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Abstract Cassava starch bioplastics have gained significant attention in Indonesia due to their economic viability and environmentally friendly characteristics. This study aimed to characterize the physical properties of cassava starch bioplastic supplemented with gelatin derived from the Indonesian native chicken eggshell membrane (INCES). This study employed a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of six treatment groups, differentiated by gelatin source (bovine skin, commercial bovine skin, and INCES) and concentration (2% and 4% w/v). The evaluated parameters included color, transparency, puncture resistance, and water solubility. These were statistically analyzed using a CRD with three replications, followed by mean comparisons through Tukey’s test. Biodegradability data were assessed and presented using qualitative descriptive methods. The findings revealed that bioplastic containing 4% INCES gelatin had the brightest, yellowish hue, the lowest transparency, the least puncture resistance, and the highest water solubility. Biodegradability tests showed that the bioplastic decomposed readily in soil within five days. In summary, bioplastic incorporating INCES gelatin displayed inadequate physical properties compared to other samples. Further research should consider adding substances such as chitosan, agar, and cellulose to strengthen its mechanical attributes.

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Abstract In this work, the electro-oxidation process based on reactions with copper (cathode) and graphite (anode) electrodes, referred to in the literature as Cupro Fenton, was applied to the degradation of basic fuchsin. The real wastewater used was generated in a microbiology laboratory from practical classes, research projects, and course completion work at a university in the northwest of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The results demonstrate that electro-oxidation as a standalone process is insufficient in removing the contaminant, which consequently necessitated the use of UVC light and H₂O₂. The electro-oxidation and electro-cupro Fenton processes were complementarily applied to remove the Basic Fuchsin dye (FCS-B) from the wastewater sample. Experiments were conducted at pH values of 5, 7, and 9, and current densities of 3, 6, and 9 mA cm⁻². Current density was identified as a significant parameter (p = 0.0178). The application of electro-oxidation did not satisfactorily remove the contaminant, and H2O2 and 254 nm UVC light were used as an additional source of ●OH, achieving removal rates 88.61% for COD, 86.52% for fuchsin, and 98.34% for color. Ecotoxicological tests using allium cepa suggested the presence of residual H2O2, which requires careful consideration regarding the possibility of direct environmental disposal.

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Abstract Nickel (Ni), an essential trace element, poses growing environmental and health risks due to industrial activities. This study evaluated nickel toxicity in mice via gavage and intraperitoneal injection, analyzing(i) histopathological damage, (ii) macronutrient metabolism, assessed by crude protein (CP) and crude fat (CF) contents and (iii) the tissue distribution of trace and major elements. Histopathological injuries were assessed via H&E staining, while CP and CF levels were quantified using the Kjeldahl method and Soxhlet extractor method. Flame atomic absorption spectrometry measured Ni, Calcium (Ca), Manganese (Mn), Magnesium (Mg), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), and Ferrum (Fe) concentrations. Both administration routes induced dose-dependent damage to the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, liver, lungs, and kidneys. Gavage primarily injured the small intestine and liver, whereas intraperitoneal injection predominantly affected the liver and kidneys. Intestinal villus/crypt values (V/C), CP, and CF decreased significantly with rising nickel doses (P<0.05). Tissue nickel accumulation increased proportionally with exposure levels, accompanied by reduced Fe and Cu concentrations and elevated Zn in specific organs. Ca, Mn, and Mg levels remained stable across treatments.

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Abstract The protein fraction from Plumeria pudica latex (LPPp) was evaluated against APAP-induced liver injury in mice. Key measurements included total leukocyte count, liver weight, AST, ALT, liver levels of MDA, GSH, SOD, MPO, NO3/NO2 concentration, cytokines TNF-α, IL-β, IL-6, IL-10, IFN- γ, and CXCL1. Histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis were conducted, and proteins in LPPp were identified by mass spectrometry. Molecular docking analyses were performed with LPPp proteins and APAP, NAPQI, TNF-α, and IFN-α. LPPp reduced liver weight, ALT, and AST levels, and prevented the decrease in total leukocyte count, indicating protection against liver injury. It also reduced MDA levels and preserved GSH and SOD levels, showing its antioxidant properties. LPPp significantly inhibited MPO and NO3/NO2 levels, reducing inflammation. LPPp decreased levels of TNF-α, IL-β, IL-6, IFN-γ, and CXCL1, while IL-10 levels remained elevated, suggesting an anti-inflammatory response. Histological analysis showed preserved liver tissue, and anti-Ly6C immunostaining indicated reduced neutrophil accumulation. Molecular docking revealed that latex cysteine proteases had a higher affinity for APAP and NAPQI, while a proteinase inhibitor showed affinity for CYP2EI, TNF-α, and IFN-α. These findings suggest that LPPp protects against APAP hepatotoxicity by interfering with APAP and NAPQI metabolism, reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, thus preventing hepatocyte damage.

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Abstract The aim was to analyze the prevalence of driving in traffic preceded by alcohol abuse, and associated factors, in Brazil in the period between 2007 to 2022. A panel study was carried out based on data from the Surveillance of Risk and Protective Factors for Chronic Diseases by Telephone Survey (VIGITEL). Pearson’s Chi-square test and a Poisson Regression model with robust adjustment for variance were performed. The prevalence of alcohol abuse and driving in the period between 2007 and 2022 was 1.21% (95%CI 1.15 to 1.26). There was an apparent reduction in the prevalence from 2.0% in 2007 to 0.6% in 2022. The risk groups were: male, 40 years old or older, yellow, individuals in a stable union, separated or divorced, higher education, living alone, and residing in the North, Northeast, or Midwest regions. The occurrence of cell phone use and fines for speeding were associated with the outcome. This study showed a reduction in the prevalence of alcohol abuse and driving in the last 15 years. Despite this, it was found that these individuals present more dangerous behavior, such as driving using a cell phone or at high speeds.

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Abstract Cystic Fibrosis is a genetic disease that causes dysfunctions in the transmembrane chloride conductance regulatory protein in epithelial cells. The main manifestations are persistent pulmonary symptoms and low weight gain. Therefore, nutrition plays an essential role in the survival and quality of life of these patients. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of nutritional status on the clinical condition and life expectancy in Cystic Fibrosis pediatric patients. Prospective cohort study evaluating sociodemographic, birth, clinical, anthropometric data, food intake, Shwachman-Kulczycki score and lung function. A total of 102 patients were evaluated in the first stage and 88 patients at the end of the study. Relative risk (RR) and confidence interval (95% CI) were calculated, considering p<0.05 as significant. Patients who were in the <50th percentile presented cystic fibrosis related symptoms earlier (0.96±3.45 months vs. 5.08±17.73 months), 53.2% had gastroesophageal reflux disease, 70% depletion of muscle tissue and lower weight (22.19±13.34 vs. 23.27±14.80) compared to those who had a good nutritional status. Impaired nutritional status was associated with earlier onset of the disease symptoms, gastroesophageal reflux disease, muscle tissue depletion and low body weight, but not with other clinical variables in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis.

