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ABSTRACT Geotechnical and environmental studies widely use shallow geophysical imaging methods to indirectly acquire high-resolution subsurface data at a low cost for constructing three-dimensional models. Among these, seismic methods are especially valuable for investigating shallow submerged environments due to their capacity to produce detailed subsurface images. This study analyzes seismic facies patterns based on high-resolution shallow seismic profiles collected during a geotechnical investigation of the continental shelf offshore the Port of Suape, seeking to improve the understanding of the sedimentary and structural evolution of the transitional zone between the offshore and onshore regions of the Pernambuco Basin. The dataset comprises 14 multichannel 2D seismic sections, totaling 6.4 km of survey lines. Integrating sonographic data, borehole logs, sediment samples, and photographs enabled classifying three main types of seabed: (i) homogeneous mud seafloor; (ii) subaqueous dunes with gravel and sand; and (iii) irregular rocky substrate partially covered by sand. Interpretation of the seismic profiles identified five key reflections, including the present-day seabed and four major unconformities, And five seismic facies: (a) Facies I - unconsolidated sandy and muddy sediments (Quaternary); (b) Facies II - sandstones and shales of the Suape Formation (Lower-Middle Albian); (c) Facies III - basal deposits of the Cabo Formation (Barremian-Aptian); (d) Facies IV - carbonate mounds of the Estiva Formation (Cenomanian-Turonian); and (e) Facies V - crystalline basement (Ipojuca Magmatic Suite). Seismic and geotechnical data integrated allowed the reconstruction of stratigraphic layers associated with rift and post-rift phases of the basin. Additionally, a prominent positive seismic anomaly and normal faults trending NW-SE occurred at the basement top, suggesting extensional tectonic activity linked to the South Atlantic Rift.

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ABSTRACT Multi-decadal observations and reanalysis products of major ocean circulation systems reveal contrasting trends and complex inter-basin connectivity patterns that challenge traditional conceptualizations of global ocean circulation. Using non-parametric trend analysis, multi-method causality testing, and wavelet coherence techniques, we analyzed volume transport time series spanning 1984-2023 for the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF), Agulhas Current system, and Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). The ITF demonstrates statistically significant strengthening, with geostrophic (ITF-G) and salinity (ITF-S) components increasing by 0.79 and 0.28 Sv decade-1, respectively (p<0.05). The temperature component (ITF-T) shows a positive but non-significant trend. Conversely, the AMOC at 26ºN from reanalysis exhibits robust weakening of -1.61 Sv decade-1 (p<0.0001), while satellite-derived Agulhas transport proxies show no significant long-term trends despite substantial interannual variability. Causality analysis reveals four statistically significant pathways linking ITF components to Agulhas variability with lag times of 0-18 months, supported by consensus across maximum cross-correlation, convergent cross mapping, and transfer entropy methods. However, no direct causal connections emerge between either Indo-Pacific system and the AMOC at 26ºN, indicating regional forcing dominance over global-scale coupling on observable timescales. Wavelet coherence analysis identifies dominant annual-scale coupling (0.87-1.30 years) in ITF-Agulhas relationships, with enhanced coherence during major climate events including the 1997-98 El Niño. These findings suggest that contemporary ocean circulation responds primarily to regional forcing mechanisms - intensified Maritime Continent rainfall driving ITF strengthening and weakened North Atlantic convection controlling AMOC decline - rather than operating as a tightly coupled global conveyor belt. The identified statistical relationships provide critical observational constraints for ocean circulation models and highlight the need for sustained monitoring as anthropogenic forcing continues to reshape ocean gateway dynamics.

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ABSTRACT The incidental capture of sea turtles by fishing gear is a significant global threat to sea turtle populations. The increasing demand for seafood and seafood products raises the risk of sea turtle entanglement in fishing gear. Our study documented the encounter rate of sea turtles with fishing gear in Guyana, South America. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with fishers at key landing sites along the coast of Guyana. A total of 76 fishers participated in this study. Most fishers encountered sea turtles in their fishing gear at least once annually during fishing trips. Most turtles were captured in gillnet fisheries, and leatherbacks were the most caught species. Encounters were more frequent in August, aligning with the February-to-August nesting period. Most turtles were alive when encountered on the fishing nets, but the post-release mortality of the turtles is unknown. We also found that fishers knew that sea turtles are an endangered and protected species. However, they doubt that much can be done to prevent sea turtle bycatch without compromising their target catch. Our findings highlight the crucial role of collaboration between scientists, fishery managers, and fishers to understand sea turtle bycatch and develop and implement successful bycatch reduction strategies to conserve sea turtles.

