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Aguilar and Petrakis (1989)
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Perceived Competence and Satisfaction in Racquet Sports |
Internal structure: first run-163 students (gender not reported). Second run–208 (127 men, 78 women, 18–74 YO) |
Internal structure: PCA-Two-factor solution for the satisfaction measure (sport enjoyment and leisure satisfaction); one-factor solution for the competence measure
Reliability: Cronbach’s α–competence scale: 0.90; satisfaction scale: 0.77
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Albouza et al. (2021)
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Youth Sport Values Questionnaire-2 (YSVQ-2) |
Internal structure and invariance: 522 athletes (mage = 16.07 SD = 2.21, 265 boys, individual sports n = 305, team sports n = 215) |
Internal structure: CFA for each subscale–moral (CFI = 0.99; TLI = 0.99, RMSEA = 0.02), competence (CFI = 0.98; TLI = 0.94; RMSEA = 0.08), and status (CFI = 0.97; TLI = 0.90; RMSEA = 0.08)
Invariance: MGCFA–configural and metrical invariances were demonstrated for sex. Configural, metric, and scalar invariance were demonstrated for type of sport (for individual vs team sport), and for application time (time 1 vs time 2)
Reliability: Cronbach’s α–moral: 0.76; competence: 0.74; status: 0.79
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Alexe et al. (2022)
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Need Satisfaction and Frustration Scale |
Internal structure and invariance: 642 athletes (mage = 22.81, SD = 5.78, 354 men, individual sports n = 305, team sports n = 337) |
Internal structure: CFA–6 factors (CFI = 0.967; TLI 0.955; SRMR = 0.042; RMSEA = 0.042)
Invariance: MGCFA–there was support for configural, metrical and scalar invariance across gender, age, and sport
Reliability: Cronbach’s α–between 0.75 and 0.89. Raykov–0.76 to 0.89
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Aouani et al. (2019)
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Profile of Emotional Competence |
Internal structure: 285 adolescents (mage = 15.2, 153 boys, 101 athletes and 184 non-athletes) |
Internal structure: EFA: 2-factor solution
Reliability: Cronbach’s α–For all the questionnaires: 0.859 (0.858 adjusted); interpersonal competence 0.688 (0.686 adjusted); intrapersonal competence 0.750 (0.752 adjusted)
Test–retest–ICC: interpersonal competencies (range = 0.94 to 0.99) and intrapersonal competencies (range = 0.96 to 0.98). For the interpersonal domain the ICC was 0.98 (95%CI 0.9776–0.9860), for the intrapersonal domain it was 0.98 (95%CI 0.9802–50.9876), and for the general questionnaire it was 0.99 (95%CI 06.9830–0.9893)
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Bhavsar et al. (2020)
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Psychological Need States in Sport-Scale |
Study 1–Internal structure and discriminant validity: 301 competitive athletes (mage = 20.27, SD = 7.36, 209 women)
Study 2–Internal structure: 333 competitive athletes (mage = 19.99, SD = 5.43, 183 women)
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Internal structure: Study 1–CFA and ESEM–12 concurrent models were tested. The results indicated 6-factor solution: ESEM-χ² (99) = 171.110, p < 0.001, CFI = 0.97, TLI = 0.94, SRMR = 0.02, RMSEA = 0.05 (90%, CI = 0.04, 0.06)
Study 2–ESEM–χ² (247) = 438.72, p < 0.001, CFI = 0.97, TLI = 0.95, SRMR = 0.02, RMSEA = 0.05 (90%, CI = 0.04, 0.06)
