Carrot cultivars have their initial growth affected by saline stressABSTRACT
Carrots are grown by planting seeds directly into soil, favorable conditions such as water, temperature and oxygen are essential, though. However, these conditions are not always appropriate, especially in saline soils or irrigated with saline water. The authors aimed to evaluate the initial growth of some carrot cultivars under saline-irrigated conditions. We evaluated 13 carrot cultivars and five electrical conductivity levels of irrigation water (0.00; 3.00; 5.85; 8.45 and 10.75 dS/m). The authors used a completely randomized experimental design, in a factorial scheme 13x5, with four replicates. Reduction in germination, in emergence and "low-vigorous" seedlings were verified with an increase in electrical conductivity. Using greater electrical conductivities, 8.45 dS/m and 10.75 dS/m, the cultivars Alice F1, BRS Carmela F1 and 999 showed higher germination percentage and more-vigorous seedlings, in Petri dishes. In sand bed, Caraíbas, 994, and Brasília cultivars showed greater emergence and seedling vigor at a conductivity of 8.45 dS/m. The cultivar 994 was the only one which stood out at a conductivity of 10.75 dS/m.
Keywords:
Alice F1; BRS Carmela F1; Daucus carota; Pandora
RESUMO
A cenoura é propagada por sementes via semeadura direta, mas são imprescindíveis condições favoráveis de disponibilidade de água, temperatura e oxigênio; todavia, nem sempre essas condições são adequadas, especialmente em solos salinos ou com a água de irrigação salina. Objetivou-se avaliar o crescimento inicial de cultivares de cenoura sob condições de salinidade da água de irrigação. Foram avaliadas 13 cultivares de cenoura e cinco níveis de condutividade elétrica da água de irrigação (0,00; 3,00; 5,85; 8,45 e 10,75 dS/m). Foi utilizado delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 13x5, com quatro repetições. Com o aumento da condutividade elétrica ocorreu redução de germinação, da emergência e as plântulas apresentaram menor vigor. Sob as maiores condutividades elétricas, de 8,45 dS/m e 10,75 dS/m, as cultivares Alice F1, BRS Carmela F1 e 999 apresentaram maior porcentagem de germinação e plântulas mais vigorosas, em ensaios em Placas de Petri. Em leito de areia, as cultivares Caraíbas, 994 e Brasília apresentaram maior emergência e vigor de plântulas na condutividade de 8,45 dS/m, e apenas a 994 se destacou na condutividade de 10,75 dS/m.
Palavras-chave:
Alice F1; BRS Carmela F1; Daucus carota; Pandora
Carrots (Daucus carota) are the fifth most cultivated crop in Brazil, about 30,000 hectares and an annual production of 900,000 tons. The main producers are in São Gotardo (MG), Irecê (BA), Cristalina (GO), Marilândia do Sul (PR) and Caxias do Sul (RS) (CEPEA/ESALQ-USP, 2024).
Due to the development of cultivars which are heat-tolerant and resistant to main leaf diseases, the exploitation restricted to a mild climate region, favored carrot cultivation in the Northeast region, especially in the states of Bahia and Pernambuco. In Bahia, the Irecê Region, composed of the municipalities of Irecê, Lapão, América Dourada, João Dourado, Barro Alto, Canarana, Mulungu do Morro, since 2008, stands out as one of the national poles of carrot production, with a cultivated area of 3,100 ha, production of 76,500 tons and an average productivity of 25 tons/ha (Kist et al., 2021). Nevertheless, semiarid climate and irrigation water quality, with excessive salt concentrations, are limiting conditions for the crop initial growth, resulting in productivity losses (Puchio & Moreira, 2021), due to failure of crop stand and a negative impact on root growth.
Carrot seed germination cab be uneven (Kist et al., 2021), in addition to being significantly influenced by soil salinity. The high levels of salt, especially sodium chloride (NaCl), can inhibit germination due to a decrease in osmotic potential, causing harm to other stages of the process (Lima et al., 2005).
Inappropriate irrigation management associated with poor water quality and insufficient drainage, accelerates the salinization process of arable land (Petrotti et al., 2015). At the same time, inappropriate fertilization management, including addition of fertilizer salts with high salinity levels, in quantities exceeding those required by the plants, have been contributing to an increase in electrical conductivity levels of soil solution and, consequently, changes in the osmotic potential of the medium, stimulating nutritional imbalances, damages to the seedling emergence and in the development of young plants up to adult plants, according to the salinity level (Silva, 2013; Carneiro, 2015).
