As identidades regionais e papéis do Estado na retórica populista: os casos do Brasil e da Polônia

Sawicka, Monika

doi:10.1590/s0102-6992-20243901e51429

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Dossier: Social sciences and scientists in the context of post-truth • Soc. estado. 39 (01) • Jan-Apr 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/s0102-6992-20243901e51429 linkcopiar

As identidades regionais e papéis do Estado na retórica populista: os casos do Brasil e da Polônia

Autoria SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Este estudo examina a maneira como os formuladores nacional-conservadores de política externa conceitualizam sua própria vizinhança e as principais plataformas de cooperação regional. Por meio de uma análise comparativa da retórica política sobre suas respetivas regiões e os laços que ligam a Polônia e o Brasil a elas, o artigo procura responder às seguintes perguntas de pesquisa: Como é que as elites políticas conservadoras brasileiras e polonesas imaginam o pertencimento regional do Estado? Como elas retratam as principais iniciativas de integração regional das quais o Brasil e a Polônia são membros e como as identidades regionais podem afetar essas articulações discursivas?

Palavras-chave:
Jair Bolsonaro; Andrzej Duda; populismo; identidade regional; União Europeia; Mercosul

Autoria

person Monika Sawicka

school. Universidade Jaguelônica, Instituto de Estudos Americanos e Diáspora Polonesa, Cracóvia, Pequena Polônia (voivodia, não temos estados), Polônia, monika.sawicka@uj.edu.plUniversidade JaguelônicaPolôniaCracóvia, Polônia. Universidade Jaguelônica, Instituto de Estudos Americanos e Diáspora Polonesa, Cracóvia, Pequena Polônia (voivodia, não temos estados), Polônia, monika.sawicka@uj.edu.pl

0000-0002-8889-6061

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

. Universidade Jaguelônica, Instituto de Estudos Americanos e Diáspora Polonesa, Cracóvia, Pequena Polônia (voivodia, não temos estados), Polônia, monika.sawicka@uj.edu.plUniversidade JaguelônicaPolôniaCracóvia, Polônia. Universidade Jaguelônica, Instituto de Estudos Americanos e Diáspora Polonesa, Cracóvia, Pequena Polônia (voivodia, não temos estados), Polônia, monika.sawicka@uj.edu.pl

Tabelas

Tabelas (2)

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Table 1 The region and its main integration platforms as presented in President Duda’s statements

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Table 2 The region and its main integration platforms as presented in presidential and ministerial statements

table_chartTable 1 The region and its main integration platforms as presented in President Duda’s statements

Europe (Europa)	“family of states and nations”, “Christian European community” - a civilizational and cultural community to which Poland belongs since the introduction of Christianity, based on Greek philosophy, Roman law, and Christianity
Central Europe (Europa Centralna / Środkowa)	a symbolic and geographic entity in which Poland is embedded, referred to as “our region”, the primary point of reference, a group of post-communist countries that have integrated into Europe (implicitly: Western Europe) after joining the European Union, this way completing the European unification project; an area with a lower level of socio-economic development that is trying to “catch up” with Western Europe
Central-Eastern Europe (Europa Środkowo-Wschodnia)	a term used interchangeably with the term Central Europe
Western Europe (Europa Zachodnia)	a frequent point of reference: Poland is depicted as belonging to it due to a common Judeo-Christian tradition; on the other hand, in terms of socio-economic development level, Poland is not a part of Western Europe but strives to “catch up” with it, making Polish families’ standard of living comparable
European Union (Unia Europejska)	a community that is the most mature manifestation of European civilization based on values, an organization that ensures the socio-economic development of its members; EU membership enjoys broad support among Poles and is not contested by leading Polish political parties; a space for the clash of interests of diverse states, an international organization with an elaborate institutional apparatus claiming the right (in an unsanctioned manner, going against EU treaties) to “impose its will” on sovereign states; “an imaginary” (wyimaginowana)/”fictitious” (fikcyjna) community dealing with “imaginary problems” due to ideology
Three Seas Initiative (3SI, Trójmorze)	the main European initiative of President Duda, of which he was the co-originator (it includes 13 Central-Eastern European countries from the Baltic, Black and Adriatic seas), the head of state stressed that the 3SI is implemented as a project within the EU, its main aim was the improvement of infrastructure and interconnectivity to “catch up” with Western Europe
Visegrád Group (V4) (Grupa Wyszehradzka)	a platform of political cooperation formed by Poland, Czechia, Slovakia, and Hungary whose members according to President Duda shared a common view on major issues in the EU; their coordination efforts and joint positions were to strengthen the voice of Central Europe within the EU structures

table_chartTable 2 The region and its main integration platforms as presented in presidential and ministerial statements

Americas / America	mentions are rare (and include references to the Summit of the Americas), a space where democracy and human rights require protection against the threats identified by Brazil; a space in which Brazil jointly with the US have important roles of defending fundamental values underlying hemispheric cooperation
Latin America	mentions are few and refer to a geographic location rather than a community (e.g. only four excerpts from President Bolsonaro’s speeches mentioning LA were coded), Minister Araújo only once admitted that Latin America was Brazil’s priority and mentioned Latin American integration;
South America	the continent in which Brazil is geographically located and in which it holds a special status due to its vast resources; President Bolsonaro mentions SA scarcely, reflections on regional unity and deepening integration as a foreign policy priority are missing in his speeches; the approach towards SA is “pragmatic”, focused on economic affairs and the promotion of two values: freedom and democracy; the region is a hostile environment due to socialism (and other -isms) “looming over” the region and threatening Brazil; Venezuela, Cuba, Bolivia, and Argentina (after the return of Kirchneristas) are depicted as dysfunctional states in deep crisis that embody all that Brazil is not and should not become - the negative Significant Others
the Amazon region (região Amazônica or países Amazônicos)	President Bolsonaro and his FA ministers mostly refer to the Brazilian Amazon, in several speeches, however, policymakers mention Amazon countries (i.a. as “the masters of our territories, of our destiny”), Brazilian neighbors sharing the valuable biome; the sense of cooperation is justified by international pressure experienced by Amazon countries to protect their resources, common developmental and security challenges including cross-border issues, and a shared sense of threat to national sovereignty over their part of the Amazon
Mercosul	a regional economic cooperation organization requiring reforms and „the return to its roots” of open regionalism; a promoter of democracy and liberty in the region; while at Mercosul summits Bolsonaro and Araújo mentioned cooperation successes, much attention was directed to its past ideologization, lack of outcomes; its clear priority is the trade agreement with the EU and removal of barriers to trade
Unasul	“a negative experience” - a failed integration project imbued with leftist ideology mentioned only six times in the corpus of texts; UNASUL was incapable of promoting the values of freedom and democracy, “prolixity was the rule and effectiveness the exception”, a project led by Hugo Chávez which Brazil left after “opening its eyes” (metaphor referring to becoming aware of the leftist threat in the region)
Prosul	a replacement of the ideologized UNASUL, a pragmatic endeavor of democratic (=right-wing) leaders withstanding the totalitarian threat epitomized by Venezuela, focused on delivering “pragmatic outcomes” and defending democracy and liberty, yet, also rarely mentioned by policymakers

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