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Abstract Arsenic is found widely in nature, with mining and the use of pesticides in agriculture being the leading carriers of this metalloid. Considering the harm caused by As in cultivation media, a simple and sensitive method for arsenic speciation in paddy field water samples was developed by square wave cathodic stripping voltammetry using a hanging mercury drop electrode. Due to the low solubility of arsenic in mercury, this element was combined with Cu to form an intermetallic compound that is highly soluble (CuxAsy). In the case of As(V), it must first be reduced to As(III) with sodium thiosulfate to be later quantified by the difference in concentration between the inorganic As and As(III) total. Parameters such as concentration of HCl, Cu, and sodium thiosulfate (only for As(V)), potential deposition, frequency, and amplitude were evaluated. Under ideal conditions, limits of detection of 0.025 and 0.12 μg L-1 and limits of quantification of 0.082 and 0.39 µg L-1 were obtained for As(III) and As(V), respectively. The method presented high accuracy (recoveries from 97 to 110%) and was applied to determine both species in ten samples of paddy field water.

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Abstract Early disease detection is vital. Biosensors using phospholipid films or core-shell lipid-based nanostructures can aid this process. This study examined the influence of gold surface functionalization with self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on liposome adsorption using Atomic Force Microscopy and Quartz Crystal Microbalance. Comparing hydrophobic octanethiol and hydrophilic 3-mercaptopropionic acid (3-MPA) SAMs, we found that liposome adsorption on the hydrophilic surface occurred significantly faster, requiring only 20 seconds, compared to hydrophobic surfaces which took over 1,000 seconds. Furthermore, the hydrophilic surface exhibited a higher adsorbed mass of approximately 200 ng, suggesting multilayer formation, while hydrophobic surfaces showed around 150 ng of deposited liposomes. These results highlight the crucial role of surface wettability, dictated by SAM polarity, in controlling the kinetics and extent of lipid bilayer formation for applications in biosensors and drug delivery nanotechnology.

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Abstract Sedimentation is a fundamental unit operation in the oil industry. For characterizing this phenomenon, understanding the concentration and velocity profiles of particles is essential. Simulating this process requires integrating phenomenological (differential) models with constitutive (algebraic) equations. The inherent complexity of these models often makes simulation time a limiting factor for practical applications. This study aims to utilize Gaussian Process Regression to regularize experimental data points and predict the behavior of volumetric concentration profiles of solids in a particle sedimentation model in Br-Mul drilling fluid, used in the petroleum industry. Concentration was monitored over a 500-day period as a function of height and time, using the Gamma-ray attenuation technique. The numerical results obtained demonstrate that the proposed methodology was able to achieve good estimates for the concentration profiles at different points in the monitored domain. However, it is emphasized that the fluctuation of experimental points can result in physically unfeasible profiles. Finally, it is important to note that the computational cost required for this approach is significantly lower than that typically required by algebraic-differential model simulations.

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Abstract A maternal diet high in saturated fat during critical periods of development is associated with an increased risk of chronic diseases in adulthood. We investigated whether cardiovascular effects in adulthood can be altered by the maternal high-fat diet with flaxseed oil (omega-3) as well as the effects of this diet in dams. Wistar rats were fed during pregnancy and lactation according to the following: control (CT) – standard diet; high-fat (HL) – diet rich in saturated fatty acids; and high-fat with omega-3 (HLꞶ3) – diet rich in omega-3 from flaxseed oil. Body mass, lipid peroxidation, biochemical profile, heart and kidney weights and cardiac hypertrophy index (CHI) were measured in dams. In the offspring, body mass, murine parameters, dietary and water control, systolic and diastolic blood pressure at 60 and 90 days, biochemical parameters, heart and kidney weights, CHI and vascular reactivity were evaluated. In dams, the HLꞶ3 diet delayed the increase in body mass in lactation and reversed oxidative damage in the heart. Therefore, our data suggest that HL diet promotes adverse cardiometabolic effects and the HLꞶ3 diet attenuated the weight gain and oxidative stress in dams, while in the offspring the HLꞶ3 prevented the increase in the Phe-induced contraction.