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Abstract This study characterizes changes in peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets among pediatric hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) patients. Compared to healthy controls, HLH patients exhibited significantly elevated levels of CD8⁺ T cells, with concomitant reductions in B cells, CD4⁺ T cells, DPT cells, DNT cells, and the CD4⁺/CD8⁺ T cell ratio as determined by multiparametric flow cytometry. Organ dysfunction was further correlated with distinct immunophenotypic alterations. Specifically, respiratory dysfunction was associated with decreased CD4⁺ CM T cells, naïve B cells, plasmablasts, and transitional B cells; hepatic dysfunction with increased CD4⁺ Temra T cells; circulatory failure with reduced transitional B cells; and neurological dysfunction with elevated CD4⁺ Temra T cells and CD8⁺ EM T cells. Moreover, HLH patients exhibiting three or more organ dysfunctions demonstrated significantly lower levels of DPT cells, memory B cells, transitional B cells, and plasmablasts. Additionally, CD8⁺ T cells and CD8⁺ CM T cells showed positive correlations with pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α). These results suggest that depletion of CD4⁺ T cells and B cells, along with aberrant CD8⁺ T cell differentiation, may contribute to the pathogenesis of cytokine storms. These findings support dynamic monitoring of lymphocyte subsets, demonstrating potential utility for early HLH diagnosis and organ damage assessment.

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Abstract Long COVID is a clinical condition marked by persistent symptoms like fatigue and brain fog, estimated to have affected many of post-SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 infection patients. This study, conducted with adult female Long COVID patients from Pedro Ernesto University Hospital (HUPE) in Rio de Janeiro, investigated the role of microRNAs (miRNAs), key post-transcriptional gene expression regulators, in this new condition. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) and bioinformatics analysis of miRNAs extracted from Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) revealed differential expression of 37 miRNAs (10 upregulated, 27 downregulated). Notably, 28 of these miRNAs have been previously linked to inflammation or COVID-19, a significant finding given Long COVID’s association with a persistent inflammatory state and potential for serious adverse events. Validation by qPCR confirmed hsa-miR-1307-3p, hsa-miR-26a-5p, and miR-186-5p as potential Long COVID biomarkers. The continuous overexpression of hsa-miR-1307-3p, which bound to the initial SARS-CoV-2 variants, may have contributed to increased inflammatory factors. Understanding how miRNAs modulate the inflammatory cascade could be crucial in mitigating the global health impact of future pandemics.

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Abstract Non-celiac gluten sensitivity is an enteropathy triggered by ingestion of gluten-containing foods. The aim of this study was to evaluate effects of diets with increasing concentrations of wheat gluten on the gastric and intestinal mucosae of male Wistar rats. A total of 21 animals were used, distributed into three experimental groups according to percentage of gluten in the diet: G14 (14%, control), G42 (42%), and G70 (70%), fed for 100 days. Results showed diets with higher gluten content significantly increased final body mass, elevated serum triglyceride levels, and enhanced myeloperoxidase activity, indicating systemic inflammatory response. Histologically, no significant changes were observed in the number of gastric mucosal cells. However, a significant increase in intraepithelial lymphocytes was observed in duodenum of G42 and G70 groups, along with qualitative increase in inflammatory aggregates in lamina propria and higher incidence of ileal Peyer’s patches. Data indicates prolonged exposure to gluten-rich diets may trigger inflammatory changes in intestinal mucosa, even in absence of celiac disease, without compromising gastric mucosa. It is concluded this condition may be associated with adaptive and inflammatory intestinal responses dependent on gluten concentration in diet.

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Abstract This study investigates the interplay between sleep, dietary intake, nutritional supplementation, and nutritional status in hospitalized cancer patients. Employing a cross-sectional design, 50 patients (≥18 years) underwent assessment, utilizing anthropometric data, NRS-2002 scores, and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). Food consumption and dietary acceptance were also evaluated. A ROC curve assessed the ESS’s capacity to predict supplement usage. Findings revealed a significant association between NRS-2002 scores, indicating nutritional risk, and daytime sleepiness, as measured by the ESS. However, hospital length of stay did not correlate significantly. The ESS demonstrated potential as a screening tool for supplementation, with a cutoff of 10 points (sensitivity: 76%; specificity: 60%). These results suggest a correlation between sleepiness and food intake in cancer patients, emphasizing the necessity for holistic interventions. While the NRS-2002 and ESS exhibited an association, hospital stay did not significantly impact sleep quality. This underscores the importance of identifying concurrent risks of malnutrition and excessive daytime sleepiness in this population.

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Abstract The exact cause of acne vulgaris remains unclear. However, evidence suggests polymorphism in the manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) gene increases acne vulgaris risk by altering the protein’s secondary structure. This study aimed to perform in silico and in vitro analyses of the MnSOD Val16Ala substitution, involving 119 acne vulgaris patients and 96 controls. Bioinformatic tools, including SIFT, PolyPhen, SNPs&GO, Panther, PhD-SNP, SNAP2, I-mutant, and I-TASSER, were utilized for insilico analyses. Genotypes and allele frequencies were determined by real-time PCR. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals assessed association strength. In silico results indicated the conversion of MnSOD Val16Ala is tolerated; nevertheless, the I-mutant score suggested decreased protein stability. A significant statistical correlation was found in the allele positivity [OR:2.216, 95%CI:1.269-3.87, chi2:7.95, p:0.0048]. In the homozygous model, a significant difference was observed [OR:2.724, 95% CI:1.145-6.48, chi2:5.33 p: 0.021]. The results demonstrated that the rs4880 “C” allele significantly affected acne development [OR:1.701, chi2:7.62, p: 0.005]. Due to alterations in structure, the inclusion of every variant allele of MnSOD has a more significant impact on redox balance. The findings unequivocally demonstrated that the MnSOD Val16Ala gene polymorphism has a considerable impact on the allele dosage of acne vulgaris.

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Abstract Molecular markers are important tools for genetic studies, including evolution, species differentiation, and population genetics. The genus Plinia (Myrtaceae) consists of various fruit tree species, some of which are referred to as jaboticaba. The subtle interspecific morphological differences among some jaboticaba species make their taxonomy challenging. This study aimed to develop nuclear SSR markers to distinguish and analyze the genetics of two jaboticaba species, Plinia cauliflora and Plinia trunciflora. The developed markers – eight for P. cauliflora and seven for P. trunciflora – were cross-amplified in both species. Jointly, these markers presented high discriminatory power, private alleles at the species level, and distinguished populations of both species.

