Development and validity of an application for parents: respiratory disease care, guidance, and preventionAbstract
Objective To develop and validate the content and technical aspects of a mobile application for parents of babies with respiratory diseases.
Methods This is a methodological study involving the development of a mobile application-type information technology tool. The application development was guided by Presmann’s prototyping framework and Nola Pender’s theoretical framework. The content validity stage was conducted with 11 nurses. Ten computer science professionals participated in the technical validity. A Content Validity Index of ≥0.8 was established for content and technical validity. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics.
Results The “O2 - Cuidados para Pais e Filhos” app contains information about respiratory disease care, guidance, and prevention for parents of babies. It has two interfaces, one for parents of hospitalized babies and another for parents of outpatients, with a total of 222 screens and five videos. In the content and technical validity tests, it obtained Content Validity Indexes of 0.95 and 0.98, respectively.
Conclusion A consistent, functional, and efficient app with accessible content and layout was developed and validated for use by parents of babies with respiratory diseases. This study advances the proposal to be an informative and interactive tool that provides parents with consistent and reliable information, enabling them to make assertive choices in caring for their children.
Keywords:
Mobile applications; Respiratory tract diseases; Infant, newborn; Validation study
Resumo
Objetivo Desenvolver e validar o conteúdo e aspectos técnicos de aplicativo móvel para pais de bebês com doenças respiratórias.
Métodos Estudo metodológico, com desenvolvimento de ferramenta de tecnologia de informação do tipo aplicativo móvel. O desenvolvimento do aplicativo foi guiado pelo referencial de prototipação de Presmann e referencial teórico de Nola Pender. A etapa de validação de conteúdo foi realizada com 11 enfermeiras. Participaram da validação técnica dez profissionais das ciências da computação. Para validação de conteúdo e técnica, estabeleceu-se Índice de Validade de Conteúdo ≥0,8. Os dados foram analisados usando estatística descritiva.
Resultados O aplicativo “O2 - Cuidados para Pais e Filhos” contém informações acerca dos cuidados, orientação e prevenção de doenças respiratórias para pais de bebês. Possui duas interfaces, sendo uma para pais de bebês internados e outra, para pais de bebês não internados, com um total de 222 telas e cinco vídeos. Na validação de conteúdo e técnica, obteve Índices de Validade de Conteúdo de 0,95 e 0,98, respectivamente.
Conclusão Foi desenvolvido e validado um aplicativo consistente, funcional e eficiente dotado de conteúdo e layout acessível para ser utilizado por pais de bebês com doenças respiratórias. Este estudo avança na proposição de ser uma ferramenta informativa e interativa que apresenta aos pais, a partir de informações consistentes e seguras, a possibilidade de escolhas assertivas no cuidado de seus filhos.
Descritores:
Aplicativos móveis; Doenças respiratórias; Recém-nascidos; Estudo de validação
Resumen
Objetivo Desarrollar y validar el contenido y los aspectos técnicos de una aplicación móvil para padres de bebés con enfermedades respiratorias.
Métodos Estudio metodológico, con desarrollo de una herramienta de tecnología de la información del tipo aplicación móvil. El desarrollo de la aplicación se basó en el modelo de prototipado de Presmann y el marco teórico de Nola Pender. La etapa de validación del contenido se llevó a cabo con 11 enfermeras. Diez profesionales de ciencias de la computación participaron en la validación técnica. Para la validación del contenido y la técnica, se estableció un Índice de Validez de Contenido ≥0,8. Los datos se analizaron mediante estadística descriptiva.
Resultados La aplicación “O2 - Cuidados para padres e hijos” contiene información sobre el cuidado, orientación y prevención de enfermedades respiratorias para padres de bebés. Cuenta con dos interfaces, una para padres de bebés hospitalizados y otra para padres de bebés no hospitalizados, con un total de 222 pantallas y cinco videos. En la validación del contenido se obtuvo un índice de 0,95 y en la técnica, un índice de 0,98.