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ABSTRACT The Projeto de Monitoramento de Praias (PMPs) in Brazil is the world’s largest marine tetrapod stranding monitoring program, covering over 3000 km of coastline. PMPs are organized as four monitoring programs, executed by a number of institutions, with the primary aim of assessing possible impacts of the oil and gas industry (O&G) on marine tetrapods. Since 2015, data recorded by all PMPs have been stored in a single database with public access. We undertook a literature review to gather all peer-reviewed publications from 2010-2023 using data from PMPs. We summarized 139 publications to investigate: (i) temporal trends in the number of publications; (ii) subject areas from those publications; (iii) taxonomic groups and species studied; (iv) the participation of non-executing institutions based on author affiliations. In addition, we explored whether species ranked higher in conservation assessments were more represented in the publications. Overall, the PMPs have a high number of publications considering their relatively recent implementation when compared to longer stranding monitoring programs. The open-access nature of the PMP database seems to be a catalyst for research, including one-third of publications being authored only by non-executing institutions. The program with the most publications was the PMP-BS (Bacia de Santos), which may result from a larger monitored area, higher numbers of strandings and research institutions than other monitoring programs, and higher mortality due to higher human density. The number of publications was similar across taxonomic groups (sea turtles, seabirds, and marine mammals), which together studied 61 species. Notably, the studies addressed a variety of topics, suggesting that PMPs contribute not only to monitor the impacts of the O&G, but also to increase our understanding of the distribution, ecology, and health of several species. Therefore, continuing PMPs is essential to monitor long-term trends, inform strategies, and support effective management of marine tetrapods.

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ABSTRACT Oil spills cause extensive negative impacts on marine ecosystems. However, detecting and monitoring these incidents remains challenging, primarily due to the lack of real-time data for tracking and mapping oil along the coastlines. While some previous studies have utilized social media to extract georeferenced images of oil spills, there currently exists no standardized protocol for researchers to compile oil observations from these platforms. This study offers a comprehensive protocol for searching, filtering, and georeferencing oil spill observations based on Instagram. We analyzed social media posts regarding oil spills on the Brazilian coast that were shared during the 2019/2020 oil spill disaster (from August 2019 to August 2020) and included more recent observations from January 2022 to October 2023. A total of 312 oil spill observations were recorded in 170 localities for 2019/2020, and 162 observations were noted in 111 localities for 2022/2023. These records closely align themselves with previous observations in the literature. Our findings show that Instagram serves as a cost-effective and real-time tool for monitoring large-scale and sporadic oil spills. Despite some challenges associated with investigations using social media, our study highlights its potential to enhance the coastal surveillance of oil spills.

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ABSTRACT São José de Ribamar Bay, located in Maranhão State, is one of the largest estuarine systems in Brazil. This study analyzes tidal and riverine regimes, as well as the spatial and seasonal distribution of physical water properties (salinity, temperature, and density) along the bay. Water-level observations were examined using harmonic analysis, and the annual modulation of tidal amplitude was obtained using the Hilbert transform. Historical discharge data from the Itapecurú and Munim rivers - the main tributaries supplying the bay - were analyzed to determine the climatological pattern of river flow. Salinity and temperature data were collected during four oceanographic surveys conducted along the bay: two during the wet season and two during the dry season. In each season, one survey was performed during spring tides and the other during neap tides. Water-column stratification was assessed based on these measurements. The tidal regime is purely semidiurnal and dominated by the M2 harmonic constituent. Tidal range varies from approximately 6 m during spring tides to 2.5 m during neap tides. Mean river discharge reaches approximately 1,000 m3 s-1 in the wet season and decreases to around 100 m3 s-1 in the dry season. Expressed as a flow ratio, river discharge represents only about 1% of the volume periodically exchanged during the wet season and about 0.1% during the dry season. Increased freshwater input in the wet season promotes a buoyancy flux that strengthens stratification. Consequently, the bay behaves as a well-mixed estuary during the dry season and as a strain-induced, periodically stratified estuary during the wet season.