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Abstract The present study characterized the complete mitochondrial genome of Cynoscion acoupa, commonly referred to as the “pescada amarela”, being a member of the Sciaenidae family. C. acoupa are exploited for food consumption, and this causes a big impact in the populations. We used a NovaSeq Illumina sequencing to access the complete mitogenome of C. acoupa and perform a comparative investigation in molecular evolution. The mitogenome has 16,506pb, containing 13 protein-coding, 22tRNAs, and 2 rRNA genes. The average of the composition in the mitogenome was A: 26.56%, T: 29.46%, G: 33.26%, and C: 10.72%, with an AT content of 56.02%. Our phylogenetic analyses based on the 13 concatenated protein-coding genes of the mitogenome indicate that Cynoscion acoupa belongs to the family Sciaenidae and is positioned near the basal region of the phylogenetic tree, suggesting a shared ancestry among the analyzed taxa. These results confirm that the combined mitochondrial gene set serves as a reliable molecular marker for elucidating phylogenetic relationships within Sciaenidae.

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Abstract Molecular diagnosis is crucial for combating infectious diseases due to its high sensitivity and precision. However, its application in point-of-care testing (POCT) faces challenges, particularly in remote areas and developing countries. This review, based on searches of indexed publication databases, examined major nucleic acid amplification methods, detection techniques and miniaturization strategies for POCT platform development, focusing on the period 2015–2025. The need for regulatory standardization and the advantages and disadvantages of amplification techniques were discussed. Microfluidic approaches—reaction chambers, continuous flow, and droplets—were analyzed as the basis for functional device integration, emphasizing their role in reducing volumes, energy consumption and processing time. The sensitivity, cost and instrumentation complexity of fluorescence-, colorimetry- and electrochemistry-based detection systems were addressed. The practical feasibility of integrating these into miniaturized POCT platforms underscores the structural role of microfluidics in advancing portable molecular diagnostics. Despite progress, miniaturization complexity and reagent costs remain significant technological barriers.

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Abstract Human papillomavirus type 18, a high-risk oncogenic strain, significantly contributes to cervical and anogenital/oropharyngeal cancers. This investigation examines the codon usage patterns of Human papillomavirus type 18 to understand its evolutionary adaptation and therapeutic implications. Analysis of 178 viral genomes assessed nucleotide composition, relative synonymous codon usage, dinucleotide distribution, and codon adaptation indices. Findings demonstrated a strong bias toward codons terminating with adenine/uracil (A/U), with third-position guanine-cytosine content below 34% and limited codon bias (effective number of codons = 49.34). Dinucleotide profiling revealed suppressed ApA, CpG, and UpC frequencies alongside elevated CpA and UpG levels, potentially reflecting CpG motif avoidance for immune evasion. Neutrality analysis, parity rule 2 plots and effective number of codons-plots demonstrated predominant natural selection (86.61% influence) over mutational pressure in shaping codon usage. The Relative Codon Deoptimization Index (approximately 2) indicated balanced viral adaptation to human translation systems, enabling efficient replication while competing for host resources. This systematic characterization of Human papillomavirus type 18 codon usage patterns elucidates host-pathogen coevolution mechanisms critical for optimizing vaccine design and targeted antiviral interventions against this oncogenic pathogen.

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Abstract Mangroves are threatened by direct (shrimp aquaculture, urbanization) and indirect (climate change) drivers, which act synergistically in coastal settings causing degradation and loss. In NE Brazil these drivers strengthened in recent decades. A 25-year series of remote sensing images of land use changes in the Jaguaribe River Estuary, with emphasis on mangroves, showed a mangrove dieback of 41% relative to the 2000 cover (803 ha). In this period mangrove area increased from 2000 to 2009, reaching 851 ha (+4.8 ha.yr-1). Thereafter loss rate was much higher (-37.2 ha.yr-1), reducing mangrove cover to 479 ha in 2023. Drivers of dieback were the increase (161%) of shrimp farming area and urbanization (119%) since 2000. A positive correlation (p < 0.01) between urbanization and shrimp farming expansion, suggests that infrastructure supporting shrimp farms (roads, bridges and wind power fields) are a significant pressure. Direct conversion of mangroves into shrimp ponds was minor, but a time-delayed effect on mangrove health bordering aquaculture activities was observed. These drivers also caused a reduction of salt flats (‘apicuns’). The impact of shrimp farming and its associated infrastructure on mangroves is overlooked, since no direct forest conversion is evident, rather a time-delayed continuous loss of ecosystem integrity occurs.

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Abstract This study aimed to determine main community attributes —occurrence, abundance and diversity indices— of zooplanktonic and benthic invertebrates in ten saline lakes located between 3,009 and 4,577 masl in Central Andes (Argentina), and to analyze how environmental variables affect these attributes using multivariate techniques. Sampling campaigns were performed during the spring-summer season (October to April), between 2016 and 2018. The ordination techniques classified the lakes into low- to high-altitude, and hypo- to hyperhaline groups. A total of fifteen taxa of invertebrates were recorded (seven planktonic and eight benthic) and the assemblages presented low abundance, low species richness (S), low diversity (Shannon index, H) and high dominance (Simpson index, D). Zooplanktonic and benthic community attributes were highly variable across environmental gradients, with a general trend to exhibit higher taxa richness at lower salinity content. Altitude and conductivity partially explained the spatial distribution of the assemblages, with some taxa only found in high altitude lakes (Cladocera) or hyperhaline lakes (Ephydridae), whereas others were widely distributed across the gradients (harpacticoids copepods, Monhysteridae nematods). Further research conducted at a smaller intra-lake scale may contribute baseline ecological information on the biota of these fragile and yet understudied systems, currently exposed to increasing anthropogenic pressures.

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Abstract The polyhexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride (PHMB) is a sanitizer with a broad range of potential applications. Nevertheless, the ecotoxicity of PHMB to gastropod snails remains scarce. Thus, the current study aimed to assess whether the exposure of freshwater snails Biomphalaria glabrata to PHMB induces changes in biometric and behavioral parameters, cellular immune responses, and mutagenicity. Snails were exposed to PHMB at 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 mg L-1 for 120 h. Shell size and total weight of the snails were measured. Lethargy, shell reclusion, lateral tilt and hemolymph release behavior were evaluated. Hemocyte counts and frequencies of micronuclei, binucleated cells, and apoptotic cells were also assessed. PHMB had no effect on shell diameter or total weight of snails; however, PHMB at 0.8 mg L⁻¹ induced severe behavioral changes such as visceral mass exposure, hemolymph loss, and death within 24 hours. PHMB reduced the frequency of granulocyte hemocytes and increased the frequency of hyalinocytes at 0.8 mg L-1 and blast-like cells at 0.4 mg L-1. Mutagenic effects were observed in snails exposed to PHMB at 0.6 and 0.8 mg L⁻¹, with increased frequencies of micronuclei, binucleated cells and apoptotic cells. PHMB induced behavioral, immunotoxic, and mutagenic changes in B. glabrata, demonstrating its potential ecotoxicological impact to freshwater gastropods.