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Abstract Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease that remains a public health challenge in Brazil, particularly in the Northeast Region, which still has a high incidence of cases. By analyzing the geographical distribution and demographic characteristics of patients, we aim to describe the sociodemographic profile of leprosy cases in the Northeast Region of Brazil between 2019 and 2023. An ecological analysis was conducted using data from the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN). The variables studied included the frequency of diagnoses by state, sex, education level, race, age group, and clinical form of the disease. Prevalence was described based on the absolute frequencies of reported cases. A total of 49,719 cases of leprosy were reported in the region, with Maranhão, Pernambuco, and Bahia recording the highest numbers. Most cases occurred in male individuals (58%) and in people with low educational attainment. The multibacillary form was predominant (78%), and the most affected age group was between 40 and 69 years. Thus, leprosy remains a significant public health issue in the Northeast Region of the country, highlighting the need for effective control and prevention strategies, as well as improvements in epidemiological surveillance and early diagnosis.

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Abstract Osteoporosis compromises bone mineral composition and microarchitecture. Given the limited ability of current treatments to restore lost bone mass, prevention remains crucial in clinical practice. In the present study, we investigated the effect of vitamin K2, administered alone or in combination with calcium and vitamin D3, on ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis in rats. We assessed serum parameters, bone mineral content, bone strength, histomorphometry, radiography, and microtomography to evaluate trabecular volume and bone microarchitecture. Serum calcium levels were similar between ovariectomized rats supplemented with either vitamin K2 or calcium. Vitamin K2 protected against the loss of trabecular bone volume in ovariectomized rats. Supplementation with calcium and/or vitamin D3 showed inconsistent effects on bone mass. Histologic, microtomographic, and radiographic analyses provided similar results; however, microtomography was more effective in detecting differences between groups. In our study vitamin K2 helped in the treatment of bone loss, while calcium and vitamin D3 continued to demonstrate inconsistent effects.

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Abstract Glycoside hydrolases are a diverse group of enzymes that act on various α-glucans, exhibiting distinct product specificities. Bioprospecting for bacteria capable of producing novel glycoside hydrolases represents a significant area of interest in biotechnology. This study aimed to isolate glycoside hydrolase-producing bacterial strains from diverse niches from Argentina, including environmental and water sources, starchy and non-starchy plants, and agricultural soils. One hundred and sixty-four glycoside hydrolase-producing strains were isolated from all niches, regardless of their starch content. Notably, 27 isolates exhibited optimal alkalophilic growth at pH 10. The isolates were classified based on the specific glycoside hydrolase they secreted, mainly type I or II pullulanases; α-, β- and α/β-cyclodextrin glycosyltransferases; five categories of maltooligosaccharide-forming amylases; and α-cyclomaltodextrinase. Molecular identification of the isolated strains was performed through 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The genus Bacillus was identified as the primary source of these glycoside hydrolases-producing bacteria. This research provides a valuable source of native bacterial strains that produce glycoside hydrolases with diverse catalytic activities. These enzymes have significant potential for application in various industrial sectors, including food, pharmaceuticals and detergents.

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Abstract Helicobacter pylori is an oncobacteria that infects more than half of the world’s population. Adhesins are virulence factors that are essential for the microorganism to bind to the gastric mucosa, such as the BabA adhesion protein, which is associated with the clinical outcome of the infection. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of the babA2 gene of H. pylori with clinical outcomes and lifestyle of dyspeptic patients in central Brazil. Molecular diagnosis of H. pylori and screening of the babA2 gene were performed in 155 patients by polymerase chain reaction. Gastropathies were classified as mild and severe. Approximately 68% (105/155) of the patients were infected with H. pylori, and of these, 25% had babA2+ strains. The presence of babA2 was more frequent in women and in patients who consumed coffee daily. However, there was no statistical association between babA2 and these variables. Approximately 31% of patients infected with babA2+ strains presented some severe disease, with gastric adenocarcinoma being the most frequent severe gastropathy. The babA2 genotype of H. pylori was not associated with the severity of gastropathies (p=0.128). The characterization of molecular markers may contribute to the identification of virulent strains with relevance to public health.

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Abstract Faced with the increase in the demand for energy and the scarcity of certain natural resources, finding ways to avoid environmental imbalances has become an important focus in research. In Roraima, corn production is increasing and its processing generates tons of husks and cobs, and these residues are rich in xylose and glucose. In this context, lignocellulosic biomass is presented as a sustainable proposal for producing fermentable sugars. This residues and analyze the conditions used in the acid and enzymatic hydrolysis process. The residues were pretreated, and the fermentable sugars were quantified using dinitrosalicylic acid, and then identified with near-infrared spectroscopy. In the enzymatic process, the sugar concentration obtained was 72.08 g L-1 for the husks and 69.94 g L-1 for the cobs. In the acid hydrolysis, 18.18 g L-1 was obtained for the husks and 19.20 g L-1 for the cobs, with xylose and glucose identified as the main sugars. These results suggest that these residues can serve as sustainable alternatives for producing fermentable sugars in the northern region of Brazil, given the growth in corn plantations. This sustainable approach aligns with efforts to address energy demands while mitigating environmental impacts.

