| 1 |
Sanjay Kumar Munjal, Parul Malik, Anuradha Sharma, Naresh Kumar Panda, and Shyam K. Singh Thingnum (2013)[17] |
Effects of Cardiopulmonary Bypass Surgery on Auditory Function: A Preliminary Study (Prospective- matched cohort) |
Subjects with myocardial infarction scheduled to undergo CPB surgery. |
30
Age range of 50-70 years; mean age was 40 years. 18 males (60.16%) and 12 females (62.23%).
|
Air and bone conduction thresholds were obtained 2 weeks after surgery for pure tone stimuli in a sound treated room at frequencies ranging from 250 to 4,000 Hz measured at each octave interval. Further, high frequency audiometry was performed up to 16 kHz. The lowest intensity, at which 50% of the spondee words were repeated correctly, was taken as speech reception threshold (SRT). |
13 subjects had change in SNR of > 2 dB, and 6 had change of > 1 dB on TOAEs testing. On DPOAEs testing, a change of > 2 dB was observed in 11 subjects, and 8 subjects, had a change of 1dB. Hence, the findings revealed that 19 out of 30 subjects had changes in cochlear function. |
Cardiac surgery with extracorporeal circulation |
- |
15 |
| 2 |
Mohsen Mirmohammad Sadeghi, Masoud Radman, Reza Bidaki, Mehdi Sonbolestan (2013)[16] |
Sensorineural hearing loss in patients with coronary artery bypass surgery (Clinical trial) |
All patients undergoing CABG in a 6-month period |
105
87 males and 13 females. Mean age was 59.93 years.
|
Audiometric testing initially before the procedure to test the baseline hearing capacity; then 2 weeks after the procedure |
The difference in threshold of hearing in frequencies of 250 Hz and 500 Hz was significant. Infrequency of 1,000 Hz in the right ear and in frequency of 4,000 Hz in the left ear was significant. We considered the level of bone conduction threshold of < 20 dB to be SNHL. |
CABG |
The mean time of connection to the pump was 85 minutes |
18 |
| 3 |
Damghani M.A., Khodarahmi M., Shahidi A. (2008)[2] |
Correlation between Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery and Hearing Threshold Changes (Cross-sectional study) |
All patients were candidates for CABG |
65
47 males (72.3%) and 18 females (27.7%). Mean age in men was 56 ± 8.1 years and in women was 59.8 ± 6.2 years.
|
One week before surgery and 2 weeks after pure audio and impedance audiometry |
Hearing threshold difference in the right ear at 4,000 Hz and in the left ear at 2,000 Hz was meaningful (P=0.027, P=0.004, respectively). Although hearing threshold differences at all frequencies and in both ears were greater in men than in women, the meaningful difference was only for the frequency of 1,000 Hz in the right ear (P=0.03) and 4,000 Hz in the left ear (P=0.034). |
CABG |
The mean time of connection to the pump was 92.9 ± 19.7 minutes |
13 |
| 4 |
Erkan İriz, Metin Yılmaz, Bülent Gündüz, Ayşe İriz, Emrah Ereren, Yıldırım Ahmet Bayazit, Ali Yener (2009)[19] |
Cardiopulmonary bypass circulation does not have adverse effects on ear functions: a study of otoacoustic emissions (Pre and postoperative assessments) |
All patients were candidates for CABG without history of cerebrovascular disease such as ischemic cerebrovascular event, syncope, or HL |
42 ears of 21 patients. 11 males and 10 females. Mean age was 61 years; age range 44-76 years. |
Before and in the 6th day after CABG, PTA and speech discrimination tests were performed using an AC40 clinical audiometer and tympanometry and TEOAE and DPOAE tests |
None of the patients had HL or sudden deafness after surgery. Preoperative and postoperative pure tone results of the patients did not differ significantly (P>0.05). |
CABG |
Cross-clamping time ranged from 36 to 71 minutes (mean 52 min.) and CPB time ranged from 55 to 155 minutes (mean 83 min.). |
11 |
| 5 |
Khorsandi M T., Mohammadi M., Motasaddi Zarandy M., Mandegar M H., Yoosefnia M A., Sabetazad B. (2007)[11] |
Audiometric changes after coronary artery bypass graft (Case series) |
All patients were candidates for CABG |
100 males. Age range 45-75 years. |
Audiometric changes before and after surgery (hearing levels at multiple frequencies, SRT and speech discrimination score). |
Those with slight changes ≤ 10 db (43 patients) and those having average deficits of > 10 db (10 patients). |
CABG |
The mean time of connection to the pump was 86 ± 5.04 minutes |
11 |
| 6 |
Harvey M. Plasse, Frank C. Spencer, Myles Mittleman, and J. Ormond Frost (1980)[18] |
Unilateral sudden loss of hearing An unusual complication of cardiac operation (Cohort study) |
All patients with cardiac surgery |
7,000.
