Produtos tradicionais versus probióticos: a influência de fatores socioeconômicos no consumo de produtos probióticos na Turquia

Çelik, Ahmet Duran; Sarıoğlu, Tuğçe

doi:10.1590/0103-8478cr20250426

Este estudo investiga o impacto dos fatores socioeconômico no consumo de produtos probióticos na região do Mediterrâneo Oriental, da Turquia. O estudo temfoco específico em três categorias: iogurte e leite probióticos, produtos lácteos fermentados tradicionais e suplementos probióticos. Deste modo, com base em pesquisas realizadas com 600 participantes das cidades de Kahramanmaraş, Hatay e Osmaniye, foi utilizada uma análise de regressão logística para explorar as relações entre as características socioeconômico e os padrões de consumo de probióticos. Os resultados revelam que o nível de educação e o gênero sexual influenciam significativamente a probabilidade de consumo de produtos probióticos. Além disso, produtos tradicionais como iogurte fermentado, ayran e queijo apresentam as taxas de consumo mais elevadas, impulsionadas pela relação custo-benefício e pelas preferências culturais. Os suplementos probióticos, no entanto, são menos utilizados, principalmente entre indivíduos com maior nível de escolaridade. O estudo busca ressalta a importância da conscientização do consumidor sobre os benefícios dos probióticos para a saúde e destaca o domínio dos produtos tradicionais nos hábitos alimentares da região. Essas descobertas fornecem informações valiosas para estratégias de mercado voltadas para o consumo de produtos probióticos na Turquia.

Palavras-chave:
alimentos funcionais; comportamento do consumidor; intenção de compra; produtos lácteos fermentados tradicionais; região do Mediterrâneo Oriental

[TFN1] (^*) Data that violated normal distribution were excluded; (^**)1 USD = 8.87 TL (2021).

Variables	Frequency	Ratio (%)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Gender-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Women	309	51.5
Men	291	48.5
Total	600	100
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Age--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
18-27	110	18.3
28-37	191	31.8
38-47	182	30.3
48 +	117	19.5
Total	600	100
---------------------------------------------------------------------------Marital status-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Married	390	65
Single	210	35
Total	600	100
----------------------------------------------------------------------------Education-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
High school and below	216	36
Associate degree	59	9.8
Bachelor's degree	208	34.7
Graduate	117	19.5
Total	600	100
---------------------------------------------------------------------------Occupation^*---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Unemployed (student, retired, etc.)	132	25.1
Teacher/Academic	148	28.1
Independent Business (Self-employed)	110	20.9
Public Employee	136	25.9
Total	526	100
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Monthly Income^**------------------------------------------------------------------------
<5000	219	36.5
5001-7000	228	38
7001<	153	25.5
Total	600	100
------------------------------------------------------------------Monthly Food Expenditure------------------------------------------------------------------
500-1000	252	42
1001-1500	169	28.2
1501<	179	29.8
Total	600	100