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ABSTRACT Meiofauna comprises small benthic metazoans that play a crucial role in aquatic ecosystems and reflect the ecological condition of marine, estuarine, and freshwater environments. In this study, intertidal meiobenthic communities were examined across three coastal environment types along the Uruguayan coast (freshwater, estuarine, and oceanic), and the influence of anthropogenic impact on biodiversity and community structure was evaluated. Three pairs of dissipative sandy beaches were sampled (one impacted and one less impacted per environment type), and the main meiobenthic taxa were quantified and richness, Shannon diversity, Pielou’s evenness, total abundance, and nematode abundance were calculated. Physicochemical water variables (dissolved oxygen and pH) and sediment characteristics (mean grain size and organic matter content) were also measured. Generalized linear models showed that biodiversity indices were significantly associated with sediment properties and water parameters, with richness and abundance increasing in finer sediments and with higher organic matter content, and diversity and evenness decreasing under higher organic enrichment. Dissolved oxygen was positively related to richness, Shannon exponential diversity, and evenness. Nematodes, copepods, gastrotrichs, turbellarians, and nauplii dominated the assemblages, with nematodes being the most abundant group overall. Multivariate analyses (NMDS based on Bray-Curtis dissimilarities, PERMANOVA, and beta-dispersion) revealed a clear structuring of communities according to environmental type and the level of anthropogenic impact. In particular, less impacted beaches exhibited a more homogeneous community composition (lower dispersion), whereas impacted beaches showed greater heterogeneity (higher dispersion), reflecting increased variability in composition among their samples. Indicator value analysis identified taxa associated with specific environments and impact levels. Overall, these results highlight that meiobenthic communities on Uruguayan sandy beaches respond to both natural environmental gradients and human disturbance, supporting the use of meiofauna as a sensitive tool for coastal ecosystem assessment.

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ABSTRACT This study evaluated the productive performance and economic feasibility of intensive indoor culture of Penaeus vannamei in 2,500 L fiberglass tanks, comparing a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) and a biofloc technology system (BFT). A 56-day experiment was performed at a stocking density of 750 ind/m3, with four replicates per treatment. Shrimp reared in RAS showed significantly superior growth, reaching greater total length (8.73 ± 1.72 cm) and final body weight (11.22 ± 0.74 g) than those cultured in BFT (5.94 ± 1.29 cm and 9.91 ± 0.71 g, respectively; p = 0.004 and p = 0.002). Feed conversion ratio was significantly lower in RAS (1.42 ± 0.12) than in BFT (1.89 ± 0.15; p = 0.0006), resulting in higher productivity (10.8 ± 0.54 vs. 8.6 ± 0.42 kg/m3; p = 0.0003). Survival did not differ significantly between systems (86.7 ± 2.52% in RAS and 84.1 ± 3.21% in BFT; p = 0.21). Inferior performance of BFT was attributed to limitations associated with small-volume tanks, particularly suspended solids accumulation and biofloc instability which likely impaired oxygen availability and feed utilization. Conversely, RAS provided greater environmental stability, supporting more efficient biomass deposition and consistent growth. An economic analysis based on RAS performance and extrapolated to a commercial-scale scenario estimated an annual production cost of US$ 24,249.24 for six production cycles. Feasibility was confirmed by internal rates of return ranging from 19.12% to 68.01% and net present values between US$ 5,290.48 and US$ 49,226.62, depending on shrimp survival (80-90%) and market price (US$ 7.00-8.00 kg-1). Under optimal conditions, the payback period was 1.8 years. Overall, RAS showed clear biological and economic advantages over BFT for intensive shrimp farming with reduced water use.

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ABSTRACT Shallow-water coral reef ecosystems are positioned at the critical interface between terrestrial and marine environments, where ocean circulation patterns control the delivery and distribution of nutrients and land-derived substances. This study examines three-dimensional circulation patterns around Curaçao, a southern Caribbean reef island, using Lagrangian particle tracking analysis with the SCARIBOS hydrodynamic model for the period 2020-2024. We analyze two distinct surface flow regimes previously identified around the island: NW-flow periods dominated by the northwestward Caribbean Surface Current, and EDDY-flow periods characterized by cyclonic eddies or low-energy conditions. These regimes create contrasting patterns in horizontal surface circulation and vertical exchange, with significant differences in surface flow direction and enhanced upwelling during EDDY-flow conditions. However, analysis of offshore-to-nearshore connectivity using conditional pathways reveals that these large-scale surface regimes have no apparent influence on the delivery of deeper waters to nearshore coral reef areas. Spatial analysis reveals that volumetric transport decreases from east to west along the southern coastline. The West Point segment exhibits the lowest horizontal transport but the highest vertical exchange, receiving 48% of its volume transport from subsurface layers, contrasting with other segments where surface volume transport dominates (75-87%). These findings demonstrate that three-dimensional circulation patterns create spatially variable conditions for water renewal, nutrient delivery, and thermal regulation, improving our understanding of coral reef ecosystem dynamics and supporting reef management strategies.

