Bambusoideae (Poaceae) flora of Gallery Forests in Distrito Federal, Brazil: first record of Chusquea in the Central-West region and distribution of threatened species

Abstract

The Cerrado is a diverse biome with a mosaic landscape that includes grasslands, savannas, and forests. Gallery forests are crucial for biodiversity and water resource maintenance. Bamboos are common in these ecosystems and due to their rapid growth, they facilitate the regeneration of tree species. Given their importance and the challenges in species identification, this study aims to catalog the native bamboo flora (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) of the Distrito Federal (DF). Identification keys, morphological descriptions, taxonomic comments, illustrations, conservation status assessments, and distribution maps were developed. Expeditions were conducted between September 2018 and February 2020 to collect specimens, alongside literature reviews and herbarium analyses. We identified 10 genera and 16 species of Bambusoideae. Olyra had the highest species richness, with five species, followed by Aulonemia and Guadua, each with two. The genus Chusquea was first recorded in the Central-West region of Brazil. We also found new populations of Aulonemia xerophylla, a threatened species. Some previously recorded species were not located, suggesting possible local extinction. This study enhances knowledge of bamboo diversity and conservation in the Cerrado, providing valuable information for future research and environmental management.

Key words:
bamboo; Cerrado; floristics; grasses

Resumo

O Cerrado é um bioma heterogêneo, que possui um mosaico de formações vegetais, incluindo campos, savanas e florestas. As matas de galeria são importantes pela alta biodiversidade e manutenção dos recursos hídricos. Os bambus são elementos frequentes nessas matas e, por possuírem rápido crescimento, proporcionam ambiente propício para a regeneração de espécies arbóreas. Pela sua importância e dificuldade de identificação das espécies de bambus, o objetivo do presente estudo é descrever a flora dos bambus (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) das matas de galeria do Distrito Federal (DF), incluindo chaves de identificação, descrições morfológicas, comentários taxonômicos, ilustrações e avaliação do grau de ameaça. Foram realizadas expedições entre setembro de 2018 a fevereiro de 2020 para coleta do material, revisão da literatura e de espécimes previamente depositados em herbários. Foram registrados 10 gêneros e 16 espécies de Bambusoideae no DF. O gênero com maior número de espécies é Olyra, com 5 espécies, seguido de Aulonemia e Guadua, com 2 espécies cada. Chusquea é registrado pela primeira vez na região Centro-Oeste do Brasil. Novas populações de Aulonemia xerophylla, considerada ameaçada, foram localizadas. Várias espécies registradas em herbário no passado não foram relocalizadas, indicando possíveis extinções locais.

Palavras-chave:
bambu; Cerrado; florística; gramíneas

Introduction

Poaceae Barnhart is the fifth richest family of flowering plants (Saarela et al. 2018), with significant cultural, ecological, and economic importance. It encompasses 12 subfamilies, including Bambusoideae Luerss, with 1,698 species in 136 genera, 3 tribes, and 19 subtribes (Soreng et al. 2022). In Brazil, Bambusoideae is represented by 53 genera, comprising approximately 327 species, with about 75% being endemic to the country (Flora e Funga do Brasil 2024, continuously updated).

Bambusoideae is divided into three monophyletic tribes (Saarela et al. 2018; Wysocki et al. 2015; Soreng et al. 2022): Arundinarieae Asch. & Graebn. includes woody bamboos from temperate climates, without native species in Brazil; Bambuseae Kunth ex Dumort. encompasses woody bamboos from Neotropical and Paleotropical regions; and Olyreae Kunth ex Spenn. comprises herbaceous bamboos, with a predominantly Neotropical distribution (GPWG 2001; Sungkaew et al. 2009; Wysocki et al. 2015). Species of Arundinarieae and Bambuseae have strongly lignified culms, usually complex branching patterns, monocarpic flowering cycles, and bisexual spikelets; species of Olyreae, in turn, have herbaceous culms, simple branching patterns, usually polycarpic flowering cycles, and unisexual spikelets (Judziewicz et al. 1999)