Studies demonstrate the negative effect of saline stress on carrot crops. Resende & Cordeiro (2007) found a 60% reduction in the commercial productivity of carrots grown with irrigation water with an electrical conductivity of 8 dS/m compared to 0 dS/m. Silva Júnior et al. (2010) obtained reductions of 80%, 75% and 50% in germination of seeds of carrot cultivars Brasília, Alvorada and Esplanada, respectively, submitting them to saline water at a concentration of 100 mM NaCl.
A significant number of carrot cultivars can be found at the market; however, little information on carrot initial growth when cultivated under saline conditions is available in literature. This study aimed to evaluate the initial growth of some carrot cultivars under different saline water irrigation conditions, considering the availability of groundwater in the crystalline basement of the Brazilian semi-arid region and the importance of this crop.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Two experiments were carried out, in January and February, 2023, in Laboratório de Análises de Sementes, at Universidade Federal do Oeste da Bahia (UFOB), Centro Multidisciplinar de Barra (11°5′23″S, 43°8′30″W, 402 m altitude). In the first experiment, the authors evaluated the carrot seedling germination, and, in the second experiment, the seedling emergence, using saline solutions and different osmotic potentials.
The treatments consisted of 13 carrot cultivars and five saline concentrations, being 0 (control); 25 mM (1.462 g/L NaCl); 50 mM (2.925 g/L NaCl); 75 mM (4.387 g/L NaCl) and 100 mM (5.850 g/L NaCl), which corresponded to the electrical conductivities of the irrigation water, 0.0; 3.0; 5.85; 8.45 and 10.75 dS/m, respectively. The conductivities were obtained by dissolving sodium chloride (NaCl) in distilled water at room temperature. The experimental design used was completely randomized, in a factorial scheme 13x5 with four replicates.
The 13 cultivars used in the study were: AGR 123 F1, Amanda F1, Caraíbas, Suprema, Nativa, Verano F1, Érica F1, Pandora F1, Alice F1, Brasília, BRS Carmela F1 and lines 999 and 994. In order to choose the cultivars, the authors considered history and local cultivation preferences, and also some new commercial materials which are prone to be introduced in Irecê (BA) region.
Petri dish experiment
To evaluate germination, each experimental unit consisted of four subsamples of 50 seeds, a total of 200 seeds per treatment. We used 9-cm-diameter Petri dishes, covered with two filter paper discs, moistened with solutions in a ratio of 2.5 times their dry weight, transferred to a germination chamber (BOD type), at 25 ± 1ºC and 13-h photoperiod, for 10 days (Brasil, 2009). We added 1.5 mL of distilled water on the control or NaCl solution on the concentration specific for each treatment.
During 14 days, germination percentage (%G) was quantified every 24-h interval. The seed that showed a minimum root protrusion of 3 mm was considered germinated. On the 14th day of evaluation, a sample of 15 randomly selected seedlings was taken, and the length of the hypocotyl-radicle axis was measured using millimeter paper.
Experiment in a sand bed
The authors evaluated seedling emergence and vigor using four subsamples of 50 seeds, in a total of 200 seeds per treatment. The seeds were grown in plastic trays (42 x 28 x 6 cm), filled with fine-grained sand, which were previously washed and autoclaved. Then, these trays were moistened with solutions in a proportion of 2.5 times its dry weight, stored in an air-conditioned environment, at 25 ± 1ºC and 13-h photoperiod, during 14 days (Brasil, 2009). The seedlings were daily irrigated with 50 mL water or saline water, as calculated to maintain substrate moisture at 80% field capacity. We quantified daily the number of emerged seedlings and the emergence percentage was calculated (%E), average emergency response time (TME) (Laboriau, 1983) and emergence speed index (IVE) (Maguire, 1962).
After 14 days, the seedlings were removed from the trays and the roots were washed in running water to remove the substrate. In a sample consisting of 15 seedlings, the height was measured (in cm), with a ruler graduated in centimeters; the length of the hypocotyl and radicle was measured (in mm) using graph paper.
The data were submitted to Barlett’s test (homogeneity of variance) and to Shapiro Wilk’s test (normality test). The analysis of variance was carried out by F test, all at 1% probability. The averages were grouped using the Scott & Knott test, at 5% probability. The analyses were performed using SISVAR 5.7 software (Ferreira, 2019).
Data were presented in heatmap, which is a graphical data representation that shows, through the combination of score ranges and color intensity of cells, the response of a treatment to a given variable.
