Evaluation of the Effects of the Addition of Acacia Gum to the Diet on Productive Performance, Duodenal Viscosity, and Gut Health Indices of Broilers over 35 Days

Al-Baadani, HH; Alhotan, RA; Azzam, MM; Aboragah, AA; Alharthi, AS; Alhidary, IA

doi:10.1590/1806-9061-2024-2056

person HH Al-Baadani

reviewed · approved the final manuscript · Conceptualization · writing of the original

schoolKing Saud University, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Department of Animal Production, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.

0000-0003-3994-9216

person RA Alhotan

reviewed · approved the final manuscript · Conceptualization · data curation · visualization · project management

schoolKing Saud University, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Department of Animal Production, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.

0000-0002-7789-4722

person MM Azzam

reviewed · approved the final manuscript · Methodology · investigation · formal analysis · review and editing

schoolKing Saud University, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Department of Animal Production, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.

0000-0001-9736-5468

person AA Aboragah

reviewed · approved the final manuscript · Methodology · investigation · formal analysis · review and editing

schoolKing Saud University, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Department of Animal Production, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.

0000-0003-4340-0066

person AS Alharthi

reviewed · approved the final manuscript · Conceptualization · data curation · visualization · project management · Methodology · investigation · formal analysis · review and editing

schoolKing Saud University, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Department of Animal Production, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.

0000-0002-9719-9444

person IA Alhidary

reviewed · approved the final manuscript

schoolKing Saud University, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Department of Animal Production, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.

0000-0003-2547-4395

emailCorresponding author e-mail address Hani H. Al-Baadani King Saud University, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Department of Animal Production, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia. Phone: +966 558 829 648 Email:
hsaeed@ksu.edu.sa

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Section Editor:

Rodrigo Garófallo Garcia

Diet components (g/kg)	Different feeding stages
Diet components (g/kg)	0-10 days of age	10-24 days of age	24-35 days of age
Corn	536.7	571.3	617.0
Soybean meal 48% CP	385.5	356	291.0
Corn oil	28.7	33.2	53.0
Dicalcium phosphate	17.1	13.7	15.0
Calcium Carbonate	14.7	11.1	10.2
Sodium chloride	4.3	4.3	4.3
DL-Methionine	4.4	3.8	3.0
L-Lysine HCL	3.6	2.7	2.0
L-Threonine	1.6	1.1	1.0
Valine	1.2	0.7	0.7
Choline CL 60%	0.2	0.1	0.8
Premix ^a	2.0	2.0	2.0
Total	1000	1000	1000
Nutrient analysis (g/kg)
Metabolizable energy (ME), Kcal/kg	3070	3160	3250
Crude protein (CP)	222.0	206.0	192.0
Lysine	13.0	12.0	11.0
Methionine	7.0	6.0	6.0
Threonine	9.0	8.0	7.0
Ether extract	72.0	87.0	93.0
Ash	61.0	59.0	50.0
Calcium	11.0	11.0	9.0
Total phosphate	8.0	8.0	7.0
Zinc	0.097	0.109	0.097

Specific primers	Sequences (5′ → 3′)	Product size, bp	Reference
Lactobacillus spp.	F: CACCGCTACACATGGAG R: AGCAGTAGGGAATCTTCCA	93	Kheravii et al. (2018)
Bifidobacterium spp.	F: GCGTCCGCTGTGGGC R: CTTCTCCGGCATGGTGTTG	136
Bacteroides spp.	F: GAGAGGAAGGTCCCCCAC R: CGCTACTTGGCTGGTTCAG	71
Clostridium perfringens	F: CGGTACCTGACTAAGAAGC R: AGTTTGATTCTTGCGAACG	174	Mushtaq et al. (2019)
Escherichia coli	F: CATTGACGTTACCGCAGAAGAAGC R: CTCTACGAGACTCAAGCTTGC	95	Mushtaq et al. (2019)
IL-1β	F: ACAAGCCGAACAAAGCACAC R: CTCCACATCTGGCTCACGTT	105	Al-Baadani et al. (2024)
IL-4	F: GCAGCTGATCCGATTCCTGA R: TCCAACGTACTCTGGTTGGC	100	Al-Baadani et al. (2024)
IL-6	F: GCTCGCCGGCTTCGA R: GGTAGGTCTGAAAGGCGAACAG	110	Elnagar et al. (2021)
IL-10	F: CATGCTGCTGGGCCTGAA R: CGTCTCCTTGATCTGCTTGATG	123	Elnagar et al. (2021)
IL-12	F: ATCCACTGGACCTCAGACCA R: CTCAGAGTCTCGCCTCCTCT	122	Al-Baadani et al. (2024)
TNF -α	F: GGGAGTGTGAGGGGTATCCT R: CTGCACCTTCTGTCTCGGTT	93
INF-γ	F: TCCCAGAAGCTATCTGAGCAT R: CCACCGTCAGTACATCTGAAT	200
Secretory MUC-2	F: CGGTGATGACAACGACTCCA R: AAGTTTGCACAGTCGTTCGC	162
sIg A	F: TTCCTGAGTTGCCGAGTGAC R: AGGGATTTCTTGCTGGGAGC	106
β - actin	F: CCTTCCTGGGTAGGTGTCG R: TGGCGTAGAGGTCCTTCCTG	188