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Abstract Microorganisms from the Antarctic continent have attracted attention due to their ability to produce bioactive secondary metabolites at low temperatures. The search for pigmented compounds produced by microbial strains from cold environments has been investigated due to their applications in the cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries. This study evaluated the resistance to UV-C (254 nm) light and antimicrobial activity of pigments produced by soil bacteria from Deception Island, Antarctica. Ten pigmented bacteria were isolated and subjected to an assay for resistance to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. All strains showed resistance. However, six, five, and five strains were able to survive after 10, 15, and 30 minutes of light exposure. UV-resistant strains UVBACD.10 and Brachybacterium paraconglomeratum UVBACD.5 were selected for the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay against pathogenic bacteria. UVBACD.5 showed inhibitory effects on the pathogenic bacteria tested at different concentration levels, assayed in triplicate. The best antimicrobial activity reached a MIC of 0.021 mg mL-1 against Escherichia coli. Soil from Whalers Bay can be considered a source of microorganisms of industrial biotechnological interest. The results of this work encourage studies on the characterization and purification of secondary metabolites produced by isolates from the Antarctic continent for future applications in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic areas.

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Abstract Some probiotics bacterium such as Enterococcus faecium play an important role in the homeostasis of the gastrointestinal tract. It is therefore being a microorganism of interest in preventing the onset and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). This study aimed to evaluate both the protective effect on colorectal carcinogenesis after the oral administration of Enterococcus faecium 137v – EF137v in an experimental model for CRC chemically induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH), and its hepatoprotective activity. Female Wistar rats were treated with DMH and received a dose of E. faecium at a concentration of 1010 CFU / ml, varying the consumption period per group. Biochemical, histopathological, histochemical, immunohistochemical analyzes for VEGF-A, IL-1β and TNF-α, morphometry and apoptosis were determined. The studyshowed that, after the administering of EF137v, the intestinal mucosa was preserved and an attenuated rate of apoptosis. Low glycogen levels were observed in the positive control group (G2) that received only DMH when compared to the others groups. Our findings suggest that EF137v has a preventive effect on preneoplasic lesion, reducing and/or inhibiting inflammation, in addition to which aberrant crypts form, and this especially contributes to preventing liver inflammation in na animal model.

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Abstract Heavy metal pollution is a global environmental problem. Enterococci have been recognized as sentinels of environmental pollution.This study investigates metal tolerance genes (arsA, merA, and tcrB) among enterococci isolated from fecal samples of domestic and wild animals from Atlantic Forest, Pampa biomes, and coastal regions of southern Brazil. Among the 238 enterococci analyzed, 38% harbored arsA_I/arsA_II and 10% contained tcrB, while none tested positive for merA genes. These results suggest that the selective pressure exerted by anthropogenic activities in the animals’ habitats may contribute to the occurrence of heavy metal tolerance genes in host-associated enterococci.

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Abstract A new species of Scutellaria, S. bahiensis, is described from the state of Bahia, Brazil, where its occurrence to genera not been previously confirmed. It is characterized by the racemes up to 16 cm long, flowers with red corolla, an erect, lobed stigma and blackish nutlets. The new species is compared with Scutellaria incarnata Vent., the most morphologically similar species. Additionally, a full description, illustration, photographs, distribution map, comments on taxonomy, habitat, phenology, line drawings and a preliminary conservation status are provided.

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Abstract The Reserva Biológica do Alto da Serra de Paranapiacaba, established in 1909, was the first biological reserve in South America and spans 336 hectares of Atlantic Forest on the Serra do Mar. Managed for over 30 years by Frederico Carlos Hoehne, the Reserve has been a focal point for botanical research. This study reanalyzed 1,105 bryophyte specimens from the SP Herbarium, comparing them with early 20th-century and recent literature. Of 142 species confirmed in the literature, 103 were classified as resilient, persisting across two periods (1900–1922 and 2000–2022). Seventy-two species were exclusive to the early period, while 114 were recorded only in the past 20 years. Additionally, 133 species mentioned in the literature for the Reserve were not observed in the herbarium material consulted. The findings revealed significant shifts in the bryophyte community and identified previously unrecorded species in the region.