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ABSTRACT This study investigates the whistle characteristics of six delphinid species in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean and develops a classification algorithm to distinguish among them. Acoustic recordings were collected along the coast of São Paulo for common dolphins (Delphinus delphis), orcas (Orcinus orca), Atlantic spotted dolphins (Stenella frontalis), and common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Recordings of spinner dolphins (Stenella longirostris) were obtained from the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, while Guiana dolphins (Sotalia guianensis) were recorded in the Cananéia Estuary, in southern São Paulo. A total of 1,797 whistles were analyzed using seven acoustic parameters: duration (ms), and minimum, maximum, delta, center, initial, and final frequencies (kHz). These acoustic features were classified using a Random Forest algorithm, which achieved an overall classification accuracy of 55%. The highest accuracy was observed for D. delphis (73.6%), followed by S. guianensis (65%) and S. frontalis (55%). These findings represent a meaningful step toward the development of whistle classification tools and support the potential use of passive acoustic monitoring for long-term studies of delphinid populations in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean.

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ABSTRACT This study aimed at defining the catch composition of the shrimp fishery off the coast of Rio Grande do Norte state (06°21’S/35°01’W) and estimating population parameters for Penaeus subtilis and P. schmitti in 2013-2018. Fish bycatch represented most of the biomass. The biomass of P. schmitti showed a weak positive correlation with maximum temperature. The biomass of P. subtilis showed a weak negative correlation with the average pH. An increase in the capture of P. subtilis corresponded to a decrease in P. schmitti. A total of 2,665 specimens of P. schmitti were analyzed, with a sex ratio of F:M=0.74. The carapace length (CL) of the females ranged from 5.70 to 43.20 mm and for males from 8.10 to 36.70 mm. The total weight (TW) of females ranged from 1.12 to 54.1 g (TW=0.0040CL2.5229) and for males from 1.22 to 32.43 g (TW=0.0021CL2.7444). A total of 1,404 specimens of P. subtilis were analyzed, with a sex ratio of F:M=1.42. The CL of females ranged from 5.30 to 29.71 mm and that of males, from 8.30 to 25.42 mm. The TW of females ranged from 0.46 to 20.75 g (TW=0.0028CL2.5999) and that of males, from 0.43 to 13.09 g (TW=0.0026CL2.6405). Continued monitoring of catch composition and population parameters is recommended for proper stock management.

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ABSTRACT Mangrove physiological traits are strongly influenced by ecogeomorphic conditions and environmental stressors. These traits provide adaptive strategies that sustain growth and productivity in challenging coastal and marine environments. Plant biodiversity is a key determinant of habitat richness, ecosystem functioning, and broader ecological dynamics, being crucial in carbon sequestration. The urban mangrove cover at Carter Road, Mumbai, India, harbors key species such as Sonneratia alba Sm., Sonneratia apetala Buch.-Ham., Rhizophora mucronata Poir., and Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh. These species were assessed for essential phytochemical parameters, including proline and chlorophyll, under ambient environmental conditions. Proline concentrations were highest in R. mucronata (22.42±0.40 µmol g-1) and lowest in S. apetala (18.93±0.14 µmol g-1). Chlorophyll a (Chl a), chlorophyll b (Chl b), Chl a+b, and the Chl a/b ratio varied significantly between the two spatial extremes-landward and seaward-with considerably higher values at the landward edge. Chl a content (mg g-1) at the landward edge ranged from 1.60±0.03 to 1.31±0.12, markedly higher than values at the seaward fringe (0.71±0.06 to 0.58±0.02). Similar spatial increases were observed for Chl b and Chl a+b. The linear mixed-effects model indicated significant positional differences in soil carbon parameters, including soil organic carbon (SOC %), bulk density (BD), and soil organic carbon stock (SOCOrg). Surface soil (0-10 cm) exhibited the highest SOC (%) at both seaward (1.41±0.06) and landward (2.08±0.31) positions, with corresponding SOCOrg values (Mg C ha-1) of 18.05±1.711 and 22.367±2.35, respectively, indicating greater carbon accumulation at the landward site. Aboveground and belowground standing biomass carbon stocks were 357.00±33.09 Mg C ha-1 and 99.39±9.21 Mg C ha-1, respectively. This study provides insights into modulation of chlorophyll content and its implications for ecosystem productivity and carbon storage potential.