Parameters	Dietary groups (DG)¹						SEM²	p-value ³
Parameters	A	B	C	D	E	F		DG	L	Q
Body weight (g)
0 day of age	43.93	43.92	43.92	43.95	43.89	43.88	0.04	0.865	0.332	0.535
10 days of age	259^b	275^a	268^ab	272^ab	269^ab	264^ab	3.41	0.019	0.125	0.008
24 days of age	1145^b	1233^a	1221^a	1222^a	1236^a	1229^a	14.5	0.002	0.008	0.009
35 days of age	2180^b	2382^a	2341^a	2345^a	2336^a	2290^a	23.4	<0.001	0.001	<0.001
Daily weight gain (g/day)
0-10 days of age	21.47^b	23.14^a	22.36^ab	22.75^ab	22.54^ab	22.02^ab	0.34	0.020	0.122	0.008
11-24 days of age	63.31^b	68.41^a	68.10^a	67.89^a	69.05^a	68.93^a	1.01	0.001	0.018	0.037
25-35 days of age	94.12^b	104.49^a	101.87^ab	102.12^ab	99.93^ab	96.45^ab	1.95	0.003	0.003	0.004
0-35 days of age	59.63^b	65.35^a	64.11^ab	64.26^ab	63.86^ab	62.47^ab	0.68	<0.001	0.001	<0.001
Daily feed intake (g/day)
0-10 days of age	25.82	24.81	24.96	25.68	25.31	25.10	0.26	0.052	0.054	0.404
11-24 days of age	90.67^a	86.33^b	86.13^b	89.10^ab	88.76^ab	88.19^ab	0.87	0.003	0.004	0.038
25-35 days of age	155.78	153.37	153.88	156.32	157.07	154.89	1.24	0.278	0.541	0.851
0-35 days of age	90.76^a	88.17^b	88.33^b	90.35^ab	90.45^ab	89.39^ab	0.56	0.002	0.003	0.178
Feed conversion ratio (g/g)
0-10 days of age	1.20^a	1.07^c	1.12^bc	1.13^bc	1.12^bc	1.14^b	0.01	<0.001	0.001	0.007
11-24 days of age	1.43^a	1.26^b	1.26^b	1.32^b	1.29^b	1.28^b	0.02	<0.001	0.001	0.002
25-35 days of age	1.66^a	1.47^b	1.51^bc	1.53^abc	1.58^ab	1.61^ab	0.03	0.001	0.001	0.005
0-35 days of age	1.52^a	1.35^c	1.38^bc	1.40^bc	1.41^b	1.43^b	0.01	<0.001	0.001	<0.001

Parameters	Dietary groups (DG)¹						SEM²	p-value ³
Parameters	A	B	C	D	E	F		DG	L	Q
Acetate	33.15^d	62.33^ab	49.37^c	59.64^ab	54.76^bc	66.07^a	2.23	<0.001	0.038	0.180
Propionate	6.01^c	5.22^d	5.28^d	10.33^a	8.72^b	9.71^a	0.15	<0.001	0.193	0.041
Butyrate	13.52^e	24.42^b	23.29^c	22.16^d	24.13^b	31.72^a	1.19	<0.001	0.011	0.833
Total SCFA	52.67^d	91.96^b	77.95^c	92.13^b	87.61^bc	107.51^a	2.21	<0.001	0.010	0.585

Parameters	Dietary groups (DG)¹						SEM²	p-value ³
Parameters	A	B	C	D	E	F		DG	L	Q
Lactobacillus spp.	2.98^b	4.74^a	4.19^a	4.23a	4.23^a	5.05^a	0.39	0.027	0.002	0.539
Bifidobacterium spp.	2.71^b	3.52^ab	3.39^ab	3.51^ab	4.23^a	4.01^a	0.27	0.017	0.003	0.495
Bacteroides spp.	4.78^b	7.07^a	6.97^a	6.62^a	6.22^a	6.94^a	0.37	0.002	0.001	0.052
Clostridium perfringen	2.18^a	1.55^b	1.43^b	1.26^b	1.24^b	1.49^b	0.13	0.001	0.009	0.049
Escherichia coli	5.10	4.28	4.75	4.57	4.84	4.32	0.38	0.632	0.206	0.847

Parameters¹	Dietary groups (DG)²						SEM³	p-value ⁴
Parameters¹	A	B	C	D	E	F		DG	L	Q
IL-1β	1.00^c	1.99^b	2.62^a	2.77^a	1.84^b	2.68^a	0.08	<0.001	0.016	0.282
IL-4	1.00^c	1.45^b	1.59^ab	1.51^b	1.44^b	1.90^a	0.07	<0.001	0.881	0.187
IL-6	1.00^b	1.19^b	1.59^a	1.66^a	1.72^a	1.65^a	0.06	<0.001	0.036	0.542
IL-10	1.00^a	0.98^a	0.72^b	0.70^b	0.69^b	0.56^b	0.06	<0.001	0.020	0.231
IL-12	1.00^d	2.93^a	1.73^c	1.56^c	1.93^bc	2.29^b	0.11	<0.001	0.005	0.326
TNF -α	1.00^c	1.89^b	2.27^ab	2.23^ab	1.94^ab	2.61^a	0.08	<0.001	0.274	0.030
INF-γ	1.00^c	1.88^ab	1.68^b	1.39^c	2.12^ab	2.38^a	0.12	<0.001	0.052	0.031
MUC-2	1.00^c	2.34^b	2.94^a	2.29^b	2.58^ab	2.24^b	0.11	<0.001	0.031	0.001
sIg A	1.00^d	2.70^c	3.00^bc	3.33^b	3.34^b	3.77^a	0.14	<0.001	0.021	0.007

[TFN1] ^a
The composition of the premix /kg includes: 250,000 IU vitamin A; 110,000 IU vitamin D; 16,500 IU vitamin E; 800 mg vitamin K; 600 mg vitamin B1; 1,700 mg vitamin B2; 1,000 mg vitamin B6; 1,000 mg vitamin B12; 40 mg biotin; 400 mg folic acid; 2,000 mg copper; 80 mg cobalt; 60 mg selenium; 1,200 mg iron; 18,000 mg manganese; 400 mg iodine; and 14,000 mg zinc.