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Abstract Scientific knowledge of Andean salt flats remains limited, especially for those lacking formal protection, despite growing industrial interest in their mineral resources. This study presents new ecological and environmental data for the Salar de Loyoques (also known as Quisquiro), located in the northern Chilean Altiplano. We conducted seasonal field surveys assessing hydrochemistry, vegetation, birds, and reptiles, and compared our findings with existing literature. We recorded 18 bird species, including three flamingo species, six of which are classified as vulnerable or endangered, and confirmed a new record of the vulnerable reptile Liolaemus audituvelatus. Vegetation cover was sparse; Azorella compacta, a vulnerable species, was observed. Hydrochemical analysis showed predominance of chloride and chloride-sulfate water types, with elevated levels of B, As, and K. These hydrochemical conditions appear to influence the presence and distribution of sensitive species, particularly those dependent on wetlands and brine pools. The Salar functions as a crucial biological corridor for species of conservation concern. Our results underscore the urgent need for formal protection of this unique high-Andean ecosystem. This study fills a significant gap in knowledge about understudied Andean salt-flats, providing baseline data to inform future conservation and monitoring efforts.

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Abstract In light of the growing loss of aquatic biodiversity amid the current freshwater biodiversity crisis, systematic conservation planning is crucial for developing conservation policies to establish new protected areas that effectively address the complexity of freshwater environments. This study aims to identify priority basins for conservation of threatened, near-threatened, and restricted-range endemic freshwater fish species in the Northeastern Mata Atlântica freshwater ecoregion, highlighting irreplaceable and critical locations for conservation and impact mitigation. Through spatial prioritization, three scenarios with distinct conservation features were considered: (a) 35 threatened species, (b) 118 near-threatened and restricted-range species, and (c) all 153 species. A total of 50 and 89 basins were prioritized in the first two scenarios, respectively, and 135 basins in the third scenario, with 36 classified as critical due to environmental stressors, particularly in the Rio Doce basin. Our results suggest that the current protected area network is insufficient for safeguarding most target fish species. This study presents an initial framework for prioritizing areas that can provide a basis for further, more refined assessments and to support conservation policies such as national or regional action plans, protecting basins and species.

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Abstract Brazilian rocky outcrops are home to prominent biological soil crusts (biocrusts), with mosses standing out due to their specific adaptations, such as desiccation tolerance and the ability to regulate toxic element concentrations. These outcrops—quartzite, ironstone (Cangas), and limestone—represent a gradient of calcium and pH levels in the soil: quartzite < ironstone < limestone. This study explores the calcium and pH preferences of Bryum atenense R.S. Williams (Bryaceae), a common moss in biocrusts from Brazilian outcrops, to assess potential ecotypic variation in response to these edaphic conditions. Our findings show that higher calcium concentrations (≥156.35 mmol/L) and elevated pH levels (≥ 7.0) can reduce or inhibit establishment and asexual reproduction in B. atenense plants collected from the ironstone outcrop. We further hypothesize that B. atenense populations from distinct outcrop types may exhibit varying levels of calcium adaptability. These insights contribute to understanding how calcium influences bryophyte ecology and their adaptability to different rocky outcrop ecosystems in Brazil.

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Abstract We investigated the climatic niche associated with the acoustic activity of the Neotropical tree frog Scinax fuscomarginatus (Lutz, 1925) to evaluate the long-term effects of climate change on this behavior, considering both its seasonal and spatial distribution. To do so, we employed passive acoustic monitoring and Ecological Niche Modeling (ENM), integrating frog occurrence records with climatic variables in a GIS framework. The current distribution of the species was modeled and projected under future climate scenarios using four presence-only modeling techniques. Acoustic activity was further modeled using a generalized additive mixed model (GAMM), relating calling behavior to ambient temperature based on field-collected data. Long-term projections of climate change effects on the calling activity of S. fuscomarginatus were made by comparing temperature conditions from the early (2000–2010) and late (2090–2100) 21st century. ENM results suggest that the species’ potential geographic distribution will contract due to climatic shifts, reducing areas with favorable conditions for acoustic activity. As a result, the seasonal and daily calling patterns of S. fuscomarginatus males are expected to be significantly altered, with likely consequences for the species’ reproductive success, demographic stability, and long-term population persistence.

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Abstract The birds called towiri by the Baniwa people include three species: Psarocolius decumanus Pallas, P. bifasciatus Spix, and P. viridis Statius Muller. These are known respectively as japu, japuguaçu and japu-verde in Portuguese, and as Crested Oropendola, Olive Oropendola and Green Oropendola in English. This study investigated the use of rhizomorphs in nests constructed by the P. decumanus. Females of this species build large, pocket-shaped nests that form colonies of 7–12 nests in tall trees. We examined P. decumanus nests collected from two localities in Manaus, and Psarocolius sp. from São Gabriel da Cachoeira in the Brazilian Amazon rainforest, and conducted phylogenetic analyses based on internal transcribed spacer sequences to identify the incorporated rhizomorphs, which belonged to Marasmius neocrinis-equi R.A Koch & Aime. This is the first report of this fungal species in Brazil. In addition, we discuss the role of Psarocolius spp. in the traditions of the indigenous Baniwa people and the observation of kite string in P. decumanus nests in an urban area of Manaus, Brazil.

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Abstract Although holding high levels of biodiversity and providing uncountable ecosystem services, wetlands remain poorly understood and protected, particularly in South America, where these ecosystems are being destroyed quickly by infrastructure facilities, land-use change, water pollution, and fire, mostly related to climatic triggers. Nevertheless, few studies have assessed and synthesized fire patterns among South American wetlands. The lack of an overarching view on this issue has constrained our knowledge of how fire patterns affect these ecosystem, and thus hindered integrated fire management at a large scale. Overlapping wetland maps to terrestrial ecoregions and satellite-derived fire activity indicators, we ranked ecoregions mostly affected by wetland fires. Of 109 South America’s ecoregions, the Pantanal, Cerrado, Llanos, Beni savanna, and Humid and Dry Chaco accounted for the most of fire foci on wetlands and the largest burned wetland area. There is a pressing need to create a cross national system based on warnings, helping decision-makers, local communities, scientists, and fire brigades to properly manage fires in South America’s wetlands at a large scale.