Variables	Probiotic yogurt ----------consumption---------			Probiotic milk -------consumption-------			Traditional yogurt ----------consumption-----------			----Cheese consumption-----
	β	Exp (β)	sig.	β	Exp (β)	sig.	β	Exp (β)	sig.	β	Exp (β)	sig.
Income	-0.154	0.857	0.376	-0.133	0.875	0.428	-0.327	0.721	0.334	0.037	1.037	0.952
Occupation	-0.156	0.855	0.091	-0.202^*	0.817	0.025	0.231	1.260	0.276	-0.283	0.754	0.407
Age	-0.015	0.985	0.907	0.045	1.046	0.715	0.407	1.502	0.171	0.425	1.530	0.409
Food expenditure	0.269	1.309	0.075	0.172	1.187	0.243	-0.487	0.615	0.100	-0.813	0.443	0.155
Education level	0.657^*	1.930	0.000	0.552^*	1.737	0.000	-0.451^*	0.637	0.045	-0.175	0.840	0.655
Gender	-0.622^*	0.537	0.003	-0.331	0.718	0.102	0.262	1.300	0.536	0.031	1.032	0.967
Marital Status	0.41	1.507	0.090	0.398	1.489	0.089	-1.186^*	0.306	0.019	-0.615	0.541	0.480
Constant	-2.924	0.054	0.000	-2.351	0.095	0.000	5.651	284.496	0.000	6.615	746.349	0.002
-2 Log likelihood	619.814^a			654.269^a			192.778^a			77.001^a
Chi-square	9.011			6.097			3.661			9.619
Hosmer and Lemeshow Test	0.341			0.636			0.886			0.293
Nagelkerke R²	0.217			0.158			0.168			0.076
Corrents predictions	67.30%			64.60%			94.50%			98.50%
	------Ayran consumption-----			----Kefir consumption---			----Buttermilk consumption---			-------Supplement use--------
Variables	β	Exp (β)	sig.	β	Exp (β)	sig.	β	Exp (β)	sig.	β	Exp (β)	sig.
Income	0.075	1.078	0.881	0.016	1.016	0.926	-0.548^*	0.578	0.001	-0.096	0.909	0.637
Occupation	0.224	1.251	0.466	-0.006	0.994	0.945	-0.183^*	0.833	0.038	-0.157	0.855	0.169
Age	0.605	1.832	0.192	0.097	1.102	0.429	-0.019	0.982	0.873	-0.181	0.835	0.245
Food expenditure	-0.423	0.655	0.333	-0.202	0.817	0.173	0.293^*	1.340	0.043	0.338	1.403	0.057
Education level	-0.358	0.699	0.261	0.179	1.196	0.062	0.135	1.144	0.151	0.384*	1.468	0.002
Gender	-0.379	0.685	0.539	-0.786^*	0.456	0.000	0.691^*	1.995	0.001	-0.392	0.675	0.119
Marital Status	-0.421	0.656	0.578	-0.448	0.639	0.054	-0.136	0.873	0.547	0.046	1.047	0.872
Constant	4.634	102.939	0.006	0.481	1.618	0.316	-0.14	0.869	0.76	-2.746	0.064	0.000
-2 Log likelihood	105.199^a			662.929^a			695.140^a			469.428^a
Chi-square	5.148			8.213			8.047			13.847
Hosmer and Lemeshow Test	0.742			0.413			0.429			0.086
Nagelkerke R²	0.089			0.064			0.064			0.092
Corrents predictions	97.70%			65.80%			62.70%			81.70%

Variables	Mean	P value	Variables	Mean	P value
Probiotic yogurt Female Male	2.16 1.76	0.000*	Probiotic yogurt Married Single	1.87 2.15	0.014^*
Probiotic milk Female Male	2.46 1.90	0.000^*	Probiotic milk Married Single	2.09 2.37	0.032^*
Fermented yogurt Female Male	4.05 4.18	0.138	Fermented yogurt Married Single	4.31 3.74	0.000^*
Ayran Female Male	3.94 4.12	0.017^*	Ayran Married Single	4.14 3.82	0.000*
Kefir Female Male	2.95 2.28	0.000^*	Kefir Married Single	2.71 2.47	0.058
Cheese Female Male	4.81 4.69	0.027^*	Cheese Married Single	4.75 4.74	0.784
Buttermilk Female Male	1.71 2.02	0.001^*	Buttermilk Married Single	1.86 1.88	0.844
Probiotic supplement Female Male	1.56 1.35	0.017^*	Probiotic supplement Married Single	1.46 1.47	0.869

Products	Age (sig.)	Education level (sig.)	Occupation (sig.)	Food expenditure (sig)	Income (sig)
Probiotic yogurt	0.017^*	0.000^**	0.000^**	0.000^**	0.035^*
Probiotic milk	0.001^*	0.000^**	0.000^**	0.001^*	0.010^*
Fermented yogurt	0.012^*	0.005^*	0.011^*	0.114	0.115
Cheese	0.004^*	0.005^*	0.436	0.003^*	0.006^*
Ayran	0.356	0.030^*	0.010^*	0.206	0.008^*
Kefir	0.506	0.229	0.448	0.015^*	0.700
Buttermilk	0.397	0.155	0.093	0.335	0.179
Supplement	0.898	0.000^**	0.001^*	0.002^*	0.059