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Abstract This study examined the dietary compositions of three sympatric mud crab species-Scylla olivacea, S. tranquebarica, and S. paramamosain-across six coastal provinces of Thailand, encompassing the Andaman Sea and the Gulf of Thailand. A total of 4,112 individuals, mainly S. olivacea, were collected monthly from June 2022 to June 2023, and stomach contents were analyzed volumetrically. Prey compositions, vacuity index (VI), fullness index (FI), diet breadth, and diet overlap were quantified. Fish constituted the predominant prey item for all three species, representing 56.0%, 57.8%, and 42.5% of the diet in S. olivacea, S. tranquebarica, and S. paramamosain, respectively. Secondary prey items exhibited interspecific variation: crabs for S. olivacea (15.1%), and bivalves for both S. paramamosain (22.7%) and S. tranquebarica (24.8%). Gastropods contributed significantly to the diet of S. paramamosain (9.1%). Multivariate analyses revealed distinct dietary separations between the three Scylla species. Significant site-specific variation in the diet of S. olivacea was observed between Gulf of Thailand and the Andaman Sea (P < 0.05). In contrast, no significant differences in dietary composition were detected between male and female crabs for either S. olivacea or S. paramamosain. These findings elucidate species-specific dietary preferences and the influence of habitat on the trophic ecology of these mud crab species, providing pertinent insights for aquaculture practices and sustainable resource management strategies.

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Abstract Achelous spinimanus (Latreille, 1819) constitutes an ecologically and commercially important species along the South America coast. Over the last three decades, this native species has been exposed to the introduction of Charybdis (Charybdis) hellerii (A. Milne-Edwards, 1867), a potential competitor for the same substrate. Invasive species often show significant dietary adaptability which can impact native species and coastal ecosystems. This study compares the diet composition of C. (C.) hellerii and the native A. spinimanus. The stomachs of 66 A. spinimanus and 180 C. (C.) hellerii were analyzed, and the Alimentary Importance Index (IAi) was calculated. Trophic comparison was assessed using the Pianka index. Crustacean represented the most important food item, followed by mollusks for both species, which exhibited high similarity, suggesting a possible competition for resources. Results reveal dietary overlap and highlight the generalist feeding strategy of the invasive species during its establishment phase. These patterns suggest potential long-term ecological impacts on native crab populations. Overall, the study offers a baseline for future assessments on trophic interactions and the consequences of biological invasions in coastal environments.

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Abstract Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon (RFL) has undergone intense environmental changes in recent decades, driven by accelerated urbanization, domestic sewage discharge, and hydrodynamic alterations. This study investigated the current composition of fish assemblages in RFL, with an emphasis on life history strategies, seasonal variations, and environmental influences. A total of 36 species distributed across 20 families were recorded, with a predominance of opportunistic species such as Phalloptychus januarius, Jenynsia lineata, and Geophagus brasiliensis, which are well adapted to unstable and degraded environments. Comparisons with historical data revealed a marked loss of diversity: of the 64 species recorded between 1991 and 2004, only 13 remain, indicating a process of ecological simplification. Seasonal analysis revealed higher species richness and abundance during summer and winter, associated with pronounced seasonal variations in water transparency, dissolved oxygen, and chlorophyll concentration. The absence of significant differences among sampling sites suggests environmental homogenization, likely resulting from limited water renewal and the intensification of anthropogenic impacts around the lagoon. Environmental variables, particularly salinity and water transparency, played a key role in shaping the fish community structure and the distribution patterns of Brevoortia aurea, Brevoortia pectinata, Poecilia vivipara, and Phalloptychus januarius. The resilience of opportunistic species such as Poecilia vivipara and Phalloptychus januarius contrasts with the presence of species exhibiting Periodic or Equilibrium life-history strategies, including Micropogonias furnieri, Mugil liza, Centropomus spp., Diplodus argenteus, and Caranx spp. The persistence suggests that marine influence still occurs, especially in areas closer to the tidal channel. These findings indicate that, although RFL still supports species of ecological and fisheries importance, its biodiversity continues to decline, compromising ecosystem resilience and fisheries sustainability. Our results highlight the urgent need for effective conservation and management strategies tailored to urban lagoon systems.