The Distrito Federal (DF) encompasses a relatively small area, approximately 5,814 km², and it is situated between 15°47’S and 47°56’W, at an average elevation of about 1,172 meters (IBAMA/FUNATURA 1998). Despite its limited size, the DF lies at the core of the Cerrado biome. Covering roughly 23% of Brazil’s territory, the Cerrado is the country’s second-largest biome and is widely recognized as the most biodiverse savanna on the planet (Colli et al. 2020). It harbors about one-third of Brazil’s biodiversity and nearly 5% of the world’s flora and fauna (Ribeiro & Walter 2008). Although often perceived as a homogeneous landscape, the Cerrado comprises a rich mosaic of habitats and species, many of which are endemic to specific regions and therefore highly vulnerable to habitat loss, which may lead to extinction (Sawyer 2002). Increasing human occupation, including agriculture, extensive livestock grazing, mining and other anthropogenic activities, combined with insufficient legal protection, has placed the biodiversity and ecosystem services of the Cerrado under severe threat (Gondwana Biodiversidade & Nogueira 2021). Myers et al. (2000) emphasized both the ecological importance of the Cerrado flora and the threats it faces by designating the biome as one of Brazil’s two biodiversity hotspots.

The Cerrado includes the headwaters of important hydrographic basins of South America, consisting of streams that are usually associated with forests along their courses, usually referred to as gallery forests (Rodrigues et al. 2022). These forests are characterized by their closed evergreen canopies, surrounded mostly by non-forest vegetation on both riversides; they are important for maintaining and protecting water resources and harbor a relevant part of Cerrado’s biodiversity (Felfili et al. 2000; Ribeiro & Walter 2001). Increasing human occupation, such as agriculture, extensive pastures, mining, and other anthropogenic activities enhanced by the lack of adequate legal protection, has been putting the Cerrado’s biodiversity and its environmental services under extreme threat (Gondwana Biodiversidade & Nogueira 2021).

The presence and frequency of native bamboos in the gallery forests can be a useful indicator of their preservation, since some species may manifest invasive behavior, but have the potential to help in the recovery of the forests, as they are capable of producing a fast coverage which retains the soil, avoids erosion, and provides adequate conditions for the establishment of tree species (Felfili et al. 2000).

The native bamboo flora of the DF, as outlined by Filgueiras (1988), recorded 7 genera and 10 species. In contrast, the Flora e Funga do Brasil 2025 (continuously updated) lists 13 genera and 22 species of native and naturalized bamboos in the DF. However, the treatment of Poaceae in this database remains incomplete, with several sections still under development. It is also important to note that the current list, while taxonomically broad, is based on contributions from various specialists by genus and does not result from targeted fieldwork or detailed herbarium studies focused specifically on the DF. As a result, it may not fully represent the true species richness of bamboos in the area, nor adequately reflect the presence of threatened taxa. Consequently, there is a pressing need to expand field collections and implement systematic monitoring of bamboo populations in the DF to improve our understanding and conservation efforts.

The purpose of this work was to document the Bambusoideae flora of the DF gallery forests based on systematic field collections, field notes, and a study of herbarium specimens. This survey contributes to the knowledge of the group within the Cerrado biome and assesses the conservation status of these species. The article includes identification keys, morphological descriptions, taxonomic comments, illustrations, conservation status assessment, and distribution maps for the species treated in the DF’s river basins.

Materials and Methods

Study area

The Distrito Federal (DF) occupies an area of approximately 5,814 km², positioned between 15°47’S and 47°56’W, with an average elevation of 1,172 meters. According to the Köppen-Geiger (KG) classification, the climate is “Aw”, typically tropical, with a dry winter season and a rainy summer (Peel et al. 2007). The mean annual temperature ranges from 22 °C to 24 °C, and the average annual rainfall is 1,600 mm (IBAMA/FUNATURA 1998).

The DF encompasses seven river basins: Corumbá, Descoberto, Maranhão, Paranoá, Preto, São Bartolomeu, and São Marcos. These basins contain the headwaters of major Brazilian river systems, such as the Maranhão River, a tributary of the Tocantins-Araguaia River; the Preto River, a tributary of the São Francisco River; and the Corumbá, Descoberto, Paranoá, São Bartolomeu, and São Marcos rivers, which are tributaries of the Paranaíba River, part of the Paraná River basin (Adasa 2022).

Data Collection

We conducted 14 expeditions to collect botanical samples in the gallery forests of the DF during both the dry and rainy seasons, between September 2018 and February 2020. Fertile specimens were collected whenever possible, while vegetative materials were gathered from all riparian vegetation to document taxa occurrence for each river basin. Samples were collected following the methodology of Soderstrom & Young (1983) and deposited in the UB herbarium, with duplicates distributed to other herbaria (acronyms follow Thiers, continuously updated).