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Abstract The transfer factor is an important concept for assessing hazard indices associated with radionuclide intake. In this study, radionuclide transfer factors were determined for the infusion process using gamma spectrometry. For raw herbs, the activity concentration values ranged from (10.04 ± 4.25) to (1565.05 ± 68.25) Bq·kg-1 for K-40, from (<0.93) to (6.84 ± 3.68) Bq·kg-1 for Ra-228, and from (<2.06) to (30.40 ± 3.68) Bq·kg-1 for Ra-226. The transfer factors were found to be 4.96% for K-40 and 23.29% for Ra (Ra-226 and Ra-228). In addition to demonstrating that infusion consumption does not represent a radiological risk, this study highlights the importance of exercising caution in risk estimates related to radionuclide incorporation, as overly conservative approaches may result in unnecessary mitigation measures.

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Abstract The broad-snouted caiman (Caiman latirostris) is a key species in South American wetlands with ecological, cultural, and economic importance. Despite its significance, no systematic effort has quantified research trends and gaps. This study integrated bibliometric mapping and systematic review to analyze 484 publications, focusing on geographic distribution, research topics, and collaborative networks. Research is geographically and thematically imbalanced, dominated by Argentina and Brazil, and focused on physiology, toxicology, and reproduction, often under captive settings. Ecological and conservation-oriented studies on habitat-specific dynamics and anthropogenic impacts remain underrepresented. Keyword analysis identifies population ecology, habitat-specific studies, and conservation actions as key gaps. The role of C. latirostris as a sentinel species underscores the need to expand field-based research and conservation strategies that go beyond preserving physical habitats to include pollution control policies. Collaborative networks remain geographically clustered, underscoring the importance of fostering international partnerships. This study provides actionable recommendations to align research with conservation priorities, including prioritizing underrepresented regions, increasing field-based studies, addressing anthropogenic impacts, promoting regional capacity-building, and integrating grey literature into accessible databases. Beyond addressing C. latirostris, the results establish a replicable framework for identifying priorities and research gaps in other taxa, advancing conservation biology by bridging science with practice.

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Abstract Floristic studies were conducted in three rocky cerrados, two limestone (designated as A1 and B) and one arenitic (A2), in the Pontal do Triângulo Mineiro region. We aimed to identify floristic patterns of their shrub-tree components that could contribute to the characterization of these rocky cerrados, especially the limestone ones. We surveyed 20 plots (10 m x 10 m) in areas A1 and A2, and 85 quadrants in B. To understand the species’ contributions in terms of habitat occurrence, we classified then as generalists (G), savanna-associated (S), or forest-associated (F), and identified those occurring in rocky environments. We studied species richness through rarefaction curves and performed floristic similarity analyses using UPGMA (Jaccard index - between A1 and A2) and NMDS (Horn index - among the three rocky cerrados, 15 savanna areas, and eight deciduous forest areas). We observed a lower occurrence of strict savanna or forest species and rocky environments in all three studied areas, confirming findings from other authors. Despite a higher similarity with savanna formations, floristic differences recorded locally (UPGMA) and regionally (NMDS) supported the hypothesis that limestone cerrados may exhibit floristic patterns distinguishing them from other rocky cerrados.

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Abstract Cyanobacteria, diverse prokaryotes, are impacted by anthropogenic activities introducing chemical elements into marine environments, affecting benthic organisms. This study investigated benthic filamentous cyanobacteria and heavy metal in their biomass in two reef systems on Bahia coast, Brazil. Taxonomic identification was done using optical and electron microscopy, and heavy metals were analyzed using Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy. A total of 108 samples were analyzed: four species were identified in Praia de Tubarão (TB), the more anthropized area (Trichocoleus tenerrimus, Lyngbya confervoides, L. aestuarii and Lyngbya sp.), while ten species were found in Praia Sítio do Conde (SCB), a less anthropized area (Spirulina subsalsa, S. subtilis, S. major, Calothrix scopulorum, Phormidium sp., Oscillatoria margaritifera, O. nigro-viridis, L. confervoides, L. aestuarii, and L. semiplena). Fourteen metals were detected in TB and only four metals in SCB. These findings suggest that variations in species richness and metal diversity in cyanobacterial biomass are related to different levels and types of anthropogenic influence between the areas. This study demonstrates that cyanobacteria can accumulate heavy metals, serving as bioindicators of environmental quality in coastal areas, which is crucial for understanding the impact of these metals on aquatic environments, especially in areas with varying levels of anthropogenic influence.