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Abstract The global mean sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly time series in the 60°N–60°S band (GT) has been used to infer the secular climate change. Contributions of the tropical (TT) and extratropical (northern – NT; and southern – ST) sectors to the GT time series are examined. Monthly averaged SST anomaly time series in these selected global zonal bands and in the combined NT and ST band (NST) are constructed. For all bands, the corresponding yearly series for the 1901–2020, 1901–1970, and 1971–2020 periods show significant positive trends, with the largest values during the 1971–2020, except for ST, confirming the global warming acceleration in recent decades. The analysis here suggests that the contributions of the tropical and midlatitudes SST to the GT positive trend depend on the analyzed period and might have influences of the low-frequency variability modes. Concerning the variabilities in the GT time series, at the 0.5–2-year, interannual and interdecadal time scales are, respectively, mostly due to the NST SST anomalies, the TT SST anomalies, and the TT and NST SST anomalies. We believe that our findings might help guide future studies on SST trends and variability.

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Abstract The rumen ciliate protozoa represent a significant component of the microbial ecosystem in ruminants, contributing to the degradation of complex carbohydrates, intra-ruminal nitrogen recycling, and interactions with methanogenic archaea. Despite their importance, the effects of probiotic supplementation on this community remain poorly understood. This study evaluated the impact of dietary yeast probiotics on the ruminal ciliate community in 16 Holstein × Jersey dairy cows. Animals were assigned to three treatments: a control with placebo (T1), a commercial probiotic yeast (T2), and a test probiotic yeast (T3). Rumen samples were collected and analyzed for ciliate density, diversity, and species composition. No significant differences were found in total or genus-level ciliate densities among treatments; however, species richness and community composition varied. A total of 27 ciliate species were identified. The control group (T1) exhibited the highest richness (26 species), while T3 showed the lowest (20 species). Some species were exclusive to specific treatments, and none were unique to T3, suggesting possible inhibitory effects. These findings highlight the importance of species-level resolution in evaluating probiotic effects and suggest that yeast supplementation may alter protozoal community structure without affecting overall density, with potential implications for rumen function and host productivity.

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Abstract The internet is currently one of the most important means of communication, which may include the circulation of misinformation. Snakes have always been a target of the sensationalist media, being pictured as scary and aggressive animals to be killed indiscriminately by humans. Such fear based on misinformation may compromise species conservation. Here, we address the spread of misinformation about Bothrops insularis and Queimada Grande Island in digital media, highlighting the negative impact on public perception and species conservation. The analysis of 230 online sources revealed that approximately 94% of them contained false information, many using sensationalist language, especially regarding the toxicity of the venom and the population density of the snake, as well as bringing contents that did not align with scientific data. Bothrops insularis is a critically endangered species endemic to the island. False information may contribute to the increase in illegal trafficking, putting the species at greater risk of extinction. We highlight the importance of responsible scientific communication, recommending more involvement of experts in content creation and the need for environmental education to combat sensationalism and promote appreciation of the ecological and pharmacological roles of snakes. Disseminating reliable information is essential for conservation and public understanding of biodiversity.

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Abstract Three new species of Sarcophagidae are described based on adult male specimens collected in the SISBIOTA-Diptera project survey. The new species belong to the genera Dexosarcophaga Townsend, D. papia sp. nov., Lepidodexia Brauer & Bergenstamm, L. aenigmatica sp. nov., and Rettenmeyerina Dodge, R. guidae sp. nov. The genus Rettenmeyerina is no longer monotypic, as a new species is herein described. Adult male morphology for all new species is documented with original photographs and illustrations, including details of male terminalia. The relevance of long-term survey projects is reinforced by the description of three species previously unknown to science.

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Abstract Ecological studies and inventories regarding parasitic helminths in Piauí remain limited. Thus, this study aimed to describe the helminth communities of anurans in the State of Piauí, Northeastern Brazil, and present an updated list of helminth parasites of anurans for this state. We examined 145 anurans of 20 species. Among them, 48 specimens distributed across 12 host species were parasitized. The helminth communities included 12 nematodes and one cestode. We found 20 dominant taxa in the communities, four codominant, and five unsuccessful species. Most helminth parasites exhibited aggregated distribution patterns, and some taxa were found parasitizing more than one host species. In our literature review, we found 32 taxa from three groups (Nematoda, Platyhelminthes, and Acanthocephala) in 21 anuran host species. We report 20 new records of helminth infections in several anuran hosts that have previously been studied in the helminth communities in the State of Piauí, Brazil. In addition, we report the first time in three previously unexamined host species in the region, and present for the first record of Cylindrotaenia americana in Physalaemus cuvieri. These results provide new data on helminth diversity in Piauí and contribute to a better understanding of local patterns of parasite biodiversity.

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Abstract Biofloc technology represents a sustainable solution for aquaculture development, articularly in regions with limited water resources. We hypothesized that the addition of molasses to biofloc systems, at different carbon-to-nitrogen (C:N) ratios, could modulate hematological responses in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), potentially occurring prior to detectable effects on growth performance. Therefore, this study evaluated the effects of molasses supplementation at C:N ratios of 10:1 (10M) and 20:1 (20M), compared to a control without carbon addition (0M), on water quality, growth, and hematological parameters in juvenile tilapia reared in 12,800 L tanks (stocking density: 50 fish/m³) for 107 days in a semi-arid region of Brazil. Results showed that C:N ratios significantly altered the water’s physical and chemical properties. However, final productivity (14.5 ± 1.0 kg/m³) and survival rate (95.9 ± 1.4%) were not affected. Notably, molasses supplementation reduced albumin levels while increasing total plasma protein and globulin concentrations, indicating a positive modulation of the fish immune response. These findings suggest that carbon addition in biofloc systems can improve water quality and promote early immunophysiological responses in Nile tilapia under semi-arid conditions.

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Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the economic feasibility of implementing an aquaponic system using different stocking densities of tilapia juveniles integrated with arugula production in a Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) system. To gather data for the economic analysis, an experiment was conducted using a completely randomized 3 x 2 factorial design (densities: 20, 40, and 60 fish/m³; filter media volumes: 50 and 70 liters of expanded clay), with three replications. Each experimental unit consisted of an NFT aquaponic module. The economic analysis included calculations of net present value, internal rate of return, profitability index, and payback period. Results showed that fish stocking density significantly affects the economic viability of an aquaponic system integrating tilapia juveniles and arugula production. The price of arugula increased with higher fish stocking densities, while the price of fish remained unaffected. Stocking densities of 40 and 60 fish/m³ were found to be economically feasible, exhibiting similar internal rates of return, both higher than those observed at a density of 20 fish/m³, which was not economically viable.