Products	Reference Age	Age	Mean difference	Std Error	Sig
Probiotic yogurt (Games-Howell)	18-27	28 - 37	0.213	0.165	0.571
		38 - 47	0.251	0.166	0.429
		48 +	0.552	0.171	0.008^*
	28-37	18 - 27	-0.213	0.165	0.571
		38 - 47	0.038	0.139	0.993
		48 +	0.339	0.145	0.093
Probiotic milk (Games-Howell)	18-27	28-37	0.410	0.178	0.098
		38 - 47	0.008	0.179	1.000
		48 +	0.582	0.197	0.017^*
	28-37	18-27	-0.410	0.178	0.098
		38 - 47	-0.402	0.154	0.045^*
		48 +	0.171	0.174	0.759
Fermented yogurt (Games-Howell)	18-27	28 - 37	-0.250	0.155	0.375
		38 - 47	-0.266	0.158	0.337
		48 +	-0.496	0.159	0.011^*
	28-37	18 - 27	0.250	0.155	0.375
		38 - 47	-0.016	0.112	0.999
		48 +	-0.246	0.113	0.133
Cheese (Games-Howell)	18-27	28 - 37	-0.259	0.089	0.022^*
		38 - 47	-0.092	0.099	0.788
		48 +	-0.195	0.105	0.248
	28-37	18 - 27	0.259	0.089	0.022^*
		38 - 47	0.166	0.058	0.023
		48 +	0.064	0.067	0.778

Products	Reference Education level	Education level	Mean difference	Std Error	Sig
Probiotic yogurt (Games-Howell)	High School	Associate degree	-0.269	0.167	0.378
		Undergraduate	-0.920	0.117	0.000^**
		Postgraduate	-1.001^*	0.150	0.000^**
	Associate degree	High school	0.269	0.167	0.378
		Undergraduate	-0.651^*	0.181	0.003^**
		Postgraduate	-0.732^*	0.204	0.003^**
Probiotic milk (Games-Howell)	High School	Associate degree	-0.255	0.210	0.618
		Undergraduate	-1.078^*	0.139	0.000^**
		Postgraduate	-0.758^*	0.164	0.000^**
	Associate degree	High school	0.255	0.210	0.618
		Undergraduate	-0.823^*	0.211	0.001^**
		Postgraduate	-0.503	0.228	0.123
Fermented yogurt (Games-Howell)	High School	Associate degree	0.141	0.138	0.738
		Undergraduate	0.377^*	0.108	0.003^**
		Post graduate degree	0.276	0.130	0.152
	Associate degree	High school	-0.141	0.138	0.738
		Undergraduate	0.237	0.152	0.408
		Postgraduate	0.135	0.169	0.854
Ayran (Games-Howell)	High School	Associate degree	0.025	0.103	0.995
		Undergraduate	0.172	0.086	0.185
		Postgraduate	0.280^*	0.108	0.049*
	Associate degree	High school	-0.025	0.103	0.995
		Undergraduate	0.147	0.114	0.572
		Postgraduate	0.255	0.132	0.216
Cheese (Games-Howell)	High School	Associate degree	0.108	0.073	0.454
		Undergraduate	0.212^*	0.064	0.006^**
		Postgraduate	0.195^*	0.071	0.035^*
	Associate degree	High school	-0.108	0.073	0.454
		Undergraduate	0.104	0.086	0.623
		Postgraduate	0.087	0.092	0.775
Supplement (Games-Howell)	High School	Associate degree	-0.075	0.127	0.935
		Undergraduate	-0.542^*	0.105	0.000^**
		Postgraduate	-0.274	0.110	0.065
	Associate degree	High school	0.075	0.127	0.935
		Undergraduate	-0.467^*	0.147	0.010^*
		Postgraduate	-0.199	0.151	0.554