Convergent/discriminant validity: SEM–autonomy support predicted autonomy satisfaction (β = 0.74), competence satisfaction (β = 0.25), and relatedness satisfaction (β = 0.18); competence support predicted competence satisfaction (β = 0.33); relatedness support predicted autonomy satisfaction (β = 0.19), competence satisfaction (β = 0.32), and relatedness satisfaction (β = 0.64). Autonomy satisfaction predicted dedication (β = 0.42), and positive affect (β = 0.012); competence satisfaction predicted dedication (β = 0.33) and positive affect (β = 0.43); relatedness satisfaction predicted positive affect (β = 0.30). Autonomy thwarting predicted autonomy frustration (β = 0.76) and competence frustration (β = 0.03); competence thwarting predicted competence frustration (β = 0.79) and relatedness frustration (β = 0.49); relatedness thwarting predicted autonomy frustration (β = 0.25), relatedness frustration (β = 0.45), and competence frustration (β = 0.13). Autonomy frustration predicted exhaustion (β = 0.26) and negative affect (β = 0.24); competence frustration predicted exhaustion (β = 0.47) and negative affect (β = 0.42); relatedness frustration predicted negative affect (β = 0.24). All p < 0.05
Internal consistency: Raykov’s rho–between 0.52 and 0.78
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|
Bean et al. (2018)
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Program Quality Assessment in Youth Sport (PQAYS) |
Convergent validity: 22 young athletes (mage = 13.66, SD = 2.91, 161 boys) |
Reliability: Cronbach’s α–In 8 of the 10 subscales α > 0.70; in 2 subscales (physical safety and opportunity to belong) α < 0.70; for the whole instrument α = 0.84
Inter-rater reliability: for the total measure (κ = 75; [p <.0005], 95% confidence interval [0.74, 0.76]) and for each subscale (κrange = 0.6–0.88)
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Bean et al. (2020)
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Learning Climate Questionnaire |
Study 1: 445 youth athletes (mage = 14.25, SD = 2.42, 209 boys, 1 gender fluid
Study 2: 253 youth athletes (mage = 13.70 SD = 2.36, 124 boys)
|
Internal structure: CFA–the 15-item version showed more adequate indexes than the 24-item version (CFI = 0.96, TLI = 0.95, RMSEA = 0.05, 90% CI [0.04, 0.06], SRMR = 0.04, AICc = 17,430.48)
Reliability: Cronbach’s α–ranged from 0.82 to 0.90 for all subscales
Invariance: MGCFA–there was support for configural, metrical and scalar invariance across sex
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Camiré et al. (2021)
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Coaching life skills in sport questionnaire |
Internal structure: exploratory sample (n = 623 coaches, Mage = 40.4 SD = 12.0, 391 men). Confirmatory sample (n = 817, Mage = 43.9, SD = 11.7, 525 men) |
Internal structure: ESEM–5-factor solution, 38 items with 2 problematic items (CFI = 0.948, TLI = 0.931, SRMR = 0.026, RMSEA = 0.043 (90% CI [0.039, 0.046]) and χ²/df = 2.150)
Confirmatory ESEM–5 factors and 36 items (CFI = 0.932, TLI = 0.908, SRMR = 0.026, RMSEA = 0.048 (90% CI [0.045, 0.052]) and χ²/df = 2.919)
Invariance: MGESEM–there was support for configural, metrical and scalar invariance across gender, years of coaching experience, and coaching education
Reliability: Cronbach’s α-All α > 0.70 (r = 0.89–0.93)
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|
Costa et al (2017)
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Questionário de Necessidades Psicológicas no Exercício (BPNES) |
Internal structure: 403 students (mage = 14.30, SD = 1.53, 204 boys) |
Internal structure: CFA–3-factor solution (x²/ df = 2.103; CFI = 0.962; GFI = 0.959; TLI = 0.951; RMSEA = 0.052; [RMSEA ≤ 0.05] = 0.370)
Reliability: Cronbach’s α–General scale: α = 0.83.