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Abstract The carcasses of cull cows are normally penalized and paid only for their weight and age, without considering muscle expression, subcutaneous fat and marbling. The aim of this study was to analyse the effects of carcass subcutaneous fat thickness (SFT), conformation score, cold carcass weight (CCW), and age on the physical composition of the carcass and the meat quality of 152 Nellore cull cows, aged between 3 and 16 years. The data were submitted to regression analysis by Proc Reg and Proc Stepwise procedures. An increase of 1 kg in CCW and one point in the conformation score resulted in increases of 0.12 kg and 1.70 kg in muscle weight, respectively. SFT and age had a positive effect on the percentage of fatty tissue (0,56 and 0,23%, respectively), and a negative effect on the percentage of muscle tissue (0,47 and 0,23%, respectively). Intramuscular fat increased every 0.11 mm of SFT and every 0.21 points in carcass conformation. The lowest shear force occurred SFT reached 5.6 mm. Meat palatability increased until SFT reached 7.1 mm. Quality of meat from Nellore cows, occurs with increased weight and carcass conformation, reducing age at slaughter and SFT between 5 and 8 mm.

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Abstract Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) is the leading cause of hemolytic anemia in dogs. Although renal injury has been reported in IMHA patients, laboratory findings defining the type and extent of renal damage remain inconsistent. The aim of this study was to evaluate key laboratory findings in the assessment of renal function in dogs with a suspected diagnosis of IMHA and to correlate these findings with disease prognosis. A prospective study was conducted on 21 dogs treated at a veterinary hospital with a suspected diagnosis of IMHA. Blood samples were collected for complete blood count and biochemical analyses, and urinalysis was performed. Significant alterations in renal function were observed in IMHA patients. The urinary protein-to-creatinine ratio (UPC) was elevated compared to controls (P < 0.0002) and correlated with the degree of anemia (R = -0.638) and the inflammatory status, assessed by white blood cell count (R = 0.550). In addition, urinary bilirubin levels were increased in IMHA patients (P < 0.0001), suggesting that bilirubin is an important prognostic marker of the disease. Renal function is impaired in IMHA patients, and urinary bilirubin levels serve as a valuable prognostic indicator.

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Abstract This short communication presents novel molecular tools designed for the endangered species Brycon orbignyanus. In conservation studies, the development of population-specific markers tailored to particular geographic regions is essential. In this study, the prevalence of imperfect microsatellites highlights a evolution of this type of microsatellite in a population of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul. Therefore, the methodology used can serve as a guideline for genetic variability analysis even before conducting in vitro or in situ tests. These findings contribute significantly to technological prospecting and hold promise for applications in conservation programs. Additionally, they provide a basis for in vitro assays, such as PCR, to support species monitoring efforts.

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Abstract This study evaluated the effects of Lippia sidoides essential oil (LSEO) as a growth and health promoter for juvenile tilapia subjected to stress induced by air exposure and experimental infection with Aeromonas hydrophila. Juvenile were allocated to 15 tanks (in triplicate) and fed diets containing 0.0% (Control), 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2%, or 0.4% LSEO for 33 days. For the air exposure challenge, five fish from each tank were exposed to air for five minutes after the feeding period. Blood samples were collected for hematological analysis. For the infection challenge, six fish from each tank were intraperitoneally inoculated with 100 µL of A. hydrophila and monitored for ten days. Hematological and histomorphometric parameters were assessed. The results indicated that the 0.4% LSEO supplementation reduced feed conversion ratios (P < 0.05). Before the challenges, LSEO concentrations influenced total counts of neutrophils, basophils, and monocytes (P < 0.05). After the air exposure and infection challenges, no significant differences were observed among treatments for these parameters (P > 0.05). Regarding hematimetric indices, all parameters were affected by LSEO concentrations prior to the challenges (P < 0.05). Although LSEO supplementation improved feed conversion, it did not mitigate the hematological alterations caused by the stress challenges.

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Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic’s enforced social isolation significantly disrupted numerous economic activities, notably road transport. This period, dubbed “anthropause,” provided a unique moment to study its effects on wildlife, specifically mammal roadkill patterns on Brazil’s BR-101/North-RJ highway. This research assessed whether reduced vehicle traffic during the pandemic’s first year impacted mammal roadkill rates. Monitoring was conducted monthly from March 2019 to February 2021, spanning pre-pandemic and pandemic periods, across four 10-km highway sections. Findings indicated a 45% decrease in mammal roadkills during the pandemic, especially in the third quadrimester (November-2020 to February-2021) of the pandemic period (W = 77; p = 0.027). Of the nine taxa examined, Didelphis aurita and Coendou spinosus experienced the most significant reductions in roadkill rate. No link was found between climatic conditions and roadkill frequency, yet a noteworthy correlation emerged between vehicle traffic volume and roadkill rates (r = 0.281; p = 0.005). Despite a temporary decline in traffic, varying roadkill rates across highway segments pointed to diverse responses from environmental and traffic variations. The study emphasizes that even modest reductions in traffic can significantly lower roadkill rates, supporting the idea that the anthropause positively influenced the reduction of road-induced mortality among Neotropical mammals.

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Abstract Pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) is traditionally farmed in ponds, but floating cages (intensive productive systems) are gaining momentum. This study evaluated the growth performance of P. mesopotamicus reared in floating cages in lotic freshwater system conditions and identified the most suitable nonlinear growth model. Small-scale production systems were monitored over three grow-out cycles (2021–2024), comprising 13 floating cages (14 m³) installed in secondary channels of the Middle Paraná River. Approximately 3,600 juveniles (initial weight: 168.1 ± 89.3 g) were stocked at a density of ~21 fish m-³ and fed commercial diets under a two-phase feeding protocol. Fish were sampled monthly for weight, length and condition. Marketable size (~1 kg) was reached within a production window of 3 to 5 months (129 ± 13 days). The mean specific growth rate was 0.97 ± 0.39% day-1 and the feed conversion ratio was low (1.78 ± 0.73 kg kg-1). Final biomass density reached 20.2 kg m-³. Growth was best described by a Gompertz model, with an asymptotic weight near 1.2 kg. Significant improvements in condition indices were recorded. These findings support the feasibility of expanding pacu aquaculture in cage freshwater systems as a sustainable protein source and development opportunity for local economies.