The hierarchical cluster analysis followed the same standardization procedure, adopting Euclidean distance as a measure of similarity and Ward's linkage clustering method. All statistical analyses were performed using the R software.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Interaction between cultivars and water electrical conductivity levels for all evaluated traits was noticed.
Petri dish experiment
In the absence of NaCl, all cultivars showed, on average, 87% germination, followed by a slight reduction in conductivities 3.00 and 5.85 dS/m, and a more pronounced reduction starting at conductivity 8.45 dS/m, reaching values below 60% at the highest conductivity evaluated (Figure 1).
Germination percentage (G) of the carrot cultivar seedlings under different electrical conductivities of irrigation water. Averages followed by the same lowercase letter in the cultivar and the same uppercase letter in the electrical conductivities belong to the same cluster using the Scott-Knott test at 5% probability. **: significant at 1% probability by F test. Coefficient of variation CV(%) = 5.72. Barra, UFOB, 2023.
The cultivars 999 and Alice F1 showed the highest percentage of germination at all evaluated conductivities. The cultivars Verano F1, Caraíbas, Nativa, Pandora F1 and Amanda F1 showed higher germination only at conductivities 3.00 and 5.85 dS/m, whereas BRS Carmela F1 showed higher germination at conductivities 5.85 and 10.75 dS/m (Figure 1). Salinity significantly affected seed germination due to changes in the cellular osmotic potential and culture; nevertheless, this behavior may vary depending on the species, cultivar and concentrations. The percentage and index of carrot seed germination of cultivars Brasília and Alvorada were drastically reduced with an increase in salt concentration, as reported by Silva Júnior et al. (2010).
At electrical conductivity 3.00 dS/m, the authors verified higher IVG for cultivars Alice F1, BRS Carmela F1, 999, Caraíbas, Pandora and Brasília, whereas at electrical conductivity 5.85 dS/m, the cultivars Alice F1, BRS Carmela F1, Caraíbas, Pandora and Brasília stood out. At electrical conductivity 8.45 and 10.75 dS/m, the cultivars 999, Alice F1 and BRS Carmela F1 showed higher IVG (Figure 2). The reduction in the potential gradient between the seed and the soil hinders the transport of water into the seed; consequently, germination metabolism is impaired due to disturbances in the membrane systems of the embryonic axis and inhibition of the mobilization of resources (Lopes & Macedo, 2008; Marques et al., 2011). Less-vigorous seedlings resulted in uneven stand, delayed plant growth and development, and consequently, decreased productivity. The irrigation water at salinity 8,0 dS/m led to a 60% reduction in carrot productivity, compared to salt-free water (Resende & Cordeiro, 2007).
Germination Speed Index (IVG) of the carrot cultivar seedlings under different electrical conductivities of irrigation water. Averages followed by the same lowercase letter in the cultivar and the same uppercase letter in the electrical conductivities belong to the same cluster using the Scott-Knott at 5% probability. **: significant at 1% probability by F test. Coefficient of variation CV(%) = 6.30. Barra, UFOB, 2023.
In relation to average germination time, at conductivity 3.00 dS/m, the cultivars Alice F1, BRS Carmela F1, 999, Caraíbas, Pandora, 994, Brasília and Suprema completed the germination process in shorter period of time, 3.5 to 4.3 days, whereas at 5.85 dS/m, Alice F1, BRS Carmela F1, Brasília and Suprema germinated in 4.0 to 4.3 days. With an increase of CE to 8.45 dS/m, Alice F1, BRS Carmela F1, 999, Caraíbas, Brasília and Suprema, followed by Pandora and 994 germinated in 4.44 and 5.14 days. Under higher conductivity, germination occurred in 5.0 and 5.45 days, considering that Brasília and Suprema showed the highest germination rate (Table 1). The increases in salt causes a delay in the average time required for germination and emergence, and may even inhibit these processes, depending on the susceptibility of the species and cultivar to salinity.
During germination, salt stress affects the balance of the plant hormones, especially gibberellin (GA) and abscisic acid (ABA), which regulate the germination process by altering membrane permeability and water behavior in the seed (Uçarli, 2020). Considering this sequence of events, the interval for germination and emergence increases, and the seed resources are depleted, resulting in less-vigorous seedlings, or the germination process may not even be completed.
In relation to hypocotyl length of seedlings, at CE 3.00 dS/m, the cultivars Verano, Alice F1, BRS Carmela F1, 999, Caraíbas, 994 and Brasília showed the greatest length. At CE 5.85 dS/m the cultivars Verano, AliceF1, BRS Carmela F1, 999, 994 and Brasília were larger compared to the others. At higher conductivities, only the cultivars Alice F1, BRS Carmela F1 and 999 presented higher germination compared to the others (Table 2).