Products	Reference Occupation	Occupation	Mean difference	Std Error	Sig
Probiotic yogurt (Games-Howell)	Unemployed	Teachers/academics	-0.366	0.166	0.124
		Self-employed	0.502	0.153	0.007^*
		Public sector	0.169	0.157	0.704
	Teachers/academics	Unemployed	0.366	0.166	0.124
		Self-employed	0.867	0.154	0.000^*
		Public sector	0.535	0.158	0.004^*
Probiotic milk (Games-Howell)	Unemployed	Teachers/academics	-0.339	0.187	0.273
		Self-employed	0.524	0.182	0.023^*
		Public sector	0.338	0.175	0.218
	Teachers/academics	Unemployed	0.339	0.187	0.273
		Self-employed	0.863	0.182	0.000^*
		Public sector	0.677	0.175	0.001^*
Fermented yogurt (Games-Howell)	Unemployed	Teachers/academics	0.441	0.145	0.013^*
		Self-employed	0.161	0.132	0.619
		Public sector	0.172	0.130	0.553
	Teachers/academics	Unemployed	-0.441	0.145	0.013^*
		Self-employed	-0.281	0.141	0.196
		Public sector	-0.27	0.139	0.216
Ayran (Games-Howell)	Unemployed	Teachers/academics	0.344	0.117	0.018^*
		Self-employed	0.064	0.102	0.924
		Public sector	0.138	0.105	0.559
	Teachers/academics	Unemployed	-0.344	0.117	0.018^*
		Self-employed	-0.28	0.112	0.062
		Public sector	-0.206	0.115	0.279
Supplement (Games-Howell)	Unemployed	Teachers/academics	-0.227	0.138	0.352
		Self-employed	0.289	0.107	0.037^*
		Public sector	0.065	0.117	0.945
	Teachers/academics	Unemployed	0.227	0.138	0.352
		Self-employed	0.516	0.128	0.000^*
		Public sector	0.292	0.137	0.145

Products	Reference Food expenditures (TL)	Food expenditures (TL)	Mean difference	Std Error	Sig
Probiotic Yogurt (Games-Howel)	500 - 1000	1001 - 1500	-0.634	0.125	0.000^*
	500 - 1000	1501 and above	-0.700	0.128	0.000^*
	1001-1500	500 - 1000	0.634	0.125	0.000^*
	1001-1500	1501 and above	-0.066	0.151	0.900
Probiotic Milk (Games-Howel)	500 - 1000	1001 - 1500	-0.505	0.148	0.002^*
	500 - 1000	1501 and above	-0.426	0.145	0.010^*
	1001-1500	500 - 1000	0.505	0.148	0.002^*
	1001-1500	1501 and above	0.080	0.168	0.883
Kefir (Tukey HSD)	500 - 1000	1001-1500	-0.166	0.148	0.502
	500 - 1000	1501 and above	0.288	0.145	0.117
	1001-1500	500 - 1000	0.166	0.148	0.502
	1001-1500	1501 and above	0.454	0.160	0.013^*
Cheese (Games-Howel)	500 - 1000	1001 - 1500	0.034	0.057	0.816
	500 - 1000	1501 and above	0.212	0.070	0.008^*
	1001-1500	500 - 1000	-0.034	0.057	0.816
	1001-1500	1501 and above	0.178	0.076	0.053
Supplement (Games-Howel)	500 - 1000	1001 - 1500	-0.310	0.107	0.011^*
	500 - 1000	1501 and above	-0.310	0.104	0.008
	1001-1500	500 - 1000	0.310	0.107	0.011^*
	1001-1500	1501 and above	0.000	0.128	1.000

Products	Reference Income level (TL)	Income level (TL)	Mean difference	Std Error	Sig
Probiotic Yogurt (Tukey HSD)	5000 and below	5001 - 7000	-0.219	0.125	0.187
	5000 and below	7001 and above	-0.349	0.139	0.033^*
	5001-7000	5000 and below	0.219	0.125	0.187
	5001-7000	7001 and above	-0.131	0.138	0.611
Probiotic Milk (Games-Howel)	5000 and below	5001 - 7000	-0.282	0.137	0.1
	5000 and below	7001 and above	-0.468	0.161	0.011^*
	5001-7000	5000 and below	0.282	0.137	0.1
	5001-7000	7001 and above	-0.186	0.163	0.491
Ayran (Tukey HSD)	5000 and below	5001 - 7000	0.257	0.084	0.007^*
	5000 and below	7001 and above	0.193	0.094	0.101
	5001-7000	5000 and below	-0.257	0.084	0.007
	5001-7000	7001 and above	0.064	0.093	0.773
Cheese (Games-Howel)	5000 and below	5001 - 7000	-0.048	0.054	0.643
	5000 and below	7001 and above	0.164	0.08	0.104
	5001-7000	5000 and below	0.048	0.054	0.643
	5001-7000	7001 and above	0.212	0.076	0.016^*