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ABSTRACT Understanding the movement of free gas across the seabed is important for describing the role of methane and carbon dioxide seeps in the carbon cycle and develop monitoring methodologies for marine carbon capture and storage complexes. We document new observations of gas bubble behaviour across the seabed using laboratory and field data with passive acoustic and high-speed optical imaging. Our observations show four distinct phases of gas release: fracture propagation, sediment displacement, surface breakthrough and dual-bubble oscillation. We show that each individual gas release event at the seabed comprises of a larger bubble that oscillates in the water column and a smaller oscillating bubble that remains within the seabed. Both of these oscillating bubbles contribute to the sound generated by each gas release event. Our results show that this dual-source phenomenon produces a composite acoustic signature, potentially leading to a 5-15% overestimation in gas flux when using current inversion models. Beyond implications for acoustic flux estimation, the recognition of retained oscillating gas bubbles reshapes our understanding of near-seabed gas dynamics. These findings suggest that sediment structure and bubble-sediment interactions play a more active role in controlling release behaviour than previously thought.

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Abstract The jetties on the Patos Lagoon mouth are 4 km long and form a conspicuous feature in a monotonous coast line. Under steady northeasterly winds-the prevailing local wind-an eddy is formed in the leeward of the jetties. This study investigated the circulation and water properties in the inner shelf affected by this eddy. We conducted a field experiment to collect hydrodynamic and water property data in the lee of the jetties during a prolonged event of strong northeasterly winds. These conditions promote lagoon outflow and eddy formation. Current velocity and direction were measured using four acoustic doppler current profilers (ADPC) deployed parallel to the coast line. Vertical profiles of water properties (salinity, temperature, turbidity, chlorophyll and dissolved oxygen) were measured using a CTD along transects. To complement the field experiment, high-resolution Sentinel-2 satellite imagery acquired under similar conditions was analyzed, along with wind reanalysis data from ERA5. Results revealed that eddy formation occurs under both NE and W/NW winds, the spatial extent and core position of which are modulated by wind intensity and relative angle to the jetties. Brackish water outflow through the jetties induces strong stratification, leading to a decoupling of the upper and bottom layers. This produces a vertically sheared flow, with the surface layer moving seaward and the bottom layer moving landward, toward the jetties. However, the observed salinity and temperature distributions suggest that the bottom layer also exhibits a cross-shelf (onshore) component indicating upwelling, which may contribute to the transport of fine sediments shoreward. An identified region of low dissolved oxygen saturation suggests hypoxic conditions likely associated with the intense stratification.

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Abstract This study examines the spatial structuring of mesozooplankton communities across sub-Antarctic coastal (Beagle Channel), transitional (Staten Island), and oceanic (Burdwood Bank) environments during spring. Hydrographic (temperature and salinity), satellite-derived chlorophyll-a, and biological variables (density, biomass, size, and composition) were integrated, with emphasis on copepods as the dominant mesozooplankton group. Salinity was the environmental variable most strongly associated with copepod distribution, exhibiting a significant positive correlation with density, whereas associations with biomass, temperature, and chlorophyll-a were not significant. Four distinct copepod assemblages were identified, corresponding to regional hydrographic regimes: The inner Beagle Channel, the outer channel, the Staten Island area, and the Burdwood Bank. Copepod abundance and body size increased toward oceanic waters, suggesting enhanced secondary production linked to physical retention and upwelling processes. In contrast, coastal zones showed lower density and biomass but higher richness and evenness, likely influenced by freshwater inputs. A total of sixteen copepod species were documented, with Drepanopus forcipatus and Calanus australis widely distributed across all subregions. These species may function as ecological indicators, reflecting environmental conditions and ecosystem connectivity. Overall, the findings underscore the role of this region as a biological corridor linking coastal and oceanic systems.