Factors-autonomy: 0.66, competence: 0.80, relationship: 0.80. Composite reliability: autonomy–0.66, competence–0.8, relationship: 0.81
Convergent validity: AVE–autonomy: 0.33; competence: 0.52; relationship: 0.51
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|
Cronin and Allen (2017)
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Life Skills Scale for Sport |
Internal structure: exploratory sample (338 youth sports participants, Mage = 14.71, SD = 2.42, 189 boys); confirmatory sample (223 youth sports participants, Mage = 15.01, SD = 2.81, 131 boys); test–retest sample: (37 youth sports participants, Mage = 18.96, SD = 1.25, 24 boys) |
Internal structure: EFA–4-factor structure for the teamwork subscale with eigenvalues > 1.0, but the PA suggested the retention of 2 factors. To the other life skills, even though some eigenvalues suggested additional factors, the scree plots and parallel analysis suggested retaining one factor CFA-general 8-factor model (CFI = 0.91; TLI = 0.90; RMSEA = 0.05). The ESEM indexes were more adequate (CFI = 0.95; TLI = 0.93; RMSEA = 0.04)
Reliability: Cronbach’s α-α > 0.70 for all subscales
Test–retest: ICC–teamwork: 0.93, goal setting: 0.93, time management: 0.92, emotional skills: 0.87, communication: 0.89, social skills: 0.86, leadership: 0.93, problem solving and decision making: 0.82
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Emm-Collison et al. (2016)
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Adolescent Psychological Need Support in Exercise Questionnaire |
Internal structure: 443 adolescents (mage = 13.74, SD = 0.76, 211 boys) |
Internal structure: CFA–3-factor solution (autonomy, competence, and relatedness) applied to three social agents–family (CFI = 0.99; TLI = 0.99; WRMR = 0.62; RMSEA = 0.08); friends (CFI = 0.99; TLI = 0.99; WRMR = 0,75; RMSEA = 0.09); physical education teacher (CFI = 0.99; TLI = 0.98; WRMR = 0.88; RMSEA = 0.14)
Reliability: Cronbach’s α–ranging from 0.77 to 0.93
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Francisco et al. (2018)
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Basic Needs Satisfaction in Sport Scale |
Internal structure: 441 team sports athletes (Mage = 17.46, SD = 3.59, 53.5% women) |
Internal structure: CFA–5-factor solution [χ² (499.68)/df (160) = 3.13; RMSEA = 0.06 (IC 90%; 0.06–0.07); NNFI = 0.96; CFI = 0.97]
Invariance: MGCFA–there was support for configural, metrical and scalar invariance across sex and age Reliability: Cronbach’s α–competence: 0.88; autonomy-choice: 0.95; autonomy IPLOC: 0.92; autonomy-volition: 0.82; relatedness: 0.95
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Gonçalves et al. (2017)
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Youth Sport Values Questionnaire-2 (ysvq-2) |
Internal structure: PCA (18 youth athletes (Mage = 16.54, SD = 3.53, 114 girls); CFA (200 youth athletes, Mage = 24.14, SD = 8.89, 50 women) |
Internal structure: EFA–3-factor solution CFA-3-factors solution [χ² (148) = 108.43, p < 0.001, χ²/gl = 2.26, GFI = 0.92, CFI = 0.90, RMSEA = 0.08 (CI 90%= 0.06–0.10)]
Reliability: Cronbach’s α–EFA sample (moral: 0.70; status: 0.63; competence: 0.57); CFA sample (moral: 0.75; status: 0.73; competence: 0.67)
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González-Cutre et al. (2015)
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Escala de Satisfacción de las Necesidades Psicológicas Básicas en General |
Internal structure and invariance: 399 (Mage: 31.30, SD = 11.31, 202 men) |
Internal structure: CFA–3-factor solution (χ² (96, N = 399) = 181.96, p < 0.001; χ²/df = 1.89; CFI = 0.92; IFI = 0.92; RMSEA = 0.047 (90% CI = 0,037–0.058); SRMR = 0.048)
Invariance: MGCFA–for sex and age–there was support for configural, metrical, and scalar invariance Reliability: Cronbach’s α–autonomy: 0.81; competence: 0.72; relationship: 0.82
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| Gunnel et al. (2012) |
Psychological Need Satisfaction in Exercise Scale |
Internal structure and invariance: university students/exercisers (30 men, Mage = 32.03, SD = 1.322; 253 women, Mage = 26.13, SD = 8.56); general population (67 men, Mage = 40.27, SD = 21.01, 146 women, Mage = 34.07, SD = 18.34); people with osteoporosis (28 men, Mage = 62.89, SD = 14.68; 192 women, Mage = 67.92, SD = 11.11) |
