; Araújo, 2020).
It is worth noting that only 16.89% of the articles analyzed in the study were published in journals with 10 or more articles. Examining the other journals outside the ranking in Table 4 reveals this dispersion more clearly. Of the 858 journals analyzed in the study, 714 published between one and two articles on Open Science topics, meaning 66.47% of the journals published only one article and 16.65% published only two articles. This data demonstrates the significant dissemination of publications on the topic among journals.
4 CONCLUSION
Discussing the specificities of the chosen scientific journals for Latin American publication on Open Science allows us to scrutinize the strategic choices associated with open practices and initiatives within the researched corpus.
When analyzing the access model and editorial typology of the journals, we highlight the importance of diamond open access, which is primarily adopted by HEI journals, in the context of this research. The dominance of this model among the analyzed journals reaffirms the tradition of the Latin American scientific community in adopting this approach.
The significant number of hybrid journals and the small number of journals with only subscription access highlight how commercial publishers have circumvented initiatives by scientific actors encouraging the dissemination of publicly funded knowledge. Sometimes, commercial publishers use these initiatives to generate revenue.
The relationship between the adoption of the gold model and commercial publishers reinforces the commercial interest in operating within the open-access publishing scenario. In this case, however, the journals were created or transformed to operate exclusively within this business model.
After applying the indexing database filter, the diamond model's dominance is evident due to its prevalence in SciELO and significant presence in WoS. Conversely, the exclusive presence of hybrid access and the majority of gold access in WoS reflects production characteristics resulting from commercial editorial bias, which is predominantly indexed in the database.
When the countries of origin of the journals are included in the analysis, it is revealed that two-thirds of them are located outside of Latin America, primarily in England, the United States, and the Netherlands. This indicates a strong association with the commercial model of scientific publication via hybrid or gold access. Meanwhile, Latin America demonstrates its potential as an alternative to publications within the oligopoly of commercial publishers by living up to its scientific tradition associated with the promotion of diamond open access.
Of the journals with the highest concentrations of published articles, the first was Sustainability, published by the commercial publisher MDPI, which uses the gold access model. However, among the other journals in the ranking, the diamond open access model was the most common. Another significant finding is that although journals from Latin America represented just over a third of the total analyzed, most of the journals in the ranking are from this region.
Finally, the prevalence of publications in open-access journals, whether diamond or gold, reflects the commitment of regional authors to the practical actions of the Open Science movement in scientific communication. Looking ahead, it is important to examine diamond publishing spaces within scientific communication more closely.
Acknowledgments:
Not applicable.
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Funding:
This study was funded by the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel - Brazil (CAPES), Financial Code 001.
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1
These are: Open Access, Open Data, Open Reproducible Research, Open and Responsible Science Evaluation, Open Education, Open Innovation, Open Scientific Infrastructure and Tools, Open and Participatory Citizen Science, and Open Dialogue with other knowledge systems. We chose not to use the facet "Open Science Policy, declarations, guidelines and guidelines" because the search with the keyword "Open Science" would be enough to retrieve possible publications on this facet.
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Availability of data and material:
Not applicable.
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Image:
Extracted from the Lattes platform.
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JITA:
LP. Intelligent Agents | Artificial Intelligence
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ODS:
10. Reducing inequalities
Edited by
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Editor:
Gildenir Carolino Santos https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4375-6815
Not applicable.
Source: Survey data (2024).Description: 
Source: Survey data (2024).Description: 
Source: Survey data (2024).Description: 