Conclusión Se ha desarrollado y validado una aplicación coherente, funcional y eficiente, con contenido y diseño accesibles para que la utilicen los padres de bebés con enfermedades respiratorias. Este estudio avanza en la propuesta de ser una herramienta informativa e interactiva que presenta a los padres, a partir de información coherente y segura, la posibilidad de tomar decisiones acertadas en el cuidado de sus hijos.
Descriptores:
Mobile applications; Enfermedades respiratorias; Recién nacido; Estudio de validación
Introduction
In Brazil and worldwide, respiratory diseases impact the lives of many families and are the leading cause of hospitalization and mortality among children under five. Infant mortality from these diseases is significant, especially among children under one year of age. Approximately 83.86% of deaths could be prevented with early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, highlighting the importance of informed care and access to healthcare.(1-3)Therefore, it is essential that healthcare systems devote special attention to respiratory diseases in newborns (NBs) and children.(4,5)
For parents, information about preventive care and management of respiratory diseases is crucial to reducing complications and hospitalizations. Guidelines such as hand hygiene, avoiding closed environments and smoke exposure, and correct use of medications are essential for controlling and preventing these diseases. Parental involvement in care, with adequate knowledge, can help identify signs of severity and seek timely care, preventing serious outcomes.(6)
Parents’ searches for health information about diagnoses and symptoms of respiratory diseases are growing, consolidating the intersection between the health and technology areas, configuring what is called digital health.(7,8)
The expansion of technology and internet access has disrupted social behavior and human communication patterns, emerging as a tool to support the educational and care process. Digital platforms, health apps, telemedicine, and remote monitoring systems enable the rapid dissemination of information, continuous patient monitoring, and support for home care, facilitating treatment adherence and crisis prevention.(9-10)
In 2015, the United Nations recognized the need to significantly increase access to information and communication technologies (ICTs) as one of the means to achieve the 17 Sustainable Development Goals, such as reducing child mortality.(10)Thus, the combination of qualified information for parents with the use of health technologies represents an effective strategy for tackling respiratory diseases, promoting a better quality of life for children and reducing the burden on the healthcare system.(9-10)
In Brazil, the strengthening of the use of ICTs is continuous and has contributed to decision-making both in professional practice and for laypeople in relation to human health.(11)In 2023, 99.5% of the Brazilian population had access to the internet, expanding the use of resources such as social media, websites and mobile applications (apps).(12)
Smartphone apps focused on child health are increasingly used tools, offering a variety of positive impacts on care and being used for user training and as a means of promoting health actions.(8,13-15)
A scoping review of available apps to support parents of NBs revealed that most apps available in online stores are related to care records.(16)There is a gap in the availability of this technological resource for parents regarding guidance on respiratory diseases. Therefore, this study aimed to develop and validate the content and technical aspects of a mobile application for parents of babies with respiratory diseases.
Methods
This is a methodological study carried out in three stages: (1) literature review; (2) app-type technology development; and (3) technology validity. As a methodological framework, the stages of Pressman’s prototyping model(17) were adopted, comprising the phases of communication, planning, prototype development, assessment, and consolidation of version 1.0. It also included the establishment of methods, which comprise how the app operates, and tools, which constitute the support system.
The theoretical framework adopted to construct the app’s basic structural axes (guidance, prevention, and care) was Nola Pender’s Health Promotion Model.(18)Two public institutions located in northern Paraná state were involved in all stages of development.
Initially, for theoretical development, a literature review was conducted. To address the gaps in the app’s topic, a scoping review was conducted. The objective was to map and describe available studies on apps to support parents in NB care as well as app data available in online stores.(16)
Subsequently, to determine the guidelines to be followed regarding the content covered, an integrative review was conducted, which asked: what scientific evidence is available on the sources used by parents of babies with respiratory diseases to access treatment information and learn about caring for their children? The search was conducted in the Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online databases via the US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health, Scopus, Excerpta Medica dataBASE, American Psychological Association, Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde, and Base de Dados de Enfermagem via the Virtual Health Library Portal.
