INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION IN THE AMAZON

APOLINÁRIO JÚNIOR, LAERTE; JUKEMURA, FELIPE; DAVIS, ANNA FERRI

doi:10.25091/S01013300202300030005

person LAERTE APOLINÁRIO JÚNIOR

schoolPontifical Catholic University of São Paulo (PUC-SP), SP, Brazil. E-mail: laerteapj@gmail.com

person FELIPE JUKEMURA

schoolInstitut d’Études Politiques de Paris (SciencesPo) Paris, France, and Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo (PUC-SP), SP, Brazil. E-mail: jukemurafelipe48@gmail.com

0000-0003-1757-2147

person ANNA FERRI DAVIS

schoolPontifical Catholic University of São Paulo (PUC-SP), SP, Brazil. E-mail: annaferridavis@gmail.com

0000-0002-2918-2018

Assigned editor: Fernando Bee.

LAERTE APOLINÁRIO JÚNIOR is Professor of International Relations at the Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo (PUC-SP). Researcher at the Brazilian Center for Analysis and Planning (Cebrap), the Center for Studies in International Relations of PUC-SP (NERI/PUC-SP), and the Center for Studies in International Negotiations at the University of São Paulo (Caeni/USP).

FELIPE JUKEMURA holds a master’s degree in international development from the Institut d’Études Politiques de Paris (SciencesPo) and a bachelor’s degree in international relations from the Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo (PUC-SP). Researcher at the Fundação José Luiz Egydio Setúbal (FJLES) and the Center for Studies in International Relations of pucsp (NERI/PUC-SP).

ANNA FERRI DAVIS is an undergraduate student in International Relations at the Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo (PUC-SP).

Program	Scope	Actors involved	Objectives
Amazon Cooperation Treaty (ACT)/Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization (ACTO) (1978-present)^(a)	Promote the development of the Amazon region among the eight member countries, in a harmonious manner, with egalitarian results while preserving the region's environment and natural resources.	Eight Amazonian countries (Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela), high-level diplomatic representatives of the member states, and national partnership institutions.	Promote the development of the Amazon region in a harmonious manner, with egalitarian results, while preserving the region's environment and natural resources, strengthening regional cooperation in the fields of scientific research and technoloogy to promote economic and social development.
Association of Amazonian Universities (UNAMAZ) (1987-present)	Critical and multidisciplinary analysis of the Amazonian reality to offer alternatives to the region's problems. It has served as the input for the creation of the Amazonian Information System.	Higher education and research institutions.	Catalyzation of the actions of higher education and research institutions for a critical and multidisciplinary critique of the Amazon reality to offer alternatives to the region's problems.
Pilot Program to Conserve the Brazilian Rain Forest (RF-PPG7) (1992-2009)	Reducing deforestation in the Brazilian rainforest, preserving biodiversity, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, promoting sustainable development and international cooperation.	The Brazilian government, the international community (G7 nations, the European Union, and the Low Countries), the World Bank, the Ministry of the Environment, donors, NGOs, and the International Advisory Group (IAG).	Actions along five main axes: experimentation and demonstration; conservation of protected areas, strengthening of institutions; science and technology for sustainable development; and the dissemination of knowledge.
Amazon Region Protected Areas Program (Arpa) (2002-present)	Permanent conservation and protection of 232,000 square miles or 15% of the Brazilian Amazon, through the creation, expansion and strengthening of conservation units.	The Brazilian federal government, state governmental bodies, private institutions, civil society, the management bodies of the program (ICMBio for the federal conservation units, state governmental bodies for the state conservation units) and various donors such as the World Bank and the WWF, among others.	Conserve and protect the Brazilian Amazon, ensuring that there are financial resources to manage and maintain the conservation units, promoting sustainable development, and gradually increasing the resources provided by governments to the Arpa.
Amazon Fund (2008-present)^(b)	Fundraising for non-reimbursable investments for the prevention, monitoring, and fight against deforestation, promoting the conservation and sustainable use of the Legal Amazon, in addition to supporting the development of systems to monitor and control deforestation in Brazil and other tropical countries.	The Norwegian and German governments, Petrobras, National Bank of Economic and Social Development (BNDES), members of the federal and state governments, civil society, and specialists.	Decrease deforestation, contributing to the reduction of greehouse gases, and ecouraging Brazil and other developing countries in the Amazon region to adopt measures to decrease deforestation.
Amazon Bioeconomy Fund (2021-present)	Support for projects and initiatives to create sustainable development models based on the human capital, the natural resources, and the cultural heritage of the countries of the Amazon. The fund is focused on four main priorities: the bioeconomy, the sustainable development of agriculture, livestock and forests, human capital, and sustainable infrastructure.	Amazonian counstries, the Inter-America Development Bank (IDB), and the ACTO.	Attract more sustainable investments in the Amazon region and promote a greater level of coordination on all levels, seeking economic development, social benefits, and promoting the valorization of the natural capital of the Amazon.