Internal structure: CFA–3-factor solution–Sample that answered the original version (S–Bχ² = 270.72, p < 0.001; CFI = 0.99; RMSEA = 0.06, CI 90(IC) = 0.05–1.7 ); sample that answered the modified version (S– Bχ² = 343.58, p < 0.001; CFI = 0.98; RMSEA = 0.08, 90% CI = 0.08–0.10); sample with osteoporosis (S–Bχ² = 262.48 p < 0.001; CFI = 0.99; RMSEA = 0.07, CI 90%= 0.06–0.08)
Invariance: MGCFA–configural and metric invariance was supported for three different samples (physical exercise participants, general population, people with osteoporosis)
Reliability: Composite reliability and average variance extracted–ρc ≥ 0.94 e ρv ≥ 0.72 for sample 1, ρc ≥ 0.95 and ρv ≥ 0.77 for sample 2, and ρc ≥ 0.95 e ρv ≥ 0.75 for sample 3
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Gutiérrez Marín et al. (2017)
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Cuestionario de Conducta Apropiada en la Educación Física y el Deporte |
Internal structure: 352 students in the 6th year of elementary school (179 girls) |
Internal structure: EFA–10-factor solution Reliability: Cronbach’s α–appropriate skills to lose: 0.19; appropriate skills to win: 0.43; appropriate skills during the game: 0.54; fair play skills: 0.56; social skills: 0.56 |
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Laffrey and Asawachaisuwikrom (2001)
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The exercise self-efficacy questionnaire |
Internal structure: 77 women (from 60 to 87 YO) |
Internal structure: EFA–1-factor solution |
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Lee et al. (2008)
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Youth Sport Values Questionnaire |
Internal structure: Study 1–491 school or club competitors (258 males) (Mage = 13.42, SD = 1.03);
Study 2–892 sports practitioners (503 men) (Mage = 13.89, SD = 1.05)
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Internal structure: CFA–3-factor solution (CFI = 0.95; NNFI = 0.94; RMSEA = 0.05; SRMR = 0.05)
Invariance: MGCFA–there was support for configural, metrical, and scalar invariance across sex
Reliability: Cronbach’s α–moral values: 0.70; competence values: 0.74; status: 0.82
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Liu and Chung (2014)
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Psychological Needs Satisfaction Scale in Physical Education |
Internal structure: 646 students (Mage = 13.67, SD = 1.06, 348 boys)
Psychometric properties: 563 junior secondary school students (Mage = 13.63, SD = 1.02, 264 men)
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Internal structure: EFA–3-factor solution
CFA–3-factor solution [χ² (32) = 95.88, p < 0.001, CFI = 0.977, SRMR = 0.03, RMSEA = 0.06 (90% CI: 0.05–0.07)]
Reliability: Cronbach’s α–ranged from 0.82 to 0.84 Test–retest: ICC–autonomy satisfaction (M1 = 4.63; SD1 = 0.97; M2 = 4.50; SD2 = 1.08), r = 0.83 (CI 95%: 0.73–0.88); competence satisfaction (M1 = 4.41; SD1 = 1.17; M2 = 4.36; SD2 = 1.34), r = 0.85 (CI 95%: 0.77–0.90); e relatedness satisfaction (M1 = 5.17; SD1 = 1.25; M2 = 4.94; SD2 = 1.23), r = 0.80 (95%CI: 0.68–0.87)
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MacDonald et al. (2012)
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Youth Experience Survey |
Internal structure: 637 athletes (Mage = 15.00, SD = 1.5, 333 boys) |
Internal structure: CFA–11 concurrent models were tested, which presented inadequate fit indices or in disagreement with the theoretical framework EFA–5-factor solution
Reliability: Cronbach’s α–between 0.82 and 0.92
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Manzo et al. (2001)
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Carolina Sport Confidence Inventory (CSCI) |
First internal structure and psychometric properties: 293 university students (from 18 to 43 YO, 124 men, 5 unknown). Further validity evidence: 123 undergraduate varsity athletes (46 men, from 18 to 23 YO) |
Internal structure: EFA–2-factor solution
CFA–2-factors solution (significant chi-square values (X², 78, N = 123) = 558.54, p < 0.05