The 7 patients with this problem were all men. Age range 25-70 years.
|
HL was confirmed by audiogram and was found to be sensorineural. |
In 7 of these patients, sudden loss of hearing in one ear developed immediately after the operation. Four of the 7 patients showed improvement in hearing after the initial loss, although in no case did the hearing return completely to normal. |
Tricuspid valve replacement; repair of atrial septal defect/double coronary artery bypass/ quadruple coronary artery bypass |
Bypass time mean 2 hours and 42 min. Aortic cross- clamping time mean 1 hour and 15 min. |
7 |
| 7 |
M. Casale, M. Potena, V. Rinaldi, M. Lusini, E. Vesperini, M. Chello, E. Covino, F. Salvinelli (2011)[20] |
Evaluation of ear function after cardiopulmonary bypass with otoacoustic emissions: a pilot study (Pre and postoperative assessments) |
All patients who underwent open-heart surgery |
10.
5 males and 5 females.
|
Clinical otological examination, a pure tone audiogram, impedance audiometry, and otoacoustic emissions on the day before surgery (preoperative phase) and 72 hours after surgery (postoperative phase). |
No significant differences were found between pre and postoperative audiological assessment both in hearing level and in otoacoustic emissions. |
Coronary bypass/ aortic valve substitution/ mitral valve substitution |
Cross-clamping time mean 54.4 min. CPB time ranged from 65 to 93 min. (mean = 82 min.) |
11 |
| 8 |
A Iriz, K Cagli, C Gocer, E Dursun, H Korkmaz, A Eryilmaz (2008)[21] |
"Effects of open- heart surgery on hearing thresholds measured by high frequency audiometry (Pre and postoperative assessments)" |
All patients undergoing open-heart surgery |
20.
5 females and 15 males.
|
Audiometric measurements were compared both pre and postoperatively. |
Patients' pre and postoperative pure tone audiometric results were significantly different at some frequencies (P<0.05). In addition, there was a significant impact of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, history of myocardial infarction, and cross- clamping time. |
Coronary artery bypass surgery or valve surgery |
The mean duration of total cardiac bypass time was 66.45 minutes (SD 23.3), the mean cross-clamping time was 40.5 minutes (SD 16.8) |
13 |
| 9 |
Barlas N. Aytacoglu, Cengiz Ozcan, Nehir Sucu, Kemal Gorur, Oben Doven, Handan Camdeviren, Necmi Köse, Murat Dikmengil (2006)[12] |
Hearing loss in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting with or without extracorporeal circulation (Before after assessment) |
All patients who underwent CABG with or without extra corporeal bypass pump (20 with extracorporeal bypass pump and 17 without it.) |
37.
20 males and 17 females.
|
The mean hearing thresholds were determined with PTA at six frequencies (250, 500, 1,000, 2,000, 4,000, and 8,000 Hz), and speech audiometry (speech discrimination scores, speech recognition thresholds) in all patients, in a soundproof room, before and in the 3rd day after surgery. |
Hearing threshold changes were detected in 9 group I patients (45%) and 3 group II patients (17.65%). The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P=0.0426). Most of the changes, as assessed in the audiograms, were found to be between the frequencies of 4,000 and 8,000 Hz. HL was found to be bilateral in 5 of the 9 patients in group I (55.5%) and in 1 of the 3 patients in group II (33.3%). |
With extracorporeal circulation (20) Without extracorporeal circulation (17) |
Total extracorporeal circulation time 123.05 ± 43.33 minutes Cross-clamping time 64.80 ± 32.09 minutes |
13 |
| 10 |
Richmond Jay Brownson, Malcolm H. Stroud, and William F. Carver (1971)[22] |
Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Bypass and Hearing (Prospective study) |
All patients who underwent open-heart surgery |
50 |
Pure-tone tests and a speech audiometer for speech tests or a model for both pure-tone and speech tests. |
In the 50 patients examined both preoperatively and postoperatively, no significant change in hearing was documented which could be attributed to micro embolism. |
Extracorporeal CPB |
The length of time on bypass varied from 21 to 250 minutes, the average being 102 minutes. |
11 |
| 11 |
Donne, A. J., Waterman, P., Crawford, L., Balaji, H.P., Nigam, A. (2006)[14] |
A single-blinded case controlled study on effects of cardiopulmonary circulation on hearing during coronary artery bypass grafting (Single-blinded case controlled study) |
All patients undergoing open-heart surgery. |
52 |
PTA performed on 0–1 day preoperatively and 5–7 days postoperatively |
No difference between the area generated between mean pre and postoperative audiograms (P = 0.754). No significant difference between off- vs. on-pump CABG was demonstrated for average differences at 250–500 Hz, 4 kHz, 4–8 kHz, and 8 kHz, and no difference between right and left ears for each individual frequency. |
14 control patients undergoing off-pump CABG and 38 study patients undergoing on-pump CABG |
- |
20 |
| 12 |
J. J. Phillipps and A. R. D. Thornton (1996)[4] |
Audiometric changes in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery (Case control) |
All patients who underwent CABG with (case group) and without (control group) CPB, all without medical history of hearing problem. |
20 |
Audiometry on day before CABG and in the 6th day after CABG |
From the bypass sample of 40 ears, 5 ears (4 individuals) had an individually statistically significant HFHL. |
CPB |
Mean duration operation 73 min. |
11 |
| 13 |
Lalitha Gopineti et al. (2019)[23] |
Prevalence of Sensorineural Hearing Loss in Children with Palliated or Repaired Congenital Heart Disease (Retrospective study) |
Children who underwent congenital heart surgery. |
172.