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Abstract This study investigated the population structure of four flatfish species — Achirus lineatus (n = 94), Citharichthys spilopterus (n = 216), Etropus crossotus (n = 104), and Symphurus tessellatus (n = 48) — in the Guaratuba Bay estuary, southern Brazil, along with the reproductive aspects of A. lineatus and C. spilopterus. Monthly sampling was conducted at six sites along the estuary from October 2012 to September 2013. A. lineatus was most abundant in spring and summer, while C. spilopterus and E. crossotus showed population peaks during summer and autumn. S. tessellatus was most common in spring and autumn. Females dominated the larger size classes across all species, with significant differences in sex ratios observed for C. spilopterus and E. crossotus in the mid-estuary zone. Most individuals were captured in intermediate size classes (A. lineatus, C. spilopterus, E. crossotus: 8.9–11.5 cm; S. tessellatus: 11.0–15.1 cm). All species were present across the entire estuarine gradient, except E. crossotus, which was absent from the inner estuary. For the analyzed species, the highest Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) values were recorded during the warmer months. These findings enhance our understanding of flatfish ecology in this estuary and provide essential data to support conservation and management efforts targeting both the environment and flatfish populations.

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Abstract Reservoirs are important for water resource management, but traditional bathymetric surveys are costly and have limited capacity for continuous monitoring. This study investigates using Sentinel-2A imagery to estimate bathymetry in Brazilian semi-arid reservoirs. Field data were collected at two reservoirs using an echosounder and georeferenced with RTK GPS. Sentinel-2A Level-2A images were processed in Google Earth Engine to calculate the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) and generate temporal compositions (monthly, quarterly, semi-annual, and annual). Nonlinear regression models (exponential and potential) and machine learning algorithms (Artificial Neural Networks, Support Vector Machines, and Random Forest) were applied to estimate bathymetry. Results demonstrated that models using quarterly temporal compositions achieved the highest accuracy, with the Random Forest (RF) algorithm and nonlinear models based on the Near-Infrared (NIR) band performing particularly well. The RF algorithm yielded a Camargo & Sentelhas performance coefficient (c) of 0.68 for Cachoeira Reservoir, while the NIR-based model achieved a coefficient of 0.85 for Jazigo Reservoir. These findings highlight the potential of remote sensing as a cost-effective and efficient alternative for continuous bathymetric monitoring in semi-arid regions. The study underscores the importance of temporal compositions and model selection, providing valuable insights for improving water resource management and decision-making.

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Abstract Promoting sustainable development depends on addressing the challenges generated by climate change. The nature of these complex and interconnected challenges requires knowledge generation and the strengthening of interdisciplinary research networks. Research developed by the National Institute for Science and Technology for Climate Change Phase 2 (INCT-MC2) project, with its six thematic lines (or subcomponents) and three integrative (crosscutting) topics, provides a deep understanding of the interactions between the different aspects of climate change and sustainable development. Emphasis is placed on the impacts on water, energy, food security, health, ecosystems, and disaster risk reduction under urban development. These core topics are transversally integrated by climate modeling, economics, education, and communication research. The article analyzes the contribution of the INCT-MC2 scientific production and knowledge towards a better understanding of climate change and its impacts on various strategic sectors in Brazil. The results of the INCT-MC2 go along with the Sustainable Development Goals. Our analysis is based on a conceptual model that argues that the economy and society depend on the biosphere and ecosystem services and that their integrity is fundamental for global sustainability.

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Abstract Emissions of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels to generate electric energy has become a major environmental concern. In this scenario, alternative clean sources, such as wind energy, are becoming the top substitute option for supplying electricity and reducing gases emissions. Brazil has huge potential for offshore wind energy. The main challenge, however, is to guarantee the proper installation of these facilities, minimizing risks and ensuring safe operation during its lifetime. To achieve that goal, extensive investigations regarding several geological, engineering and environmental factors must be conducted. Marine geophysical tools have proven to be a reliable, fast and cost-effective way to map the seafloor. This paper provides a review of how different countries are gathering data to map, manage and mitigate seabed features and risks on their offshore wind farm projects. It is shown that, despite many common characteristics, each country has specific rules regarding the survey design. The goal is to provide an overview of the “best practices”, and to serve as a baseline for Brazilian regulatory agencies and other stakeholders to design effective hydrographic and geophysical surveys extracting maximum value and knowledge, minimizing geological risks and environmental impacts, keeping cost efficiency for all stakeholders in the operation.