Identification and descriptions

Morphological analyses were conducted using a stereo microscope. We consulted the relevant literature (Calderón & Soderstrom 1980; Judziewicz et al. 1999) for species identification and supplemented this with herbarium revisions from UB, HEPH, IBGE, SP, SPF, and CEN (Thiers, continuously updated), as well as the SpeciesLink database (<https://specieslink.net/>). In cases of poorly collected taxa in the DF, additional material collected in Goiás state was analyzed to supplement descriptions.

Selected material was cited based on the following criteria: 1. Plants collected by the team; 2. More complete specimens, including spikelets; 3. Specimens with more detailed information about the location.

In this study, only the native species are described. This approach enables a thorough examination of the native species, ensuring a precise understanding of their distribution and characteristics, while also providing a useful tool for identifying any bamboo, including non-native species, present in the region.

The terminology used to describe character states at the subfamily and subgenus levels was adapted from Calderón & Soderstrom (1980), Judziewicz et al. (1999), Longhi-Wagner et al. (2001), and Soderstrom & Zuloaga (1989).

Morphological characters presented in the descriptions of genera were gathered from the Flora e Funga do Brasil website, and, when relevant, complemented by specimens examined from the study area.

Conservation status and maps

The conservation status assessment of the species was evaluated using the guidelines of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN Standards and Petitions Committee 2024). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) were calculated using the GeoCAT tool (Bachman et al. 2011), using 2 × 2 km grid cells (4 km² area). Distribution maps were prepared using QGIS v.3.2.3. For some species, conservation status assessments were already available in national or regional databases and therefore were not reassessed in this study. New assessments were conducted only for those species lacking previous evaluations within the territory of the DF (Flora e Funga do Brasil 2024, continuously updated).

Results and Discussion

In this study, we recorded 23 species across 14 genera. The genus with the largest number of species was Olyra L., with five species (O. ciliatifolia Raddi, O. glaberrima Raddi, O. humilis Nees, O. latifolia L., and O. taquara Swallen), followed by Aulonemia Goudot (A. aristulata (Döll) McClure and A. xerophylla P.L. Viana & Filg.), Bambusa Schreb. (B. tuldoides Munro, B. vulgaris Schrad. ex J.C. Wendl.), Dendrocalamus Nees (D. asper (Schult. & Schult.f.) Baker ex K. Heyne, D. giganteus Wall. ex Munro), and Guadua Kunth (G. paniculata Munro and G. refracta Munro), each contributing two species. Actinocladum McClure ex Soderstr. (A. verticillatum (Nees) McClure ex Soderstr.), Chusquea Kunth (C. attenuata (Döll) L.G. Clark), Drepanostachyum Keng f. (D. falcatum (Nees) Keng f.), Filgueirasia Guala (F. canavieira (Silveira) Guala), Merostachys Spreng. (M. filgueirasii Send), Phyllostachys Siebold & Zucc. (P. aurea Carrière ex Rivière & C. Rivière), Taquara I.L.C. Oliveira & R.P. Oliveira (T. micrantha I.L.C. Oliveira & R.P. Oliveira), Raddiella Swallen (R. esenbeckii (Steud.) C.E. Calderón & Soderstr.), and Rhipidocladum McClure (R. parviflorum (Trin.) McClure) were each represented by a single species.

A total of seven introduced species were recorded for DF. Bambusa tuldoides has a pantropical distribution and was introduced to Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, in the late 18th century for industrial use, particularly in the paper and cellulose sectors; large stands of this species persist, often occupying productive and protected areas (Felker et al. 2017). Although not officially listed as invasive (SEMA 2013; Shirasuna et al. 2013), studies suggest that dense populations of B. tuldoides reduce species richness and hinder natural regeneration by shading the understory and disrupting successional dynamics (Felker et al. 2017).

Bambusa vulgaris, commonly referred to as “common bamboo”, is extensively cultivated and frequently naturalized across Brazil, especially in the Southeast and Northeast. Its rapid growth and dense stands can outcompete native vegetation (Silva et al. 2011). Species of Dendrocalamus (D. asper and D. giganteus), or “bambu-balde”, native to Asia, are widely cultivated for their large culms used in construction.