The greatest radicle lengths of the seedlings, at the lowest electrical conductivity, were noticed in cultivars BRS Carmela F1, 999 and 994, whereas at CE 5.85 dS/m, the longest radicles were verified in Alice F1, BRS Carmela F1 and 999. Only the seedlings of the cultivar 999 showed the longest radicles at conductivities 8.45 and 10.75 dS/m (Table 2). Changes in cell turgor pressure interfere with cell division and elongation processes, which may lead to a reduction in primary root growth and lateral root development (Jung & McCouch, 2013). Although carrots are a species sensitive to salinity (Dias et al., 2016), we could infer that cultivars with root lengths within the expected range, under high salinity conditions, have the physiological capacity to accumulate sodium and chloride ions in their cells, within certain limits, which makes them tolerant to salinity. This fact is similar to the one reported by Guerra & Machado (2022), who evaluated beet cultivars, species which is also tolerant to salinity. These authors observed that cultivars Betty RZ F1, Bettollo and Scarlet Super F1 showed less tolerance to salinity, since the emergence and vigor of the seedlings were decreased at irrigation water conductivities higher than 10 dS/m superior than 10 dS/m.
The heatmap representation shows the formation of five clusters for the cultivar/CE ratio, grouping them according to their proximity to the analyzed response variables. The cultivars 999, Alice F1 and BRS Carmela F1 showed the best performance in relation to tests run in Petri dishes at CEs above 3.00 dS/m. This result is verified by grouping these treatments in the same hierarchical cluster and by the representation of the scores for each response variable, showing an approximate score of two for hypocotyl length, radicle length, and germination, whereas the IVG presented a score close to three. However, evaluating the responses for TMG, the authors verified that the cultivars 999 and Alice F1 at CEs 5.85 and 8.45 dS/m presented score close to -3, which indicates a negative correlation between the factors. The negative correlation indicates that these conductivities interfered in a negative way, making it necessary take longer time for germination (Figure 3). These results are in agreement with Dickmann et al. (2005), who, working with sunflower seeds, reported that saline solutions with more negative osmotic potentials cause a decrease in seed vigor, which can be evaluated by seedling length, including hypocotyl and radicle.
Sand bed experiment
The percentage of emerged seedlings, in the absence of NaCl, was an average of 73% for all the cultivars; nevertheless, a reduction at conductivity 3.00 dS/m was verified, and starting with conductivity 5.85 dS/m, only cultivars 994, Pandora F1 and Nativa kept the emergence superior to 50% (Figure 4). The cultivar 994 showed the highest seedling emergence at all the CEs evaluated in this study. Except cultivars Amanda F1, AGR123 F1 and Suprema, the others showed higher seedling emergence at CE 3.00 dS/m. The cultivars Alice F1, 999, Caraíbas, Pandora F1, Érica F1 and Brasília showed higher percentage of emergence at CE 5.85 dS/m. Only the cultivars Caraíbas, 994 and Brasília reached higher percentage of emergence at CE 8.45 dS/m. The cultivar 994 showed higher seedling emergence at the highest conductivity studied in relation to the other cultivars at this same conductivity.
Heatmap with hierarchical cluster analysis of responses variables for carrot cultivars under different electrical conductivities of irrigation water (0.00; 3.00; 5.85; 8.45 and 10.75 dS/m) in a Petri dish test. Barra, UFOB, 2023.
In relation to seedling emergence speed index, at conductivity 3.00 dS/m, was higher in cultivars Caraíbas, Pandora and Brasília. The cultivar Brasília showed higher IVE at CE 5.85 dS/m. At CE 8.45 dS/m the highest IVE was verified for cultivars Caraíbas, Brasília and 994, whereas at highest CE, only cultivar 994 showed high IVE (Figure 5). These results corroborate the ones obtained by Silva Júnior et al. (2010), evaluating the emergence speed index of carrot seeds, they observed a significant reduction starting at conductivity 6.35 mM. This significant decrease in IVE of numerous cultivars can be affected by the reduction in soil water potential caused by salinity, and also due to the fact that excessive salt levels can lead to toxic effects on plants. (Ghaderi-Far et al., 2010).
