| Action |
Most Evident Model |
Description |
| Implementing Program-Based Budgeting |
New Public Management |
Characterized by a results-oriented and efficiency-driven approach rather than merely complying with rules and procedures. It tends to reflect the NPM paradigm. |
| Simplification and Reduction of Budgetary Process Fragmentation |
New Public Management / Neo-Weberian State |
Strengthens the coherence of the budgetary process and broadens the State’s overall vision of public resource management. Enhances the efficiency of public spending. It partially reflects the NPM paradigm, although the reinforcement of coherence in principles and rules also aligns with the NWS paradigm. |
| Increasing Bottom-Up Accountability of Sectoral Ministries |
New Public Management / Neo-Weberian State |
Advocates for increased accountability of public managers for results, strengthening accountability and audit mechanisms, as well as greater transparency and responsibility in the use of public resources. This measure reflects several characteristics of NPM. It also shares some features of the NWS paradigm by aiming to modernize bureaucracy and strengthen the State’s capacity. |
| Stability Program |
New Public Governance |
This measure primarily adopts characteristics of the NPG model by fostering multi-level collaboration/participation among actors, transparency in public management, coordination, and integration of economic and budgetary policies between Member States and the European Commission, as well as accountability and evaluation. |
| Multiannual Framework for Public Expenditures |
New Public Governance / Neo-Weberian State |
This measure reflects the characteristics of the NPG paradigm: multi-level collaboration/ participation, transparency, coordination, and integration of economic and budgetary policies between Member States and the European Commission, participation, continuous integration, and coordination of common policies, accountability, and the need for evaluation. It also reflects some characteristics of the NWS by emphasizing efficiency, transparency, and accountability while maintaining the robustness and discipline characteristic of classical bureaucracy. |
| Expenditure, Budget Balance, and Structural Budget Balance Rules |
Neo-Weberian State |
These rules emphasize the need for efficient management, greater budgetary discipline, transparency, and accountability, as well as a robust public administration. They embody the characteristics of the NWS, which combines elements of traditional bureaucracy with modern management practices. |
| The Reform of the Stability and Growth Pact of the European Union: 1999, 2005, 2012, and the New Rules of the Six-Pack and Two-Pack |
Neo-Weberian State / New Public Governance |
The SGP aims to increase transparency and accountability of Member States by introducing mechanisms for budgetary and debt control, as well as expanded sanctions. It reflects the principles of responsibility and discipline of the NWS. It imposes transparency and accountability through specific procedures (for excessive deficits and macroeconomic imbalances), promotes public finance clarity and accountability, and fosters multi-level coordination with EU institutions, as well as a strong and integrated public administration system. In this regard, it reflects the NPG paradigm. |
| Adoption of specific governance instruments in the EMU: the European Semester |
New Public Governance |
The European Semester appears to best reflect the characteristics of the NPG paradigm through multi-level governance, coordination, collaboration, and integration of multiple actors-both national and European-intervention by different levels of government, and the promotion of transparency and accountability in the public policies associated with it. |
Reforma da sustentabilidade financeira do setor público em Portugal e na União Europeia: perspectivas a partir dos paradigmas de gestão pública
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Source: Author’s elaboration based on Eurostat