Other exotic species include Drepanostachyum falcatum, a bamboo from Cambodia, Laos, Nepal, Vietnam, and West Himalaya (POWO 2025), used ornamentally in Brazil. While its ecological impact is not well-documented, its potential for competition is similar to that of other introduced species. Phyllostachys aurea, or golden bamboo, is a temperate species from China that is popular in ornamental plantings but is known for aggressive rhizomatous spread, forming monocultures that suppress native regeneration (Lorenzi & Souza 2005). Phyllostachys reticulata, often referred to as P. bambusoides Siebold & Zucc., also exhibits invasive behavior because of its robust growth and competitive ability (Lorenzi & Souza 2005).

In this study, nine of the 16 native species could not be located in the field: Aulonemia aristulata, Filgueirasia cannavieira, Guadua paniculata, G. refracta, Merostachys filgueirasii, Olyra glaberrima, Taquara micrantha, and Rhipidocladum parviflorum. There are few records for most of these species in DF, many of them from old collections, indicating the need for intensified studies and monitoring of bamboo populations. Herbarium collections often focus on reproductive samples, and the scarcity of bamboo specimens in herbaria may be due to the long intervals between flowering periods. However, most Cerrado bamboos are from riparian forests, and this study includes more species than previously listed for the DF region, with about 22 species (Flora e Funga do Brasil 2024, continuously updated). Deforestation and changes in river systems are very damaging to these species, with a high possibility of mass extinctions due to their habitat specificity. Although Aulonemia xerophylla was considered threatened by Viana et al. (2013), we recorded new populations in the DF and Alto Paraíso de Goiás. Aulonemia xerophylla occurs in periodic rivers on rocky soils surrounding shrub-herbaceous vegetation.

Merostachys filgueirasii is considered endemic to the Distrito Federal (Sendulsky 1995; Flora e Funga do Brasil 2024, continuously updated). This species is related to the M. multiramea complex (Sendulsky 1995). During our study, however, we confirmed that a population found in the municipality of Alto Paraíso de Goiás also corresponds to M. filgueirasii, based on revised material. Therefore, we report here a new occurrence for the species outside the Distrito Federal. Despite extensive fieldwork, no new populations were located within the Distrito Federal, and previously known populations, including the one at Catetinho (T.S. Filgueiras, B.A.S. Pereira 953, IBGE), could not be re-encountered.

In Brazil, Chusquea is more diverse in the Atlantic Forest (Judziewicz et al. 1999), and the new record of C. attenuata in the riparian forests of the DF strengthens the connection between these floras (Oliveira-Filho & Martins 1986, Oliveira-Filho & Ratter 1995a, Oliveira-Filho & Ratter 1995b). We collected only one specimen of C. attenuata, in Paraíso da Terra reserve, DF; in this location, we also recorded two populations of Aulonemia xerophylla, highlighting the importance of the Paraíso na Terra reserve for the Cerrado conservation. Actinocladum verticillatum is a common species in the Cerrado biome (Elias et al. 2017) and has a strong ability to regenerate after fires due to its soil-level buds (Soderstrom 1981). This species often dominates anthropogenically altered riparian forests and areas with frequent fires in the Distrito Federal. Elias et al. (2015, 2017) indicated that A. verticillatum negatively affects the density of woody vegetation and species richness, impacting plant community regeneration. However, this bamboo also has forage potential, particularly given its growth on rocky soils and its persistence of green foliage during the dry season (Filgueiras & Pereira 1984).

Bamboos in general can interfere with ecological processes such as seed rain, seed bank, and species recruitment, being considered inhibitors of ecological succession (Connell & Slatyer 1977). Outside their natural habitat, bamboos lack natural predators or equivalent competitors, which can lead to environmental imbalance in the areas where they are introduced (Silva et al. 2011). Studies on the impact of bamboos in forest formations have shown that they alter the structure, floristic composition, and resilience of plant communities (Elias et al. 2015, Fukushima et al. 2015), potentially hindering or preventing the development of native forest regeneration.

Identification key of the Bambusoideae from Distrito Federal (adapted from Judziewicz et al. 1999)

• 1. Culms herbaceous to weakly lignified; culm leaf absent; leaves without an outer ligule; spikelets unisexual.

• 2. Small bamboos, 0.08-0.4 m tall; leaf blades 1.5-2.4 × 0.4-0.8 cm, oval-triangular; synflorescences racemose 0.5-3 cm long........................8. Raddiella esenbeckii

• 2’. Bamboo of different sizes, 0.4-4 m tall; leaf blades (3-)4,3-32 × 1-8(-15) cm, oblong-lanceolate, oval-lanceolate, to lanceolate; synflorescences paniculate, 5,5-25 cm long.