79 males (63.2%) (15 with HL [75%]). 46 females (36.8%) (5 with HL [25%]).
|
HL was classified as mild when the HL range was 26-40 dB. HL range in > 40 dB was grouped as moderate to severe to profound loss. |
A total of 172 patients were identified, 20 of whom were found to have hearing impairment ranging from mild loss to moderate to severe to profound loss in one or both ears. |
Surgeries related to congenital heart disease |
- |
12 |
| 14 |
Madison A. Grasty., et al. (2018)[24] |
Hearing Loss after Cardiac Surgery in Infancy: an Unintended Consequence of Life-saving Care (Prospective observational study) |
Children with ≤ 6 months of age, undergoing CPB, with or without deep hypothermic circulatory arrest who completed a standard audiologic evaluation as part of a comprehensive neurodevelopmental evaluation at 4 years of age. |
348.
165 females (43.3%) (32 with HL [42.7%]). 216 males (56.7%) (43 with HL [57.3%]).
|
Thresholds were obtained for pure tone air conduction stimuli at frequencies of 250-8,000 Hz in an audiometric booth. Normal hearing sensitivity was defined as response thresholds of ≤ 15 dB HL. Pure tone average: 21-39 dB HL (mild); 40-54 dB HL (moderate); 55-69 dB H (moderate to severe); 70-89 dB HL (severe); and ≥ 90 dB H (profound). HFHL was defined as confined to the region at ≥ 2,000 Hz. |
75 of the 348 children enrolled in the study were diagnosed with HL, resulting in a prevalence estimate (95% CI) of 21.6% (17.2, 25.9). The prevalence rates of conductive HL, SNHL, and indeterminate HL were 12.4% (8.8, 16.0), 6.9% (4.1, 9.7), and 2.3% (0.6, 4.0), respectively. Of the 75 children with HL, 50 (67.6%) had mild HL. Of the 24 with SNHL, 12 (50%) had moderate to severe HL and 8 (33.3%) had HFHL. Only 18 (5.23%) parents had reported a diagnosis of HL in their infants prior to this evaluation, 10 of whom used hearing technology. |
Bypass |
Total bypass time at 1st operation 65.7 min. (39.3) |
13 |
| 15 |
Taghadomi . et al. (2011)[25] |
Effect of cardiopulmonary pump on hearing loss after coronary artery bypass surgery (Case control study) |
All patients undergoing open-heart surgery. |
200.
124 males (62%) and 76 females (38%). Mean age was 57 ± 10 years.
|
Otoacoustic emission test was performed on the patients who underwent CPB surgery the day before the operation, the day after the operation, and in case of HL after a week. |
The rate of HL after bypass surgery was 12%. The rate of final HL was 14.3% in the group operated with a pump and 6.7% in the group without a pump (P=0.09). In the examination of the relationship between the preoperative hearing test and the final hearing test in the pump operation group, there was a significant relationship (P<0.005). The effect of the pump during heart surgery on HL after surgery was here loss of 18.6% in men in the operation group with pump (P=0.002), hear loss of 7.4% in women in the operation group with pump, and hear loss of 18.2% in the operation group without pump (P=0.1). In patients with HL, it was 4.2% at 1,500 and 2,000 Hz, 12.5% at 2,500 and 3,000 Hz, and 83.3% at 3,500 and 4,000 Hz. |
CPB |
The average length of surgery in this study was 289 ± 82 minutes |
13 |
| 16 |
Karin T. Bork et al. (2018)[26] |
Prevalence of Childhood Permanent Hearing Loss after Early Complex Cardiac Surgery (Prospective observational study) |
All heart surgeries |
691 children. 445 males (64.4%); 26 HL (63.4%). |
Audiology follow-up by registered pediatric-experienced audiologists at 6-8 months after surgery, age of 2 years, and as required throughout and thereafter to complete diagnoses. PHL at any frequency (500-4,000 Hz) is defined as responses of > 25-decibel hearing level in either ear. PHL was evaluated by type (conductive or sensorineural), pattern (flat or sloping), and severity (mild to profound). |
41 children had PHL (5.9%) (95% CI 4.3%, 8.0%). By cardiac defect, prevalence was biventricular, 4.0% (95% CI 2.5%, 6.1%); single ventricle, 10.8% (95% CI 6.8%, 16.1%). 87 (12.6%) of 691 had syndromes/genetic abnormalities with known association with PHL; of these, 17 (41.5%) had PHL. Of 41 children, 4 had permanent conductive, moderate to severe loss (1 bilateral); 37 had moderate to profound sensorineural loss (29 bilateral with 20 sloping and 9 flat), 6 with cochlear implant done or recommended. |
CPB |
CPB time: 113.4 (47.3) min |
12 |
Prevalence of Hearing Loss After Open-Heart Surgery: A Systematic Review
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