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ABSTRACT Katsuwonus pelamis is a fish resource of high economic value and widely used in the fish processing industry, mainly for canned products. This study aimed to identify the parasitic fauna of Katsuwonus pelamis by morphological methods, to analyze the potential impact on industry and consumers. For the evaluation of parasitological contamination, fifty-three animals were visually inspected and the structures with morphology consistent with parasitic forms were analyzed stereoscopically, microscopically, and by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Two genera of zoonotic parasites have been found: Anisakis sp. (Nematoda) and Trypanorhyncha gen. sp. (Cestoda). Of the 53 samples analyzed, 96% showed parasite contamination. The most affected organs were the intestine, muscle tissue, and stomach, with 596, 441, and 408 parasites, respectively. These results highlight the importance of sanitary inspection and emphasize the importance of immediate evisceration to avoid the migration of larvae from the viscera to the musculature.

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ABSTRACT Mesopelagic fishes play a central role in marine carbon export and trophic dynamics, with lanternfishes (Myctophidae) representing one of the most abundant and diverse vertebrate groups in the worldʼs oceans. Despite their ecological significance, quantitative relationships between otolith size and body size remain poorly documented for many mesopelagic taxa, limiting their application in dietary studies and palaeontological reconstructions. In this study, we examined sagittal otoliths from nine Myctophidae species (Ceratoscopelus warmingii, Dasyscopelus obtusirostris, Diaphus dumerilii, D. hudsoni, D. perspicillatus, Hygophum hygomii, Lepidophanes guentheri, Notoscopelus caudispinosus, and N. resplendens) collected along the Southeastern Brazilian continental margin between 1996 and 1999. Otoliths were digitally imaged, and morphometric parameters, including otolith length (OL) and width (OW), were measured to assess their relationship with total length (TL) and standard length (SL) using linear regression analyses. Significant positive correlations were observed between otolith dimensions and fish length for most species. Both OL and OW were reliable predictors of TL and SL, except for L. guentheri and N. resplendens. This study provides new regression data that are likely to greatly facilitate the estimation of myctophid size in dietary and paleontological studies.

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ABSTRACT Microplastic pollution has become an urgent threat to marine ecosystems, but its effects on coral reefs, especially in highly biodiverse areas such as the Philippines remain largely unknown. This is the first report on the microplastic contamination in the coral reef ecosystem in Lawigan, Bislig, Surigao del Sur, Philippines. Seawater, sediment, fish, and corals (including Acropora and Pocillopora species) were analyzed for microplastics according to standardized methodology. These samples were subjected to chemical digestion (10% KOH), density separation (NaCl), and filtration, and the particles were characterized by microscopy and FTIR spectroscopy. Seawater was noted to contain 60 microplastic particles (0.17 MP particles m-3) with the dominance of polypropylene (PP, 21.7%) and polyethylene (PE-HD, 18.3%), and 83.9% of reef fish had microplastics in their digestive tract (mean: 1.5 particles/individual), with films and fibers being the most prevalent shape. Corals contained up to 5 particles/individual, including particles embedded in tissues, whereas reef sediments contained larger fragments (>1000 μm) at 0.037 particles g-1. The dominance of fishing gear polymers (PP/PE) suggests local anthropogenic origins. The microplastics in Philippine coral reefs may add to the burden on these ecosystems, which are already in danger from climate change and overfishing. This study sets baseline data that can be critically used to reduce the impact of anthropogenic factors (such as the use of non-eco-friendly fisheries practices) and to promote community-based monitoring.

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ABSTRACT This study investigated the growth patterns, mortality rates, and exploitation rate of the short-necked clam Paratapes undulatus (Born, 1778) in Ba Lua Archipelago, An Giang Province, Southwestern Sea of Viet Nam, using biological data. It was conducted from November 2022 to September 2023. A total of 1,140 individuals were randomly sampled from clam dredge landings for biological analysis. The length-weight relationship showed a negative allometric growth (b < 3), indicating that shell length increased proportionally faster than the body weight. The estimated von Bertalanffy Growth parameters were L∞ = 53.6 mm, K = 0.91 year-1, t₀ = -0.149, and tmax = 4.2 year and the growth performance index Φ′ = 3.417. The estimated mortality rates were Z = 3.80 year-1, M = 1.47 year-1, F = 2.34 year-1. The exploitation rate (E = 0.61) indicates that the stock is currently fully exploited. These findings emphasize the need for management measures to ensure the sustainable exploitation of this commercially valuable species.