All scientific support for the content that went into the app’s development was based on the gaps presented as a result of the scoping and integrative reviews carried out and consolidated by the Health Promotion Model, which integrated the app’s basic structural axes (guidance, prevention, and care) and which was developed by hypothetically integrating the assumptions (individual, family, community, environment, culture, and socioeconomic issues).(18)
Thus, the prototype was developed, encompassing the app design and involving the educational content planning and production, defining the topics, writing the subjects, and designing the interface (layout). As a working team, two fronts were formed to develop the actions: one coordinated by the lead researcher, responsible for structuring the content; and the other coordinated by information and communication technology professionals from a public educational institution. Professionals were supervised by a professor specializing in the field and were responsible for the app’s modeling and technical aspects. Additionally, a web designer participated individually in improving the layout and its specific features.
Thus, the app was developed, divided into three main stages: design, which involves outlining the app’s layout; frontend, which included defining the user-visible interfaces, with the screens and icons for accessing the “O2 - Cuidados para Pais e Filhos” app, developed primarily in Figma®, a design platform for product creation; and backend, which constituted the side not visible to users, responsible for processing, exporting, and storing information in the database.
This app was developed using the prototyping methodology combined with React Native® and Expo® technologies for the backend. This integration between the frontend and backend represents an effective blend of design and functionality. The backend, implemented in React Native® and Expo®, ensures a solid and efficient foundation, enabling a fluid and responsive app user experience.
The app underwent content and technical validity. Expert judges were selected through a non-probabilistic, intentional sample. A search was conducted on the Lattes Platform to select those that met at least three criteria from Teixeira’s list(19). Content judges with clinical care experience with the target audience for at least three years, published works in journals and/or events on the topic, specialist (lato sensu and/or stricto sensu) in neonatal, child health or on the topic as well as teaching experience in pediatric nursing for more than three years and an updated Lattes CV were included. Technical judges with at least three years of experience in software development, published works in journals and/or scientific events, specialist (lato sensu and/or stricto sensu) in computing as well as teaching experience in software development for more than three years, and an updated Lattes CV were included.
To select the judges, professional data was initially collected from ten judges selected from the Lattes Platform, in order to initiate the snowball technique. After surveying the content judges, an invitation letter was sent to them via email to participate in this study. The letter outlined the research and its objectives, as well as the criteria used to classify them as experts, the Informed Consent Form (ICF), the link to access the high-fidelity application prototype through Figma® (with instructions on how to use it), the professional characterization questionnaire, and the validity instrument.
The technical validity judges were sent the ICF, the link to access the app, and the validity tool. At the end of the validity tool, they were asked to nominate one to three judges to continue the research using the snowball technique.
Thirty content judges and 15 technical judges were invited between April and June 2024. A ten-day deadline was established for the return of the completed questionnaire, after which another judge was contacted. Of the content judges, 19 did not respond, and of the technical judges, five did not respond within pre-established criteria. Therefore, the study sample consisted of 11 content judges, nurses specializing in neonatology and/or child health, and ten technical judges, experts in software development, whose role was to assess whether the material content and appearance were appropriate and consistent with the proposed objectives.
The instrument used for content validity was the Suitability Assessment of Materials,(20)which assesses content, language, graphic illustration, layout and presentation, motivation, and cultural suitability. For technical validity, the instrument developed by Souza(21) was adapted after authorization, inserting the app name and increasing the Likert-type scale from three to five points. This instrument validated the app’s ergonomics, functionality, usability, and efficiency. Both instruments were scored on a five-point Likert scale (1. Totally inadequate; 2. Considerably inadequate; 3. Somewhat adequate; 4. Considerably adequate; 5. Totally adequate).
Data analysis was based on the Content Validity Index (CVI), used to estimate judges’ agreement on different aspects or items assessed using a given instrument, with parameters ≥0.8 and Concordance Index (CI) ≥70%.(22,23) To calculate the CVI, the formula was used: number of responses (4 and 5) from judges/total number of judges. Finally, descriptive analysis was performed using R x64 4.0.0 version.