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Abstract The Solimões Formation is one of the most fossiliferous units of the Neogene to Pleistocene of South America. Its rocks represent fluvial lacustrine Paleo-Amazon environments providing a rich record of paleovertebrate remains, including fishes (e.g., Myliobatiformes, Siluriformes, Ceratodontiformes, Osteoglossiformes, Characiformes, †Acregoliathidae), squamates, testudines (e.g., Podocnemidae, Chelidae and Testudinidae), crocodyliforms (e.g., Crocodyloidea, Alligatoroidea and Gavialoidea), birds (e.g., Suliformes) and mammals (e.g., Metatheria Didelphimorphia, Xenarthra Cingulata and Pilosa, Rodentia, †Notoungulata, †Litopterna, †Astrapotheria, Proboscidea, Artiodactyla, Sirenia, Cetacea, Primates and Chiroptera). Most of these recovered materials were acquired during paleontological expeditions carried out between 1950s and 1970s in its outcrops along Juruá River, Acre state. Notable for their recovered fossils, the “Alto Juruá expedition” was one of these, with its discoveries incorporated into the RadamBrasil Project. Among the recovered materials is an isolated ziphodont tooth that was mentioned but not described or published. Analysis of this tooth indicates it probably belongs to the †Sebecus cf. S. huilensis, and confirms it as the first occurrence of †Sebecidae for the prolific Solimões Formation in Brazil. This discovery, in addition to expanding the geographic distribution of the †Sebecus genus to northern Brazil, is one of the most recent specimens related to the extinct hypercanivore sebecids.

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Abstract Brazil is an important cattle producer and the world’s third-largest pet market, with the second-highest number of dogs. This makes antiparasitic drugs crucial in the animal health sector, addressing a wide range of parasites affecting livestock and pets. This study presents an analysis of patent filings concerning veterinary antiparasitic drugs in Brazil, spanning a 25-year period from 1997 to 2022. Data were extracted from the INPI (National Institute of Industrial Property) database, identifying 66 patents for antiparasitic compounds. The patents were categorized based on their status, type of applicant, and origin. The study also highlights key historical milestones in Brazilian veterinary parasitology and identifies significant global legal issues influencing the evolution of patents in this field. Findings show that companies dominate the patent landscape, with São Paulo and Goiás leading in the number of filings, while the United States is the top non-resident applicant. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of innovation in antiparasitic drugs in Brazil, serving as a basis for further research and technological advancements in veterinary parasitology.

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Abstract Tenebrio molitor is a key pest of stored products, and the search for sustainable control methods has led to increasing interest in plant-based insecticides. In this study, we evaluated the contact toxicity of thymol, a monoterpene extracted from Lamiaceae plants, against T. molitor larvae. A total of 1,200 fourth- and fifth-instar larvae were exposed to thymol-treated surfaces at concentrations ranging from 0 to 50 gL⁻¹. Larval mortality varied significantly among concentrations, with a clear dose-dependent response. Even at 0.1 gL⁻¹, thymol induced considerably higher mortality than the control group. Mortality rates exceeded 80% at concentrations ≥1 gL⁻¹, and most deaths occurred within the first 24 hours. The LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ values estimated for this period were 0.17 and 2.75 gL⁻¹, respectively, indicating high acute toxicity. These findings confirm thymol’s potential as a fast-acting botanical insecticide for the management of stored-product pests. Future studies should investigate its efficacy under real storage conditions, long-term stability, and potential non-target effects.

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Abstract This study assessed the growth, gonadal development, first maturation, sperm quality, and first reproduction of Colossoma macropomum raised under controlled conditions. The animals were maintained under consistent conditions. The mean weights reached after the first, second, and third years were 0.94 kg (0.50–1.42 kg), 3.78 kg (3.02–5.19 kg), and 5.66 kg (3.88–8.17 kg), respectively. The highest biomass was 14.1 kg/m³ at 890 days after hatching (DAH), while at the end of the study it was 5.6 kg/m³. Feed conversion remained below 2.0. No differences in weight or length were observed between males and females of the same age. Of the three males analyzed at 590 DAH, one was at rest and two were in initial maturation. Advanced male maturation was first recorded at 710 DAH. Six females showed initial maturation at 710 DAH, while advanced female maturation was first recorded at 890 DAH. Data on VFI, HSI, and GSI throughout development are presented. Sperm quality parameters did not differ between males at 890 and those at 990 DAH. Two out of four induced females spawned. This study is the first to provide evidence suggesting that the life cycle of C. macropomum can be completed in RAS.