ESEM-Bentler-Bonnett NNFI: 0.83, CFI: 0.86 Convergent validity: 13-item CSCI with TSCI (r = 0.66, p = 0.01, r²= 0.43), 13-item CSCI with self-confidence subcomponent of CSAI-2 (r = 0.57, p = 0.01, r² = 0.32), 13-item CSCI with PPSS (r = 0.46, p = 0.001, r² = 0.21), 13-item CSCI with TRS (r = 0.33, p = 0.001, r² = 0.11)
Reliability: Cronbach’s α–General scale: 0.92; perceived competence: 0.92; dispositional optimism: 0.86
Test–retest: ICC–13-item CSCI: 0.94, competence factor: 0.94, dispositional optimism: 0.78
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Mossman et al. (2021)
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Life Skills Scale for Sport–Transfer Scale (LSSS-TS) |
Internal structure: 321 youth sports participants (mage = 14.20, SD = 1.07, 266 boys) |
Internal structure: CFA–8-factor solution (CFI = 0.94; TLI = 0.93; RMSEA = 0.05). Bifactor–CFI = (0.94; TLI = 0.93; RMSEA = 0.05)
ESEM: CFI = (0.96; TLI = 0.93; RMSEA = 0.05) ESEM Bayesian: (CFI = 0.97; TLI = 0.94; RMSEA = 0.05) Reliability: Cronbach’s α–teamwork: 0.84; goal setting: 0.87; social skills: 0.87; problem solving and decision making: 0.87; emotional skills: 0.89; leadership: 0.90; time management: 0.89; inter-personal communication: 0.90; and total life skills transfer: 0.97
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Myers et al. (2006)
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Coaching Competency Scale (CCS) |
Internal structure: 407 soccer players (165 men) and 183 ice hockey players (gender not reported) Mage = 19.53, SD = 1.34 |
Internal structure: CFA–4-factor solution-(χ²(246) = 1266.42, p < 0.001, χ²/df = 5.15, CFI = 0.91, TLI = 0.90, SRMR = 0.05 e RMSEA = 0.09)
Reliability: Cronbach’s α–motivation competence: 0.90, game strategy competence: 0.87, technique competence: 0.85, character building competence: 0.82
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Nascimento-Junior et al (2020)
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Portuguese Version of the Life Skills Scale for Sport |
Internal structure: 413 youth athletes (Mage = 16.27, SD = 3.33, 277 boys)
Convergent validity: 134 youth athletes (Mage = 13.62, SD = 1.23, 71 boys)
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Internal structure: CFA–8 correlated-factor model–χ² (832) = 1180.54, CFI = 0.94, TLI = 0.93, RMSEA = 0.03 Bifactor model–χ² (817) = 1161.17, CFI = 0.94, TLI = 0.93, RMSEA = 0.03
Reliability: Cronbach’s α and composite reliability, respectively–teamwork (0.76, 0.77), goal setting (0.85, 0.85), social skills (0.77, 0.78), problem solving and decision making (0.79, 0.79), emotional skills (0.78, 0.78), leadership (0.87, 0.87), time management (0.81, 0.82), interpersonal communication skills (0.79, 0.79), and total life skills (0.95, 0.97)
Convergent validity: Pearson’s correlation–the eight life skills and total life skills showed significant and positive correlations with intrinsic motivation, integrated regulation, and identified regulation (r’s between 0.14 and 0.33); exception for goal setting (no significant relationship with intrinsic motivation–r = 0.08). No significant relationships between the eight life skills/total life skills and introjected regulation, external regulation, and amotivation; exception for negative associations between interpersonal communication skills and external regulation (r = − 0.17), and social skills and external regulation (r = − 0.12)
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Ng et al. (2011)
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Basic Needs Satisfaction in Sport Scale (BNSSS) |
Internal structure: Study 1–273 Chinese athletes (Mage = 20.75, SD = 1.64, 140 women)
Study 2–401 New Zealand athletes (Mage = 18.97, SD = 1.95, 237 women). Test–retest reliability: 63 Chinese athletes (Mage = 21.22, SD = 1.96, 25 women)
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Internal structure: China sample–CFA–3-factor solution–15 items (NNFI = 0.98; CFI = 0.98; SRMR = 0.05; RMSEA = 0.06). New Zealand sample CFA–5-factors solution–20 items (NNFI = 0.96; CFI = 0.97; SRMR = 0.07; RMSEA = 0.06)
Reliability: Cronbach’s α–China sample–competence: 0.87; autonomy: 0.83; relatedness: 0.80. New Zealand sample–BNSS competence: 0.77; BNSS choice: 0.85; BNSS IPLOC: 0.76; BNSS volition: 0.61, BNSS: relatedness 0.77