The Delphi technique was considered if there was no agreement among judges.(24)The assessment of applicability by the target population was not assessed in this study.
This study was approved by the Universidade Estadual de Londrina Research Ethics Committee, in the state of Paraná, under Opinion 4,023,898 (Certificate of Presentation of Ethical Consideration 31528920.9.0000.5231).
Results
In the scoping review, 16 studies and 150 apps were selected. The studies covered topics such as baby care, breastfeeding, fever, identification of neonatal diseases, and child growth and development. The apps assessed highlighted the main topics of care, breastfeeding, growth, immunization, development, sleep, and tips and guidance. In the literature review, the sample included 11 studies, identifying that parents lack information about some respiratory diseases, which can negatively impact their decisions regarding childcare.
The “O2 - Cuidados para Pais e Filhos” app was developed with two interfaces: “outpatient baby” (109 screens) and “hospitalized baby” (113 screens). The core topics were “guidance, prevention, and care”, in addition to five videos in the “did you know?” section.
After the initial screen with the app logo, parents are directed to the welcome screen, with access to registration and login. Users can choose to navigate through the “outpatient baby” or “inpatient baby” interface, with the option to return at any time. The “outpatient baby” interface has a blue and orange palette, and the “inpatient baby” interface has a lilac and white palette.
Using the “guidance” icon, parents can find concepts and information about respiratory diseases, their transmission, and treatment. When accessing “care”, parents are directed to screens with warning signs related to respiratory diseases and instructions on some important baby care. For instance, the “hospitalized baby” interface provides guidance on monitoring the baby, and the “outpatient baby” interface provides information on what to wear depending on the weather, precautions for using medications at home, and more. The “prevention” icon contains a set of measures designed to show parents how to act prudently and prevent complications. These icons are also interactive, allowing parents to, for instance, activate reminders for medication schedules. The “did you know?” icon consists of five videos that complement the other content. When accessing the Family Diary, parents can insert photos from the gallery or take a photo in the app itself, describe their daily routine, and more (Figure 1).
Of the 11 content judges who participated and validated the app, all (100%) were female, with an average age of 35.8 years (±7.96; range 25-48 years), and an average training time of 13.1 years (±7.25; range 4-27 years). One (9.09%) was a specialist, six (36.4%) had a master’s degree, and four (54.5%) had a doctoral degree. The app’s overall CVI and CI among content judges were considered excellent, having met all indexes pre-established by national and international literature. Based on the content validity by judges, an CVI of 1.0 was obtained in the content and motivation dimensions, as shown in Chart 1.
Of the participating technical judges (10), regarding gender, eight (80%) were female and two (20%) were male, with a mean age of 45.2 years (±2.82; range 40-52 years), mean training time of 19.3 years (±4.24; range 15-26 years), of which one (10%) was a specialist, three (30%) had a master’s degree, and six (60%) had a doctoral degree. Judges presented a CVI greater than 0.8 and a CI greater than 80% in all dimensions regarding technical aspects. The functionality, usability, and efficiency dimensions presented a CVI of 1.00 (Chart 2).
Due to judges’ agreement on the content and technical development, there was no need for Delphi rounds. However, judges’ suggestions were discussed, and many were incorporated into the app.
Discussion
The proposed development and validity of the “O2 - Cuidados para Pais e Filhos” app content and technical aspects, along with the theoretical and methodological frameworks employed, enabled the development of an evidence-based app that plays a critical role in providing reliable, validated, and practical information for parents of babies with respiratory diseases. This app is a tool to promote parental involvement in guidance, care, and prevention, contributing to individualized, safe, and high-quality practices and helping to clarify doubts through a virtual environment.