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Abstract Biological inventories are essential tools for understanding parasite diversity. In this study, we describe the helminth parasite communities associated with anuran amphibians from five localities within the Caatinga domain of Northeastern Brazil. A total of 1,198 individuals, belonging to 22 species and six anuran families (Bufonidae, Hylidae, Leptodactylidae, Microhylidae, Odontoprhynidae, and Phyllomedusidae), were examined. Of these, 629 specimens (52.5%) were parasitized, and 27,004 helminths were recovered. The helminths represented 34 taxa, including 24 Nematoda, 7 Digenea, 1 Cestoda, and 2 Acanthocephala. We present parasitological descriptors such as prevalence, abundance range, infection site, and life stage. Additionally, we report 18 new host-parasite records and provide updated data on geographical occurrence. Our findings emphasize the importance of regional surveys in expanding knowledge on host-parasite interactions and in highlighting hidden components of biodiversity within the Caatinga biome.

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Abstract The Brazilian free-tailed bat (Tadarida brasiliensis) is a widely distributed Neotropical Molossidae species with significant ecological importance in pest control. Despite its broad range, the genetic diversity and population structure of South American populations remain poorly understood. This study assessed the genetic diversity, population structure, and demographic history of T. brasiliensis in southern Brazil (Capão do Leão) compared to available sequences from South, North, and Central American populations using COI and D-loop mitochondrial markers. Bayesian and coalescent-based analyses revealed deep divergence (~8.9 Mya) between northern and southern lineages, likely influenced by Andean uplift and Pleistocene climatic shifts. High genetic diversity was observed in southern populations, with distinct clades suggesting historical isolation. Population structure analyses confirmed significant differentiation between regions, with isolation-by-distance as a key driver. Demographic tests indicated post-glacial expansions (~0.5–0.12 Mya) in southern populations. These findings suggest that T. brasiliensis in South America comprises a single evolutionary lineage with complex demographic dynamics shaped by historical biogeographic barriers. The study highlights the need for further research on migratory connectivity and conservation strategies for this ecologically important species.

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Abstract Aquaculture is essential for food security and the yellowtail lambari is of great importance in Brazilian fish farming. Zophobas morio meal has emerged as a sustainable protein alternative for fish diets. This study evaluated the apparent digestibility of larval, pupal and adult meal of Z. morio in diets for lambari. The experiment, conducted at IFES and UFES, used 840 juvenile lambari. The animals were fed three times a day and feces were collected by the direct method eight times a days over a period of 22 days. The apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) for larva and pupa meal were significantly higher than the ADC for adult meal, due to their lower chitin content. Protein digestibility was highest for pupa meal, followed by by larva and by adult meal. Lipids of larva meal were more digestible than those of adult meal. There was greater gross energy utilization for larva and pupa meal than for adult meal. In conclusion, Z. morio meal is a promising feed for yellowtail lambari, especially that of the larval and pupal stages, due to its good digestibility and high nutritional value; adult meal has lower digestibility and requires additional treatments for improvement.

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Abstract Sweet basil is a tropical herbaceous plant valued for essential oil containing over 200 compounds. This study aimed to determine the optimal harvest time to harvest maximum essential oil and linalool yields in hot Southeast Anatolian conditions of Turkey, using two ecotypes, Dicle and Silbe, planted in Medicinal Plants Collection Garden, of Dicle University. The plants were harvested at five intervals of three hours duration from 06:00 to 18:00. Their dried leaves were hydrodistilled for extraction of essential oil, which was subjected to GC-MS analysis to determine the variance in chemical compounds composition. The results showed significant variations in essential oil contents, which fluctuated due to diurnal changes in temperature and humidity. The Dicle ecotype exhibited the highest essential oil contents after the 2nd cutting, The Silbe ecotype had the minimum essential oil after first cutting. The interaction between harvest times and ecotypes significantly affected oil yields. A biplot analysis revealed a two-dimensional PCA score (51.15% and 25.29%) for the Dicle ecotype, indicating a total variation rate of 76.44%. The study underscores the responsible factors in maximizing basil essential oil. It also indicated presence of 50-65% linalool and methyl chavicol in essential oil analyzed from the two O. basilicum ecotypes.

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Abstract The high phenotypic and genotypic variabilities increases the chances of success in selection of genotypes based on efficiencies for using the available water resources. The objective was to evaluate the productive efficiency of 27 genotypes of Coffea canephora regarding the amount of water made available over the first four reproductive cycles. The experiment followed a split plot scheme, with 27 genotypes and four reproductive cycles, in a randomized block design. Genotypes 108 and 201 stand out for the highest productive efficiencies, using, on average, 2.85 liters of water for each gram of coffee. Less productive genotypes, as 203 and 307, present the lowest efficiencies, using up to 11.24 liters per gram of coffee. Efficient genotypes can save up to 75% of the water required per gram of coffee produced. Genotype 102 have not shown a significant variation in its productive efficiency throughout the harvests, electing it as the most stable among the genotypes. Studying the behavior of genotypes of Conilon coffee for productive efficiency emerges as a tool that can contribute to the selection of genotypes in specific conditions of water use, which can assist in the rational use and conservation of water resources.