Test–retest: ICC–New Zealand sample CFA–5-factors solution–Competence = 0.83, Choice = 0.78, IPLOC = 0.87, Volition = 0.83, Relatedness = 0.74
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Ogawa and Neves (2020)
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Sport Character Scale (Brazilian version) |
N/A |
N/A |
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Rathwell and Young (2016)
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University Sport Experience Survey |
Internal structure: 605 competitive athletes (Mage = 20.00, SD = 1.74, 237 men) |
Internal structure: CFA–9-factor solution–(CFI = 0.911, SRMR = 0.056, RMSEA = 0.040 (90% CI = 0.037–0.043) ESEM: 9-factor solution (CFI = 0.956, SRMR = 0.023, RMSEA = 0.034 (90% CI = 0.029–0.037)
Reliability: Cronbach’s α–all factors above: 0.70, except the negative interaction with pears factor: 0.67
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Rathwell et al. (2021)
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University Sport Experience Scale |
Internal structure: 961 university athletes (492 men, Mage = 21.00, SD = 2.89)–divide into two samples for exploratory and confirmatory analyses Test–retest: 24 athletes |
Internal structure: ESEM (exploratory sample)–8-factor solution (CFI = 0.930, TLI = 0.886, SRMR = 0.027, RMSEA = 0.044 (90% CI = 0.039–0.048), and χ²/df = 1.915)
ESEM (confirmatory sample)–8-factor solution (CFI = 0.915, TLI = 0.862, SRMR = 0.027, RMSEA = 0.049 (90% CI = 0.045–0.054), and χ²/df = 2.117) CFA–CFI = 0.904, TLI = 0.895, SRMR = 0.048, RMSEA = 0.043 (90% CI = 0.040–0.047), and χ²/df = 1.896
Invariance: configural, metric, and scalar invariance across the two sub-samples
Test–retest: ICC–Initiative = 0.90; Basic skills = 0.84; Teamwork and Social Skills = 0.78; Adult Networks and Social Capital = 0.71; Stress = 0.90; Social Exclusion = 0.81; Inappropriate Adult Behavior = 0.90, Interpersonal relationships = 0.64
Concurrent validity: ESEM–Coach-athlete relationship had significant positive relationship with initiative (β = 0.32), basic skills (β = 0.23), interpersonal relationship (β = 0.20), teamwork (β = 0.29), and adult networks and social capital (β = 0.13); and significant negative relationships with stress (β = − 0.17), social exclusion (β = − 0.24), and inappropriate adult behavior (β = − 0.23). All p’s < 0.01
Reliability: Construct reliability–Each factor had a CR score above 0.7, except for Basic Skills (CR = 0.66)
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Sabourin et al. (2020)
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Short Form Youth Experiences Survey (YES-S) and Sport and Life Skills Scale for Sport (LSSS) |
Internal structure: 296 students-athletes (Mage = 13.98, SD = 1.31, 215 boys, 6 did not disclose) |
Internal structure: CFA–YES-S–5-factor solution– (SBχ² = 238.86, df = 199, SBχ²/df = 1.20, CFI = 0.99, NNFI = 0.99 and RMSEA = 0.026 [0.009–0.037]). LSSS–8-factor solution (SBχ² = 1195.43, df = 832, SB-χ²/df = 1.44, CFI = 0.99, NNFI = 0.99 e RMSEA = 0.039 [0.034–0.043])
Reliability: Cronbach’s α–YES-S–ranged from 0.70 to.80 for all factors, except for the personal and social skills factor: 0.68. LSSS–ranged from 0.77 to 0.92
Test–retest: ICC–YES-S–ranged from 0.43 to 0.56 for all factors, except for the negative experiences factor (0.12). LSSS–ranged from 0.30 to 0.77
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|
Saunders et al. (1997)
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The Social Influences scale, The Self-Efficacy scale, The Beliefs scale |
422 fifth-grade students (211 boys) |
Internal structure: EFA–Social influences scale–1-factor solution. Self-efficacy–3-factor solution. Beliefs–2-factor solution
Reliability: Cronbach’s α–Social influences: 0.72, Self-efficacy scale: (support seeking: 0.52; barriers: 0.55; positive alternatives: 0.62), Beliefs scale: (physical outcomes: 0.46; social outcomes: 0.51)
Test–retest: ICC–Social influences scale 0.78, Self-efficacy scale (support seeking 0.76, barriers 0.82, positive alternatives 0.61), Beliefs scale (physical outcomes 0.51, social outcomes 0.69)
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| Sttuntz et al. (2010) |
Cross-domain relationship measure—The concept of CDRs was measured using a scale developed by the authors |