Literature shows that parents use digital media to learn about their children’s health and development, and based on the information they receive, they feel more confident in caring for their children, which allows them to make better decisions and share their perceptions and knowledge, contributing to the promotion of these children’s health.(16,25-28) Likewise, it is essential to understand whether families are comfortable using the app and whether they can absorb the information, converting superficial learning into more substantial experiences, thus promoting health promotion.(29)
In this context, offering apps developed with scientific rigor and ease of access leads to greater parental engagement. Apps should offer parents the opportunity to feel actively involved in their children’s care and treatment, and should also come with clear instructions and be easy to use.(30,31) The “O2 - Cuidados para Pais e Filhos” app obtained a CVI of 0.95 among content judges and 0.98 among technical judges, indicating that there was scientific recognition and criticality in achieving the proposed objectives, corroborating other studies of app development and validity.(28,29)
Focused on health promotion and its underlying principles, our app aimed to provide information and content that was conceptually explanatory but also applicable to the needs of parents of babies with respiratory diseases. Furthermore, to enhance user identification with the “O2 - Cuidados para Pais e Filhos” app, all information accessed through commands was made possible through an interactive process of personalization and identity recognition, including the ability to insert personal data such as photos of children and diary entries, among others.
Parents are receptive to using apps focused on healthcare to help them understand their children’s illness and treatment. They view these resources as viable support with the potential to aid in care delivery and decision-making, especially after hospital discharge.(30,32)Even so, it is essential to further analyze the effectiveness of these tools, which are on the rise.(16)
Moreover, eHealth technologies focused on child health demonstrate effectiveness in health promotion and literacy, playing an important role in transforming healthcare systems. Their clinical and scientific relevance is based on the broad application opportunities at all levels of care, overcoming the limitations of physical distance and taking into account the fragility and uniqueness of parents and family members.(32)
Global access to technology has enabled professionals across a variety of fields to develop products and processes that impact people’s lives. Healthcare professionals are increasingly involved in the development of health-related apps, and parents are gaining increasing access to this technology. Thus, sharing this health information helps strengthen child care practices.(16,25-27,30,32)
Respiratory diseases are the leading causes of infant morbidity and mortality. In Brazil, the development of apps covering this field of study is still limited. Thus, the development of the “O2 - Cuidados para Pais e Filhos” app leverages health promotion as an informative and interactive tool that provides parents with consistent and reliable information to make assertive choices in their children’s care.
The app’s usability and evidence-based content results are promising, given its development and validity of content and techniques. Furthermore, it is based on the concept of health promotion, which seeks a broader concept, prioritizing actions to improve quality of life through access to information. However, some limitations were highlighted, such as the lack of user participation in the assessment process. Operationally, it is worth noting that the Android system can initially be considered a barrier to user access, but with potential for expansion.
By using actions that combine technologies, humanization and quality control, the use of the “O2 - Cuidados para Pais e Filhos” app can help to increase the involvement of parents of babies in relation to respiratory disease care, guidance, and prevention, aiming to reduce the impacts of these diseases on the development and quality of life, both of hospitalized babies and those who do not require hospitalization.
This study presents a portion of the possible uses of technological resources and tools to support parents regarding their children’s health. It does not exhaust the discussion on the subject, but contributes to science and practice. The study has repercussions for health promotion and encourages further, more in-depth research on the topic, both from a technical perspective and related to the underlying structural axes.
Conclusion
The proposed methodological study, combined with the frameworks used, led to the development of a consistent, ergonomic, functional, and efficient app with accessible content and layout for use by parents of babies with respiratory diseases. The analysis indicated that the app’s overall CVI and the CI among the judges reached an excellent level, thus corroborating all pre-established indices, according to national and international literature.
Acknowledgements
To General Superintendency of Science, Technology and Higher Education (In Portuguese, Superintendência Geral de Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior, Araucária Foundation (In Portuguese, Fundação Araucária), and State University of Londrina (In Portuguese, Universidade Estadual de Londrina).
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Data availability:
The survey data are available in the article.
Edited by
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Associate Editor:
Alexandre Pazetto Balsanelli (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3757-1061) Escola Paulista de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
The survey data are available in the article.
