<i>Pereskia aculeata</i> Leaves Valorization from the Application of Pressurized Liquid Extraction

Passos, Fernanda R. dos; Fiorese, Mônica L.; Silva, Edson A. da; Santos Jr., Oscar O.; Cardozo Filho, Lúcio; Silva, Camila da

doi:10.21577/0103-5053.20250036

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Full Paper • J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 36 (6) • 2025 • https://doi.org/10.21577/0103-5053.20250036 linkcopy

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10.21577/0103-5053.20250176

Pereskia aculeata Leaves Valorization from the Application of Pressurized Liquid Extraction

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Abstract

In this work, pressurized liquid extraction was applied to recover active compounds from ora-pro-nobis (OPN) leaves. The Box-Behnken experimental design was used to evaluate the effect of experimental variables in the extraction yield (EY) and phenolic compound yield (PCY). The extracts were analyzed for antioxidant activity, soluble protein and active compound contents. The results demonstrated that temperature and solvent polarity (SP) were significant factors in EY and PCY, while pressure did not influence the process. The experimental condition of maximum response was 100 °C, 50 bar and SP of 6.2, obtaining an EY of 21.09% and the PCY of 10.15 mg_GAE g^-1_leaf. The extracts showed antioxidant activity, which can be attributed to the polarity of the solvent used and the nature of the compounds present in the matrix. Compounds of industrial interest were identified in the extracts (squalene, octacosanol, α-tocopherol and β-sitosterol) and the content of these compounds was influenced by the SP and these can be considered thermoresistant at 100 °C. The soluble protein content in the extracts was around 22.0% and the phenolic compound profile indicated the presence of phenolic acids, flavonoids and nicotinic acid.

Keywords:
ora-pro-nobis; phenolics compounds; antioxidant activity; pressurized liquid extraction

Factor	Level
Factor	–1	0	+1
Temperature (T) / °C	40	70	100
Pressure (P) / bar	50	75	100
Solvent polarity (SP)	5.2	5.8	6.2

Assay	T / °C	P / bar	SP	EY / wt.%	PCY / (mg_GAE g^-1_leaf)
1	40	50	5.8	12.61	4.09 ± 0.28
2	100	50	5.8	20.33	9.01 ± 0.22
3	40	100	5.8	9.74	2.95 ± 0.13
4	100	100	5.8	20.80	7.13 ± 0.50
5	40	75	5.2	5.46	1.91 ± 0.06
6	100	75	5.2	13.28	5.14 ± 0.52
7	40	75	6.2	12.57	3.96 ± 0.14
8	100	75	6.2	20.27	9.30 ± 0.44
9	70	50	5.2	14.99	4.52 ± 0.25
10	70	100	5.2	9.37	3.67 ± 0.37
11	70	50	6.2	18.53	7.11 ± 0.39
12	70	100	6.2	18.45	5.79 ± 0.22
13-15a	70	75	5.8	16.12 ± 0.15	5.18 ± 0.18

Factor	df	EY				PCY
Factor	df	SS	MS	F-test	p-value	SS	MS	F-test	p-value
T (L)	1	147.10	147.1	6411.7	< 0.01	40.41	40.41	1223.3	< 0.01
T (Q)	1	6.67	6.67	290.56	0.003	0.04	0.04	1.11	0.402
P (L)	1	8.22	8.22	358.27	0.002	3.37	3.37	101.93	0.009
P (Q)	1	4.42	4.42	192.71	0.005	0.00	0.00	0.04	0.867
SP (L)	1	89.20	89.20	3888.1	< 0.01	14.07	14.07	425.98	0.002
SP (Q)	1	13.08	13.08	569.98	< 0.01	1.43	1.43	43.26	0.022
T (L) vs. P (L)	1	2.78	2.78	121.19	0.008	0.14	0.14	4.14	0.178
T (L) vs. SP (L)	1	0.00	0.00	0.17	0.717	0.81	0.81	24.52	0.038
P (L) vs. SP (L)	1	7.65	7.65	333.67	0.003	0.06	0.06	1.67	0.325
Lack of fit	3	2.96	0.99	43.06	0.022	0.27	0.09	2.76	0.277
Pure error	2	0.05	0.02			0.07	0.03
Total SS	14	282.93				60.65
R²		0.9893				0.9944
R²_adjusted		0.9702				0.9843

Property		AssayA
Property		2	4	6	8	MR
Total phenolic compounds / (mg_GAE g^-1_extract)		44.30 ± 1.11^a	34.31 ± 2.40^b	40.99 ± 0.28^a	45.89 ± 2.17^a	40.12 ± 0.84^a
Antioxidant activity / (µmol_TE g^-1_extract)	DPPH^•	137.15 ± 8.85^a	76.57 ± 1.08^b	143.35 ± 10.62^a	139.78 ± 7.40^a	155.73 ± 1.70^a
Antioxidant activity / (µmol_TE g^-1_extract)	ABTS^•+	621.16 ± 19.52^a	512.64 ± 24.16^b	596.96 ± 41.39a^b	644.27 ± 39.85^a	535.47 ± 1.54^b
Compounds quantified by GC-FID / (mg 100 g^-1_extract)	squalene (SQ)	60.45 ± 0.88^c	100.17 ± 0.23^a	89.25 ± 0.70^b	57.14 ± 0.34^c	95.03 ± 3.06^ab
	octacosanol (OC)	1851.00 ± 0.9^a	1510.20 ± 9.3^b	1633.60 ± 45.3^ab	1478.70 ± 116.9^b	1157.30 ± 74.9^c
	α-tocopherol (AT)	117.84 ± 1.76^b	124.06 ± 3.54^b	181.61 ± 1.41^a	108.92 ± 0.03^b	110.09 ± 11.27^b
	β-sitosterol (BS)	334.40 ± 13.61^b	389.56 ± 12.85^ab	430.88 ± 13.80^a	399.11 ± 8.34^ab	421.66 ± 10.78^a
Soluble protein / wt.%		20.80 ± 0.95^a	22.14 ± 0.03^a	22.46 ± 1.29^a	22.08 ± 0.59^a	23.69 ± 1.18^a

Class	Compound annotation	Chemical formula	Assaya
Class	Compound annotation	Chemical formula	2	MR
		Phenolic acid
Hydroxybenzoic	gallic	C₇H₆O₅	0.51	0.78
	4-hydroxybenzoic	C₇H₆O₃	3.95	5.13
	p-coumaric	C₉H₈O₃	1.33	1.03
	ferulic	C₁₀H₁₀O₄	0.96	1.05
	malic	C₄H₆O₅	16.53	8.49
Dihydroxybenzoic	protocatechuic	C₇H₆O₄	3.91	5.19
Dihydroxybenzoic	vanillic	C₈H₈O₄	0.70	0.70
Hydroxycinnamics	caffeic	C₉H₈O₄	2.91	2.97
Hydroxycinnamics	chlorogenic	C₁₆H₁₈O₉	0.65	0.84
		Flavanoid
Flavonol	quercetin	C₁₅H₁₀O₇	5.36	5.30
Flavonol	rutina	C₂₇H₃₀O₁₆	1.66	2.00
		Other
	nicotinic acid	C₆H₅NO₂	1.25	1.79

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[TFN1] ^a
Average of 3 repetitions. T: temperature; P: pressure; SP: solvent polarity; GAE: gallic acid equivalent.