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Abstract This study characterizes the Fazenda Campos Novos (FCN) Sambaqui, a prehistoric shell mound site in Cabo Frio, Brazil. By analyzing the physical, geochemical, and paleoenvironmental aspects of the sambaqui, we aim to understand the environmental conditions associated with the sediments within the shell midden. Methods employed included sediment grain size analysis, X-ray fluorescence, wet chemical characterization, magnetic susceptibility analysis, and radiocarbon dating to provide chronological context. Granulometric data revealed a predominantly sandy loam texture and high magnetic susceptibility values, indicative of human-induced heating events. Chemical analyses revealed elevated levels of organic matter, phosphorus, strontium, and other elements, suggesting significant anthropic influence and resource utilization by prehistoric inhabitants. The presence of marine shells and sandy sediments indicates a coastal depositional environment. Radiocarbon dating placed the sambaqui’s age between 3230 and 3350 years BP, aligning with other regional archaeological sites. Paleoenvironmental reconstructions suggest that the FCN Sambaqui formed during a Holocene marine transgression. These findings enhance our understanding of the cultural practices, environmental conditions, and human-environment interactions associated with the FCN Sambaqui, providing a valuable record of prehistoric life and informing future research on coastal archaeology and paleoenvironmental studies.

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Abstract Forests have been speedily converted into hyper-fragmented landscapes due to human activities. We aimed to assess the main drivers of the AGWB in different classes of forest fragment size. We expected soil and climate variables to be the main drivers of global biomass, whereas landscape variables were expected to be the main predictors of biomass in small fragments. We found that most of the fragments were 10ha < area < 50ha, and this class contributed the most to the global biomass model. Average of carbon stocks (Mg.ha-1) and of environmental variables varied little among fragment size classes. As the landscape variables, the percentage of native vegetation cover showed greater values in fragments with an area between 50 and 100 hectares. The aboveground woody biomass of smaller classes was relatively more affected by shape, environment, and landscape, whereas larger fragments (> 100ha) were only affected by shape index, slope, and clay. The smaller the fragment, the greater the influence of landscape variables on the aboveground woody biomass. The proper management of these areas is even more important to the Cerrado conservation, as they represent the “last” landscape elements in the vegetation, but still play a vital role in providing ecosystem services.

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Abstract The purpose of this study was to compare and characterize honeys from different botanical origins (monofloral: assa-peixe, coffee, cipó-uva, eucalyptus, gurucaia, and laranjeira; polyfloral: silvestre; and honeydew: bracatinga) during storage at room (RT), freezing (FR) and refrigeration (REF) temperatures and to determine the most suitable storage conditions for maintaining honey stability over a 6-month period. The honeys were stored at room (the average temperature was 28°C during the experiment), at freezing (-20°C) and refrigeration (7°C) temperatures. The quantification of sugars (fructose (F) and glucose (G)), moisture (M), F/G and G/M ratio at T0 and T180 (Time 180); analysis of water activity, absorbance, electrical conductivity, color (parameters L*, C* and h°), rheological behavior and microscopic analysis were performed during 6 months (T0, T30, T60, T90, T120, T150 and T180 days). Assa-peixe and cipó-uva honeys are more prone to crystallization, especially at REF at T180. Honeys underwent more changes in their original composition when stored at REF conditions, in general. Honeys from different botanical origins may need varied storage conditions to maintain quality. Therefore, knowledge of their behavior during storage is of great importance and interest for the industry, beekeepers and consumers, influencing product fractionation and packaging processes.

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Abstract This study evaluated industrial strategies to reduce the retention time of pork shank in a continuous freezing tunnel. The influence of the use of secondary packaging and the change in the supply method from horizontal to vertical in the freezing of pork shank was evaluated. This resulted in a reduction of 3.5 h in the retention time of the product to meet the critical freezing temperature of -18°C, and a 0.5% reduction in the percentage of reprocess. The temperature variation between the freezing levels was also evaluated, using the statistical process control tool. The temperature of the different freezing levels was monitored, and it was verified that the variations were caused by the defrosting process, due to mechanical problems in the ventilation system. With this work was possible to promote improvements in the freezing system to meet the critical temperature and to reduce the percentage of reprocessing of products.