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Abstract The objetive assess the implications of removing parameter effects from a mathematical model on linear relationships in trials with growth-promoting bacteria in soybean crops. The design used consisted of randomized blocks, with four replications. First factor: i) Bradyrhizobium spp. + Azospirillum spp.; ii) Bradyrhizobium spp. + Pseudomonas fluorescens; ii) Bradyrhizobium spp. + Bacillus subtilis; iv) Bradyrhizobium spp. + Bacillus subtilis + Bacillus megaterium; v) Bradyrhizobium spp. + Azospirillum spp. + Pseudomonas fluorescens; vi) Bradyrhizobium spp. + Azospirillum spp. + Bacillus subtilis; vii) Bradyrhizobium spp. + Azospirillum spp. + Bacillus subtilis + Bacillus megaterium; viii) Bradyrhizobium spp. + Azospirillum spp. + Pseudomonas fluorescens + Bacillus subtilis + Bacillus megaterium; ix) no bacteria; and doses of phosphorus: 0, 50, 100 and 150 Kg ha-1. Parameters were removed and compared to the general model in the path and canonical correlation analyses. In the path analysis, there was a change in magnitude from 7.69% to 61.64%, and from 23.08% to 69.23%, concerning the direction of the direct effects. As for indirect effects, magnitude changed from 30.13% to 51.28%, and 33.97% to 55.77%, concerning the direction of the coefficients. In the canonical correlations, the explanatory power increased by up to 338.89% and 111.90%.

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Abstract Knowledge about the morphology of diaspores and early growth enables a better understanding of the dynamics of plant communities. The objectives of this study were to characterize the morphobiometrics of fruits and seeds, analyze germination and initial growth, and examine the dispersal syndrome of Cerrado species occurring in Chapada do Araripe. Four species were investigated: Jacaranda brasiliana, Copaifera langsdorffii, Parkia platycephala, and Roupala montana. For the description and biometrics, 100 samples of each species were used. The seeds were placed in a germination chamber, and subsequently, the seedlings were transferred to a greenhouse, where they were observed for four months. All species showed high germination rates, with three being epigeal and one hypogeal, and two morphofunctional types: phanero-epigeal-reserve and crypto-hypogeal-reserve. Dispersal syndromes observed were zoochory and anemochory. It is concluded that the morphometric characteristics of fruits and seeds of these species are essential for determining the most appropriate propagation practices, and that the morphological data of young plants are fundamental for understanding structural changes, making this information of significant taxonomic and ecological importance. As the most promising species for the restoration of areas, J. brasiliana and P. platycephala are recommended, as they exhibited the highest germination and growth rates.

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Abstract It aims to produce probiotic yogurts with different amounts of bee pollen (0.5%, 1.5%, 3% and 6%). The effect of bee pollen on starter culture bacteria (Bifidobacterium spp., L. acidophilus, L. bulgaricus, and S. thermophilus) was analyzed during fermentation (42°C, 24 hours) and storage (4°C, 14 days). The microbiological properties were determined for food safety. The addition of bee pollen decreased the pH value during fermentation. The lowest mean count was in Bifidobacterium spp. (6.94 log CFU/g), followed by L. acidophilus (7.64 log CFU/g), L. bulgaricus (8.20 log CFU/g), and S. thermophilus (8.57 log CFU/g) at the end of fermentation. The pH values were decreased in all samples during storage. The viability of L. acidophilus and Bifidobacterium spp. was lower than 6 log CFU/g on the 14th day. L. acidophilus was 5.83 log CFU/g and 5.98 log CFU/g in control and yogurts with 0.5% bee pollen. Bifidobacterium spp. counts were 5.72 log CFU/g, 5.35 log CFU/g, and 5.27 log CFU/g in yogurts with 1.5%, 3%, and 6% bee pollen, respectively. If the results compared in total probiotic bacteria, all samples are following the codex (>6 log CFU/g). Yeast, mold, and coliform were not observed in the samples during storage.

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Abstract The fresh rhizomes and flour of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) have been used for centuries in traditional medicine to treat ailments. In recent years, attention has been paid to the beneficial properties of turmeric such as the prevention and control of diabetes. The objectives of this study were to optimize the extraction parameters of turmeric oleoresin (TO) with supercritical CO2 and ethanol (SC-CO2), and to evaluate the antioxidant activity and hypoglycemic activity in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that the optimal conditions for oleoresin extraction using SC-CO2 were 188 bar, 65°C and 180 min; the yield obtained under optimal conditions was 16.09 ± 0.57g oleoresin/100 g turmeric flour; antioxidant activity (ABTS) was 2224.96±26.33 µmol TE/g oleoresin; the mean inhibitory concentration of α-glucosidase (IC50) was 11.59 ± 2.05 µg/mL; and the greatest hypoglycemic effect in vivo in mice was obtained at the concentration of 200 mg of TO /kg body weight. This work shows the optimized conditions to extract the greatest amount of TO with the highest content of curcuminoids and antioxidant activity, and the in vitro and in vivo hypoglycemic effect of TO, for its possible use in functional foods.

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Abstract Research on new materials for wound care plays a key role in advancing biomaterials. The present study focused on the elaboration and characterization of polyvinyl alcohol /chitosan (BP) membranes in a ratio of 0.2/0.8 (m/m), with the addition of copaiba oil emulsion and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), using the casting technique. The nanoparticles were evaluated by UV/Vis spectroscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), while the films were analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and swelling, humidity, and contact angle. UV/Vis findings exhibited the characteristic absorption of AgNPs. The films containing 0.5% copaiba oil emulsion exhibited rough surfaces and few droplets. FTIR spectra indicated the presence of caryophyllene in the membranes at 860 cm-1. The samples demonstrated high fluid absorption capacity, with the BP membrane presenting the highest average hydrophilic contact angle (74.53° in PBS). The humidity content of the BP with 0.5 mL of copaiba oil and AgNPs (BP/AgNPs-0.5) membrane was considerable, with an average of 90.24 %. The results indicate that the BP/AgNPs-0.5 films have great potential for wound care applications.

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Abstract Each year, millions of liters of lubricating oil are consumed worldwide, and more than 50% of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) enter the environment through spills or improper disposal. Numerous strategies are applied to remediate oil-contaminated sites, and each scenario contributes to assessing the maximum efficiency of available cleanup approaches. This study evaluated, on a laboratory scale, the effect of phenazine methosulfate (PMS) on Waste Lubricating Oil (WLO) removal by P. aeruginosa. Microcosms were contaminated with WLO containing 448,000 mg·kg⁻¹ of TPH. WLO: aqueous phase ratios of 1:40, 1:20, and 1:10 were tested, all supplemented with PMS at 5 µg·mL⁻¹. After 20 days of incubation at 29°C, greater WLO removal was observed in microcosms without PMS (33.8–37.8%), whereas PMS-amended systems removed only 9.9–15.3% (p > 0.05) possibly due to WLO composition or PMS interacting with alternative cell pathways. In both treatments, the inoculated cells were not adversely affected by the stressful conditions and established stable biofilms. This is the first report describing the effect of PMS on P. aeruginosa biofilm formation during WLO biodegradation under recent-contamination conditions. These findings indicate that combining bioaugmentation with exogenous phenazine addition should be avoided in the initial treatment phase.