Internal structure and invariance: 222 athletes (Mage = 14.69, SD = 1.26, 121 boys), 209 collegiate athletes (Mage = 19.99, SD = 1.35, 97 men) |
Internal structure: CFA–youth sample (CFI 0.947; TLI = 0.934; RMSEA = 0.073), university students (CFI = 0.947; TLI = 0.934; RMSEA = 0.078)
Invariance: MGCFA–configural, metric, and scalar invariance across the two sub-groups (young people and university students) was supported. Residual invariance was not supported
Reliability: Cronbach’s α–coach cross-domain relationships (youth sample 0.88, university students 0.85), team mates’ cross-domain relationships (youth sample 0.85, university students 0.90)
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Sturm et al. (2020)
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Needs Satisfaction in Physical Education Scale (German version) |
Internal structure: 507 girls (Mage = 11.61, SD = 0.55) |
Internal structure: CFA–3 factors on both levels, not nested (CFI = 0.948; TLI = 0.931; RMSEA = 0.077; SRMR = 0.058)
Reliability: Cronbach’s α–for subscales at level 1 ranged from 0.78 to 0.85. Level 2 (class level: 0.79; autonomy: 0.95; competence: 0.18)
Composite reliability: for the total scale 0.85 at the individual level and 0.84 for the class level
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Vlachopoulos and Michailidou (2006)
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The Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale |
Internal structure: sample 1–508 exercise participants (Mage = 30.06, SD = 8.13, 254 men; sample 2–504 exercise participants (Mage = 28.92, SD = 8.45, 246 men) |
CFA–3-factor solution (CFI = 0.979; NNFI = 0.973; RMSEA = 0.053; SRMR = 0.036)
Reliability: Cronbach’s α–autonomy: 0.81; competence: 0.82; relatedness: 0.92
Test–retest: ICC–autonomy: 0.97; competence: 0.97; relatedness: 0.97
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Vlachopoulos (2007)
|
Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale |
Internal structure: 851 exercise participants (Mage = 34.16, SD = 10.85, 635 women). Invariance: Sample 1–508 exercise participants (Mage = 30.06, SD = 8.13, 254 women); Sample 2–504 exercise participants (Mage = 28.92, SD = 8.45, 258 women) |
Internal structure: CFA–3-factor solution (NNFI = 0.971; CFI = 0.977; RMSEA = 0.061)
Invariance: MGCFA–configural, metric, and scalar invariance across participants attending private and community-based fitness centers was supported
Reliability: Cronbach’s α–autonomy: 0.84; competence: 0.86; relatedness: 0.92
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Vlachopoulos (2008)
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Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale in Community Exercise Programs |
Invariance: Sample 1–508 exercise participants (Mage = 30.06, SD = 8.13, 254 women). Sample 2–504 exercise participants (Mage = 28.92, SD = 8.45, 258 women)
Sample 3–851 exercise participants (Mage = 34.16, SD = 10.85, 635 women)
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Internal structure: CFA–men (NNFI = 0.978, CFI = 0.983, RMSEA = 0.051, 90% CI = 0.041–0.061), women (NNFI = 0.984, CFI = 0.987, RMSEA = 0.044, 90% CI = 0.036–0.051)
Invariance: MGCFA–configural and scalar invariance and partial metric invariance for sex were supported Reliability: Cronbach’s α–men and women–α > 0.70 Composite reliability: men and women– > 0.60
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Vlachopoulos et al. (2013)
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Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale |
Greak: 504 exercise participants (Mage = 28.92, SD = 8.45, 246 men). Spanish: 518 exercise participants (Mage = 29.96, SD = 8.83, 268 men). Portuguese: 989 exercise participants (Mage = 32.67, SD = 10.76, 451 men). Turkish: 686 exercise participants (Mage = 30.78, SD = 8.64, 384 men) |
Internal structure: CFA–Greece: CFI = 0.980; RMSEA = 0.042 [90%IC 0.029–0.055], Spain: CFI = 0.906; RMSEA = 0.080 [90% CI 0.069–0.091, Portugal: CFI = 0.954; RMSEA = 0.054 [90% CI 0.046–0.062], Turkey: CFI = 0.912; RMSEA = 0.074 [90% CI 0.064–0.084]
Invariance: MGCFA–Greek vs Spanish, Greek vs Portuguese, and Greek vs Turkish (configural and scalar invariance was supported)