In relation to time, for seedling emergence, we verified that at CE 3.0 dS/m, only the cultivars Caraíbas, Pandora, 994, Érica, Brasília and Suprema emerged between 4.3 and 6.1 days, being in accordance with what was expected for this crop, which is from 5 to 7 days. Increasing the conductivity up to 5.85 dS/m, the seedling emergence kept from 4.4 to 6.3 days, mainly for the cultivars 994, AGR 123, Érica, Brasília and Suprema. At conductivity 8.45 dS/m, only cultivar AGR 123 emerged in a shorter period of time. Finally, at the highest CE, 10.75 dS/m, all the cultivars showed similar behavior. All of them needed more time to emerge, and sometimes they did not emerge, except Caraíbas, which stood out and emerged in a shortest period of time (3.01 days) (Table 1). Saline solutions with more negative osmotic potentials cause a decrease in seed vigor, resulting in a longer time for the seedling to emerge above ground level.
Emergence (%) of the carrot cultivar seedlings under different electrical conductivities of irrigation water. Averages followed by the same lowercase letter in the cultivar and the same uppercase letter in the electrical conductivities belong to the same cluster using the Scott-Knott test at 5% probability. **: significant at 1% probability by F test. Coefficient of variation CV(%) = 20.27. Barra, UFOB, 2023.
Emergence Speed Index (IVE) of the carrot plantlets under different electrical conductivities of irrigation water. Averages followed by the same lowercase letter in the cultivar and the same uppercase letter in the electrical conductivities belong to the same cluster using the Scott-Knott at 5% probability. **: significant at 1% probability by F test. Coefficient of variation CV(%) = 20.94. Barra, UFOB, 2023.
The greatest hypocotyl length of seedlings was observed in cultivars 994, Érica F1, and Brasília, at CEs 3.00 and 5.85 dS/m, respectively. At conductivity 8.45 dS/m, this variable was greater only in cultivars 994 and Caraíbas, whereas, at the highest conductivity, only cultivars 994 and Pandora F1 stood out with the greatest hypocotyl length (Table 3).
In relation to radicle length of the seedling, at conductivity 3.00 dS/m, only the cultivar Caraíbas stood out, whereas at CE 5.85 dS/m, the cultivars Caraíbas, Pandora F1, 994, Érica F1 and Brasília were superior. Cultivating the cultivars at conductivity 8.45 dS/m, the seedlings with larger radicles were cultivars Nativa, Caraíbas, Pandora F1, 994, Érica F1, Suprema and Brasília. At higher CE, only cultivars Pandora, 994 and Érica F1 stood out (Table 3). These results are in accordance with Harter et al. (2014), whose studies, evaluating strawberries, verified a decreasing linear effect with an increase of NaCl concentrations with a more pronounced decrease in root length.
The decline in the growth of the hypocotyl and radicle of the seedlings caused by salinity may be related to physiological drought resulting from the osmotic effect. This is confirmed by Dickmann et al. (2005), since under higher salinity, the root cells became hypotonic in relation to the medium; therefore, water cannot move into them. In addition, Larcher (2004) pointed out that excessive salt ions also cause imbalances in cells. In fact, when these ions are accumulated in the protoplasm, they are able to cause damage to enzymatic activities, energy production, cell organelles, and to plasma membrane.
Data were grouped in order to form four clusters for cultivars/electrical conductivities ratio. We still observe that the cultivation condition influenced on responses of the cultivars, so that a discrepancy regarding what was presented in the Petri dish experiment was noticed (Figure 3). Under cultivation conditions in sand bed and at the highest electrical conductivities, the cultivars 999, Alice F1 and BRS Carmela F1 were the least expressive in all traits evaluated (Figure 6). However, the cultivars 994 and Brasília presented the best performances at the highest conductivities, except at conductivity 10.75 dS/m, in which only the cultivar 994 stood out. The information suggests that the cultivars 994 and Brasília can tolerate environments with higher saline levels. Different response was observed for the cultivars AGR 123 F1, BRS Carmela F1 and Verano F1, which showed germination and initial growth negatively affected by higher conductivities, showing greater sensitivity to salinity.
Heatmap and hierarchical cluster analysis of variable responses of carrot cultivars under different electrical conductivities of irrigation water (0.00; 3.00; 5.85; 8.45 and 10.75 dS/m) in a sand bed test. Barra, UFOB, 2023.
Carrot seeds showed delayed germination and reduced seedling vigor when submitted to saline stress during the early growth stage. The seeds which showed to be the most tolerant to salinity were cultivars Alice F1, BRS Carmela F1and 999 under Petri dishes conditions, in a controlled environment. In a sand bed, the cultivars 994 and Pandora stood out in relation to initial growth at higher electrical conductivities of irrigation water, considering that these cultivars are the most suitable for exploitation at higher salinity levels.
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