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ABSTRACT Microplastics are ubiquitous in aquatic ecosystems and raise concerns due to their persistence and potential toxicity. Given their known impacts on marine species and the use of bivalves as sentinel species for contamination monitoring, this study aimed to experimentally investigate the selectivity of the brown mussel Perna perna (Linnaeus, 1758) when exposed to the chlorophyte microalga Tetraselmis sp. F. Stein, 1878 and plastic microbeads of similar morphology and size. The study hypothesis is that when microplastics resemble natural food in shape and size, P. perna can discriminate between particles, preferentially ingesting microalgae and rejecting microplastics. Experiments included three treatments in triplicate: microalgae only (MA), polystyrene microbeads only (MB), and a 1:1 mixture of microalgae and polystyrene microbeads (MA+MB). Aliquots were collected at the beginning and end of the incubation period and quantified using an optical microscope. Clearance and ingestion rates were calculated for each replicate, and mean values were determined. Although ingestion rates did not differ significantly among treatments, the clearance rate was significantly higher in the MB treatment (627.07 mL g dw-1 h-1) than in MA (270.59 mL g dw-1 h-1) and MA+MB (518.39 mL g dw-1 h-1), suggesting increased filtering activity. Ingestion rates ranged from 6.80 x 104 to 1.22 x 105 particles g dw-1 h-1 across treatments. Mussels ingested microbeads regardless of microalgal availability, indicating no particle selectivity. Hence, the study hypothesis was not supported. Ecologically, this inability to discriminate among particles may have detrimental consequences for mussels. A similar pattern may occur in natural environments, where microplastics are present in the water column of coastal areas and interact with plankton and suspended organic particles, facilitating ingestion and subsequent contamination.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract Biological invasions are a major driver of biodiversity loss, altering community structure and ecosystem functions in marine environments. The sun coral (Tubastraea spp.), an Indo-Pacific invasive alien species, has successfully colonized Brazilian rocky shores, displacing native species and disrupting ecological interactions. This study documents 11 ecologically interacting species engaging in biotic resistance against sun coral in a Brazilian Hope Spot. Field surveys and photographic records revealed interactions between Tubastraea spp. and native species, suggesting their potential role in limiting the spread of this invasive coral. While active management strategies, including manual removal, have proven effective in controlling Tubastraea spp., the role of natural competitors in mitigating the invasion remains underexplored. This study provides new insights on interactions of native species with sun coral and thus, contributes to the understanding of natural ecological resistance mechanisms against biological invasions in the marine environment.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract Otolith morphology is shaped by intrinsic factors, such as physiological processes and ontogeny, or by environmental factors, including salinity, temperature, and depth. Thus, environmental changes and physiological processes may result in a permanent malformation of the otolith. Here, we investigated sagittal otolith morphology of Stellifer naso based on contour shape and internal structures. Thirty-eight specimens were collected at Conceição da Barra, State of Espírito Santo, and their otoliths were extracted for analysis. Sagittal otoliths were photographed to outline their contours, with images taken from both sides: inner and outer faces. Twenty-three of the otoliths analyzed (60.5%) showed anomalies of varying complexity and volume. These anomalies were more frequently located in the ventral midpoint of the otoliths and caudal margins of the sulcus acusticus. The anomalous otoliths exhibited greater morphological variation, as revealed by the PCA and confirmed by the lowest reclassification rates for anomalous otoliths. The reclassification rate was about 20% higher for the outer than the inner face. We also found intraspecific variation in the shape of the predorsal spine. The pointed shape was more common, and the rounded shape was found only in two otoliths. These variations and anomalies may be related to the collapse of iron ore mine tailings into the Doce River, which has caused severe ecological damage in recent years. Complementary methods, such as 3D radiodensity and chemistry analysis in otoliths, could elucidate the factors underpinning these anomalies.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT Taxonomy provides the essential foundation for studying biodiversity, guiding ecological research and conservation efforts. However, the growing use of digital platforms for species identification introduces both opportunities and significant risks. Online crowdsourcing initiatives and citizen science projects engage the public but often rely on users with varied levels of training, potentially leading to misidentifications that can distort scientific data. A case study of Brazilian sea anemones revealed how unverified social media identifications overlooked a new endemic species, highlighting the potential conservation consequences of such errors. To balance public participation with scientific accuracy, this report recommends expert verification of crowdsourced data, the implementation of robust validation protocols, institutional accountability, transparent collaboration, and the strategic leveraging of emerging technologies such as Artificial Intelligence. While digital platforms democratize biodiversity science, maintaining rigorous taxonomic standards remains critical for effective conservation.