Reliability: Cronbach’s α–Greece: autonomy: 0.85; competence: 0.80; and relatedness: 0.91. Spain: autonomy: 0.69; competence: 0.77, and relatedness: 0.85. Portugal: autonomy: 0.73, competence: 0.72, and relatedness: 0.83. Turkey: autonomy: 0.78; competence: 0.7; and relatedness: 0.80
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Wang et al. (2017)
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Self-efficacy for Physical Activity (PASE) |
Internal structure: 798 children (between 8 and 13 YO, 445 boys) |
Internal structure: EFA–1-factor solution Reliability: Cronbach’s α–0.91 Test–retest: 0.79
IRT (Rating Scale Model): item difficulty, fit indexes (infit/outfit < 1.30), and differential item functioning depending on sex (male and female), age range (8–10 and 11–13 YO), and weight status (underweight, healthy weight, overweight, and obesity) were estimated. Nine items showed dif for one or more variables assessed (varying between 6 items for age range and 2 items for weight status)
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Watanabe et al. (2017)
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Physical Activity Self-Regulation scale (PASR-12) (Japanese version) |
Internal structure: 485 workers (Mage = 42.8, SD = 11.6, 243 men) |
Internal structure: CFA–6-factor solution (χ² (39) = 100.74, CFI = 0.973, RMSEA = 0.057)
Reliability: Cronbach’s α–total score: 0.95; self-monitoring: 0.89; goal setting: 0.89; eliciting social support: 0.90; reinforcement: 0.84; time management: 0.82; relapse prevention: 0.79)
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Weiss et al. (1999)
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Sport Friendship Quality Scale |
Internal structure: 196 sports practitioners (Mage = 11.3, SD = 2.5, 114 boys). Internal structure of revised scale: 194 sports practitioners (Mage = 10.3, SD = 1.2, 168 boys). Internal structure and psychometric properties: 161 sports practitioners (Mage = 10.4, SD = 1.7, 95 boys) |
Internal structure: EFA–9-factor solution CFA–6-factor solution (NNFI = 0.93; CFI = 0.94; RMSEA = 0.056)
Reliability: Cronbach’s α–self-esteem enhancement and supportiveness: 0.77; loyalty and intimacy: 0.79; things in common: 0.84; companionship and pleasant play: 0.76; conflict resolution: 0.73; conflict 0.91 Test–retest: ICC–self-esteem enhancement and supportiveness: 0.90; loyalty and intimacy: 0.80; things in common: 0.92; companionship and pleasant play: 0.86; conflict resolution: 0.88; conflict 0.87
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Weiss et al. (2014)
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Life Skill Transfer Survey (LSTS) |
Internal structure: 533 youth (Mage = 12.78, range = 10 to 18 YO, 394 boys). Internal structure and reliability: 303 youths from the previous sample (Mage = 13.97, range = 10 to 19 YO, 218 boys) |
Internal structure: CFA–second-order model, 8 factors (NNFI = 0.99, CFI = 0.99, RMSEA = 0,059 (90% CI [0.057, 0.062])
Invariance: longitudinal CFA–configural, metric, and scalar invariance across time was supported Reliability: Cronbach’s α–ranged from 0.82 to 0.93 for the eight factors
Convergent validity: LSTS vs Youth Experience Survey, convergent validity was supported
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Wilson et al. (2006)
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The Psychological Need Satisfaction in Exercise Scale |
Internal structure: 426 university students (122 men–Mage = 21.38, SD = 2.89; 170 women = Mage = 20.59, SD = 3.02). Sample 2: 581 university students (223 men, Mage = 22.03, SD = 4.16; 358 women, Mage = 21.55, SD = 3.87) |
Internal structure: EFA–3-factor solution CFA–total sample (CFI = 0.94; IFI = 0.94; SRMSR = 0.07; RMSEA 0.09), men’s sample (CFI = 0.92; IFI = 0.92, SRMSR = 0.08; RMSEA = 0.09), women1s sample (CFI = 0.93; IFI = 0.93; SRMSR = 0.08; RSMEA = 0.08)
Invariance: MGCFA–configural, metric, and scalar invariance across genders
Reliability: Cronbach’s α– > 0.90 for all factors
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Systematic review of measurement instruments for positive development in sports: main characteristics and reported validity evidence