Comments Regarding the Athlete’s Electrocardiogram in the Brazilian Society of Cardiology Guidelines on the Analysis and Issuance of Electrocardiographic Reports – 2022

Electrocardiography; Athletes; Practice Guideline

Eletrocardiografia; Atletas; Guia de Prática Clínica

Electrocardiography; Athletes; Practice Guideline

Eletrocardiografia; Atletas; Guia de Prática Clínica

Dear Editor,

It was with great interest that we had access to the document entitled “Brazilian Society of Cardiology Guidelines on the Analysis and Issuance of Electrocardiographic Reports – 2022”,¹ developed by Brazilian experts on the subject. It is our opinion that an update was necessary, as it is detailed and pleasant to read.

However, we draw attention to two pieces of information presented about the interpretation of the athlete’s electrocardiogram that caused us concern. The first is found in the section “ Cardiac Chambers Hypertrophy” (Page 18), in which the authors describe that the Sokolow-Lyon Criteria SHOULD NOT be used to determine left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) IN ATHLETES.

We disagree with this statement and based it on the International criteria for electrocardiographic interpretation in athletes: Consensus statement,²-⁴ of which the senior author of this letter was one of the authors. In this document, published simultaneously in three journals with high impact factor,²-⁴ the Sokolow-Lyon Criteria (S wave in V1 + R wave in V5 or V6 >3.5 mV) does serve to define LVH in this group of trained individuals (Table 1 of the document).² It is a fact that although there are several criteria to define LVH in athletes, Sokolow-Lyon is still the most used. It should be noted that a series of studies that evaluated the electrocardiogram in athletes also used this criterion to assess such hypertrophy.⁵-¹²

At this point, we allow ourselves to make an assumption: could it be that the authors of the “Brazilian Society of Cardiology Guidelines on the Analysis and Issuance of Electrocardiographic Reports – 2022”,¹ meant that the Sokolow-Lyon criteria should not be used alone to define LVH in athletes, since these alterations are considered normal variants in this scenario? However, when writing “should not be used in athletes”, it seems to us that such an assertion could cause confusion to the reader, bringing incorrect information.

The second concern that came to the fore when reading the manuscript relates to section 12.1.2 (Page 29), where the Guidelines authors place a QRS complex duration ≥160 ms as abnormal. Indeed, they are right. However, in contrast, the International criteria for electrocardiographic interpretation in athletes² highlight a QRS duration as being abnormal even when ≥140 ms (Figure 1 of the document),² and not only when reaching a duration ≥160 ms.

Finally, it is important to highlight that the same authors of the recent Brazilian Guidelines of Electrocardiographic¹ make reference to the International criteria for electrocardiographic interpretation in athletes² in their document. Thus, we believe that these specific corrections proposed by us can be considered, without this in any way detracting from the important and certainly hard work carried out in the preparation of these Guidelines.

References

• ¹ Samesima N, God EG, Kruse JCL, Leal MG, Pinho C, França FFAC, et al. Brazilian Society of Cardiology Guidelines on the Analysis and Issuance of Electrocardiographic Reports - 2022. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2022;119(4):638-680. doi: 10.36660/abc.20220623.
  » https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20220623
• ² Drezner JA, Sharma S, Baggish A, Papadakis M, Wilson MG, Prutkin JM, et al. International Criteria for Electrocardiographic Interpretation in Athletes: Consensus Statement. Br J Sports Med. 2017;51(9):704-31. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-097331.
• ³ Sharma S, Drezner JA, Baggish A, Papadakis M, Wilson MG, Prutkin JM, et al. International Recommendations for Electrocardiographic Interpretation in Athletes. Eur Heart J. 2018;39(16):1466-80. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw631.
• ⁴ Sharma S, Drezner JA, Baggish A, Papadakis M, Wilson MG, Prutkin JM, et al. International Recommendations for Electrocardiographic Interpretation in Athletes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;69(8):1057-75. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.01.015.
• ⁵ Pentikäinen H, Toivo K, Kokko S, Alanko L, Heinonen OJ, Korpelainen R, et al. Resting Electrocardiogram and Blood Pressure in Young Endurance and Nonendurance Athletes and Nonathletes. J Athl Train. 2021;56(5):484-90. doi: 10.4085/78-20.
• ⁶ Churchill TW, Petek BJ, Wasfy MM, Guseh JS, Weiner RB, Singh TK, et al. Cardiac Structure and Function in Elite Female and Male Soccer Players. JAMA Cardiol. 2021;6(3):316-25. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2020.6088.
• ⁷ Beale AL, Julliard MV, Maziarski P, Ziltener JL, Burri H, Meyer P. Electrocardiographic Findings in elite Professional Cyclists: The 2017 International Recommendations in Practice. J Sci Med Sport. 2019;22(4):380-84. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2018.06.017.
• ⁸ Papadakis M, Carre F, Kervio G, Rawlins J, Panoulas VF, Chandra N, et al. The Prevalence, Distribution, and Clinical Outcomes of Electrocardiographic Repolarization Patterns in Male Athletes of African/Afro-Caribbean Origin. Eur Heart J. 2011;32(18):2304-13. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehr140.
• ⁹ Huttin O, Selton-Suty C, Venner C, Vilain JB, Rochecongar P, Aliot E. Electrocardiographic Patterns and Long-Term Training-Induced Time Changes in 2484 Elite Football Players. Arch Cardiovasc Dis. 2018;111(5):380-88. doi: 10.1016/j.acvd.2017.10.005.
• ¹⁰ Prakash K, Sharma S. The Electrocardiogram in Highly Trained Athletes. Clin Sports Med. 2015;34(3):419-31. doi: 10.1016/j.csm.2015.03.008.
• ¹¹ Zaffalon D, Papatheodorou E, Merghani A, Dhutia H, Moccia E, Malhotra A, et al. Role of the Electrocardiogram in Differentiating Genetically Determined Dilated Cardiomyopathy from Athlete’s Heart. Eur J Clin Invest. 2022;52(10):e13837. doi: 10.1111/eci.13837.
• ¹² Sokunbi OJ, Okoromah CAN, Ekure EN, Olawale OA, Eke WS. Electrocardiographic Pattern of Apparently Healthy African Adolescent Athletes in Nigeria. BMC Pediatr. 2021;21(1):97. doi: 10.1186/s12887-021-02557-8.

Reply

AuthorshipSCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Thanks for sending the notes made by the colleague(s) regarding the new Directive on Analysis and Issuance of Electrocardiographic Reports, which the Brazilian Archives of Cardiology will soon release.

1. The two observations made about the Guideline are absolutely pertinent. Despite having been extensively revised (Portuguese and English versions), some errors may have gone unnoticed.

2. Yes, the word ISOLATEDLY was missing on page 16 (Item 6.1.4.2 Sokolow Lyon Index), the correct sentence being: “Isolatedly, it should not be used in athletes.”

There was a typing error on page 27 (Item 12.1.2 Current Electrocardiographic Findings (Group 2)), which is correct: “QRS duration³ 140ms.”

Once again, thanks to colleagues.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  09 Jan 2023
• Date of issue
  2023