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Abstract This paper presents a novel method of 3D analytical continuous upper bound limit analysis for face stability of shallow shield tunneling in undrained clays by developing a general method to include empirically based analytical displacement fields with variable ground loss and inflection characteristics and both shear-mode-independent and -dependent yield criterions. The developed scheme is verified against finite element limit analysis and existing conceptual upper bound schemes in the literature. Comparative calculations reveal that the results of the stability threshold variables, i.e. the minimum required tunnel face support pressure and the corresponding maximum permissible stability number, with variable ground loss and inflection characteristics are more conservative than those in the existing literature results with fixed ground loss and inflection characteristics, and less conservative than existing conceptual upper bound schemes. Parametric calculations indicate that the results with the shear-mode-dependent TEKJ2J3 criterion are more conservative than those with the shear-mode-independent Tresca criterion and that for the TEKJ2J3 criterion, the smaller the undrained triaxial extension-to-compression shear strength ratio, the more conservative the results.

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Abstract Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC), produced by Gluconacetobacter xylinus and G. hansenii, is a promising biopolymer. In this study, green tea and sucrose were used as a sustainable and low-cost culture medium, achieving optimal conditions at 60 g/L sucrose supplemented with green tea, with a maximum yield of 7.56 g of dry BNC after 15 days of cultivation. To address the limitation posed by BNC’s high water-holding capacity in textile applications, BNC was functionalized with titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles via a sol–gel method, applied for the first time for this specific purpose. Optimal conditions (24 h immersion, 30 °C drying temperature, and 5.5 h drying time) reduced the water-holding capacity to 2.77 g of water per gram of dry BNC, representing a reduction of more than 98% compared to uncoated BNC. Mechanical properties improved significantly after TiO₂ incorporation, reaching a Young’s of 0.50 ± 0.30 MPa and tensile stress of 5.57 ± 1.50 MPa. FTIR, SEM, AFM, and EDS analyses confirmed the formation of a continuous TiO₂ coating that acts as an effective barrier to water ingress. These results highlight BNC–TiO₂ composites as economical, ecological, and robust alternatives for advanced textile applications.

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Abstract New pitaya (Selenicereus spp.) cultivars can be obtained through the selection of genotypes and the development of hybrids from intra- and interspecific crosses. This research was carried out to evaluate the compatibility of intra- and interspecific crosses between S. undatus and S. monacanthus through controlled and natural pollination, and to assess the genetic diversity of the plants using SSR molecular markers. Intraspecific and interspecific diversity was assessed using 29 SSR molecular markers. Interspecific crosses between S. undatus and S. monacanthus showed compatibility, while intraspecific crosses involving the studied genotype of S. monacanthus were not viable, and those with S. undatus resulted in low fruit set rate. Controlled interspecific crosses between S. undatus and S. monacanthus ensured a higher fruit set rate and the production of fruits with larger size and a higher number of seeds. Interspecific cross-pollination of S. undatus with S. monacanthus pollen improved the quality of its fruits. The genetic diversity of the orchard favored the production of better-quality fruits. The population of S. undatus and S. monacanthus in the studied orchard was probably formed by a single clone.

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Abstract Passion fruit peel flour enzymatic hydrolysis is an advantageous alternative for the management of organic waste, releasing compounds such as glucose, essential for biotechnological processes. This research aim was to apply an experimental design to enhance the enzymatic efficiency of passion fruit peel flour to produce lactic acid by Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469. A study on the pretreatment conditions of the flour was carried out using variables such as hydration with water or buffer for 12 or 24 h under 4°C refrigeration, heat treatment and acid. A full factorial design level three was used in the selection of factors with statistical significance. The hydrolysate obtained was analyzed for its ability to contribute to the production of lactic acid by L. rhamnosus ATCC 7469. As a result, the enzymatic efficiency, which was initially 1.6%, reached 59.0% with the PCG-PP enzyme cocktail, like the result of the commercial enzyme of 62%. The enzymatic hydrolysate increased productivity by 20% in the production of lactic acid, demonstrating potential as a relevant component in value-added biotechnological processes. In addition, the microorganism performed a co-consumption of glucose and fructose during fermentation, opening opportunities for new studies on the metabolic network of L. rhamnosus.

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Abstract The classic design of the horizontal axis turbine blade optimizes aerodynamic or hydrodynamic aspects but often neglects drivetrain effects. However, at low rotational speeds, the torque generated by the blades must overcome the resistive forces from the bearings and the electrical generator. Considering these effects can improve turbine performance at low wind or water speeds. This study introduces an optimization model for turbine blades that incorporates drivetrain resistive forces into Glauert’s optimization framework. Using Blade Element Momentum Theory, the model maximizes the power coefficient while accounting for drivetrain resistance. The resistive force coefficient is integrated into the velocity diagram of each blade section, where distributed loads are determined based on the resistive forces on the shaft. The results reveal significant variations in chord distribution, leading to improved blade geometry for torque generation - critical when a generator is coupled. A comparative analysis with Glauert’s model shows enhanced energy extraction due to geometric adjustments. Notably, the starting torque increases by 16.39% when applying the new model to a system with

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Abstract Indicators of the public perception of science and technology (S&T) are essential for strategic decision-making, providing input for closer exchange between science and diverse audiences. Our article aims to investigate the effects of age on interest, opinions, and attitudes regarding science and technology, comparing the results of two surveys with representative samples of the young and adult Brazilian population. The results show that the two audiences have positive views and high interest in S&T, but that they rarely visit spaces dedicated to cultural scientific activities. Young Brazilians expressed greater interest than adults in S&T. Even with less explicit interest in S&T and less contact with cultural scientific activities, adults were more likely to support more funding for S&T in Brazil. Whether for young people or adults, regional aspects should be considered in the perception and public communication of science and technology in Brazil to establish more assertive activities.

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Abstract Wood has always been fundamental to human development, serving as a raw material for buildings, tools, and other artefacts. Its diverse applications over time are recognised as part of our cultural heritage, as wood not only holds aesthetic value but also embodies the skills and knowledge of past generations. Additionally, the taxonomic identification of the species from which these historic woods were sourced provides insights into the flora of different regions worldwide. These aspects gain greater importance when evaluated together at the only UNESCO Mixed Heritage Site of Culture and Biodiversity in Brazil, Paraty and Ilha Grande. Thus, we examined the wood used in the construction of a 18th century warehouse on Ilha Grande. The identification of the samples began with the InsideWood database to generate preliminary taxa. Detailed anatomical comparisons were conducted using databases, literature, and reference collection. Species were selected for comparison based on anatomical similarity, commercial relevance, geographic distribution, and local floristic records. Seven different taxa were identified, six of which are compatible with the local formation of Atlantic Forest. These wood identifications expand the knowledge of the region’s cultural and environmental heritage and ratify the use of wood as an analytical tool for understanding environmental history.