Organization	Ongoing Projects	Total Projects
Austria: Austrian Development Agency (ADA)	1	11 (since 2001)
Canada: Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA)	-	2 (since 2007)
France: French DevelopmentAgency (AFD)	1	10 (since 1990)
Germany: German Agency for International Cooperation (GIZ) and German Development Bank (KfW)	7	25 (since 1994)
Italy: Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation (MAECI)	-	4 (since 2004)
Japan: Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)	3	11 (since 2009)
Norway: Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD)	9	113 (since 1993)
United Kingdom: Department for Business, Energy, and Industrial Strategy, Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office, Department for Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs	2	36 (since 2010)
United States: United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Department of State, Department of Agriculture, Department of the Interior, Trade and Development Agency, and Inter American Foundation	8	56 (since 1999)

Organization	Ongoing Projects	Total Projects
Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization (OTCA)	6	12 (since 2011)
Development Bank of Latin America (CAF)	(No indication of project status)	8 (since 1997)
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)	3	3 (since 2021)
Global Environmental Fund (GEF)	5	10 (since 2001)
Green Climate Fund (GCF)	2	2 (since 2019)
Inter American Development Bank (IDB)	6	33 (since 1979)
International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)	1	1 (since 2022)
International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO)	1	31
New Development Bank (NOB)	3	3 (since 2018)
Structural Convergence Fund for MERCOSUR (FOCEM)	1	1 (2007)
World Bank Group (WBG)	4	28 (since 2001)
World Health Organization (WHO)/ Pan American Health Organization (PAHO)	8	22 (since 2010)

Organization	Ongoing Projects	Total Projects
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation	-	3 (since 2011)
Children's Investment Fund Foundation	1	2 (since 2018)
David and Lucile Packard Foundation	1	1 (since 2021)
Ford Foundation	10	143 (since 2006)
Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation	-	17 (since 2002)
IKEA Foundation	-	1 (since 2019)
Open Society Foundation	-	7 (since 2019)
Rockefeller Foundation	-	1 (since 2020)
William and Flora Hewlett Foundation	-	13 (since 2000)

Organization	Ongoing Projects	Total Projects
Christian Aid	-	1 (since 2019)
Conservation International	2	4 (since 2018)
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)	2	2 (since 2016)
Rainforest Alliance	1	1 (since 2021)
WWF	-	4 (since 2002)

Millions of Constant USS (2010)	N	Mean	Std. Dev.	Min.	Max.	Total
Country	233	9.82412	78.65037	0.0033035	1173.943	2289.02
International Organization	114	43.77475	72.44643	0.0360546	361.245	4990.32
Private Foundation	210	1.781352	14.52593	0.0074509	208.4205	364.08
NGO	5	23.32608	35.37633	0.5530116	84.25275	116.63
Total	562	13.82572	62.8243	0.0033035	1173.943	7770.06

Sector	Description
Biodiversity	Projects for the protection and conservation of biodiversity.
Education	Projects focused on the formal basic education system or general training programs.
Environmental Policy	Broader policies for environmental protection.
Fiscal Management	Projects for improving public fiscal management or the creation/improvement of fiscal mechanisms in general.
Forestry Development	Projects for the protection and conservation of forests and/or those that promote sustainable forest use.
Health	Projects that promote disease prevention, improve healthcare systems, and protect the overall physical well-being of individuais.
Indigenous Population	Projects whose direct beneficiaries are indigenous peoples.
Infrastructure	Projects focusing on creating/improving networks of structures and services in a specific region.
Justice Administration and Law Enforcement	Projects aimed at access to justice, law enforcement, or law creation.
Private Sector Development	Projects that seek to improve the business environment or directly support the private sector.
Renewable Energy	Projects for the implementation of renewable energy options.
Research	Projects that directly fund research in various fields, data collection, or technical analyses.
Risk and Disaster Management	Projects related to climate adaptation, management, handling, or response to risks and disasters.
Rural Development	Projects focusing on the agrarian sector, whether in agriculture or extractive practices.
Social Protection	Projects with a focus on promoting human rights and preventing vulnerabilities and risks among vulnerable populations.
Tourism	Projects aimed at promoting tourism.
Transport	Projects focusing on transportation, including public transportation projects (such as bus purchases) or infrastructure projects (such as highways and railways).
Water Management	Projects aiming to protect water bodies and sanitation projects.

[TFN1] Table elaborated by the authors. Source: Aragón (2008); Arpa (2017); Castro and Silva (2017); Fundo Amazônia (2021); Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization (ACTO) (1978); and the World Bank (2008). Notes: (a) The ACTO was signe in 1978, and in 1995 the member states decided to strengthen their relations with the creation of the ACTO. (b) In 2019, the main donors Germany and Norway suspended their financial support of the fund.

INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION IN THE AMAZON¹

A Cooperação Internacional na Amazônia

INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION IN THE AMAZON1

A Cooperação Internacional na Amazônia

INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION IN THE AMAZON¹