• 3. Female spikelets (11,6-)14-25 mm long, disarticulating above the glumes, pedicels thickened; female anthecium smooth or pitted, glabrous or pilose 7. Olyra

• 3’. Female spikelets 10-12 mm long, disarticulating below the glumes, pedicels not thickened; female anthecium foveolate, glabrous 10. Taquara micrantha

• 1’. Culms strongly lignified; culm leaf usually well developed (absent in Aulonemia); foliage leaves with outer ligule; spikelets (pseudospikelets in Guadua) bisexual.

• 4. Branches armed with thorns..................................................................5. Guadua

• 5’. Internodes solid ..........................................................3. Chusquea attenuata

• 4’. Branches not armed with thorns.............................................................5. Guadua

• 5’. Internodes hollow or pithy ............................................................................6

• 6. Midculm nodes with a distinctly fan-shaped bud and branching patterns. ................................................................................................................7

• 7. Foliage leaf blades dimorphic (culms terminating in a leaf complement of 6 or 7 blades larger than the others) 1. Actinocladum verticillatum

• 7’. Foliage leaf blades apparently monomorphic, all about the same size.

• 8. Culms usually robust and thick-walled, internodes often scabrous or mottled (or both); culm leaf blades reflexed, narrower than the sheath summit, deciduous.................................................................................................................................................. 6. Merostachys filgueirasii

• 8’. Culms usually weak and thin-walled, with smooth, non-mottled (uniform) internodes; culm leaf blades erect, confluent with the sheath summit, persistent...........9. Rhipidocladum parviflorum

• 6’. Midculm nodes lacking a distinctly fan-shaped bud and branching patterns.

• 9. Branch complement consisting of 1-15 equal branches; leaf blades erect....................................................................................................................................................................4. Filgueirasia cannavieira

• 9’. Branch complement with a single divergent branch; leaf blades spreading to reflexed....................................................2. Aulonemia

1. Actinocladum McClure exSoderstr., Amer. J. Bot. 68: 1201 (1981).

Lignified bamboos, rhizomes pachymorph. Culm 3-4.6 m tall, 0.7-1.4 cm in diameter; internodes hollow, green to yellow, glabrous branch complement consisting of 10-15 subequal branches, without thorns. Culm and foliage leaves differentiated. Culm leaf sheath fimbriae present, auricles absent; blades at first flat, erect, then becoming concave and held horizontally, deciduous. Foliage leaves dimorphic, culms terminating in a leaf complement of 6 or 7 blades larger than the others; leaf sheath fimbriae present, auricles absent; blades lanceolate to linear lanceolate, erect or reflexed, persistent. Synflorescence 1-4 cm long, terminal, panicle, lax, bearing bisexual spikelets. Spikelets 3-5.5 cm long; 2 glumes; 3 stamens.

1.1. Actinocladum verticillatum (Nees) McClure exSoderstr., Amer. J. Bot. 68 1204. (1981). Fig. 1

Culms 3-4.6 m tall, 0.7-1.4 cm in diameter; internodes, are covered by a thin layer of white wax when young. Culm leaf deciduous; blade at first flat, erect, then becoming concave and held horizontally, glabrous. Midculm branch complement with 5-7 leaves; leaf sheath glabrous to pubescent with ciliate margins; pseudopetiole glabrous; blades lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 8-13 × 1-1.3 cm; apex of culms with 6-7 leaves, these with sheath finely pubescent with ciliate margins, pseudopetiole glabrous, blade lanceolate, 15-23 × 4 cm. Synflorescence 1-4 × 0.3-0.8 cm. Spikelets linear, 3-5.5 cm long, glumes 2, glabrous.

Figure 1
Geographic distribution map of Actinocladum verticillatum.

Examined material: Brazlândia, trilha da Cachoeira do Poço Azul, 15°34’56.51”S, 48°02’48.62”W, 6.II.2019, I.K. Mutinelli et al. 4 (UB); Chapada Imperial, trilha seguindo para o Lago da Onça, 15°33’36.56”S, 48°06’25.95”W, 12.II.2019, fl., I.K. Mutinelli et al. 28 (UB); Parque Ecológico Terraviva, Cachoeira da Vida, 15°35’13.28”S, 48°03’57.18”W, 26.II.2019, R.C. Oliveira et al. 3568 (UB); Santa Maria, Cachoeira do Tororó, trilha logo após a ponte, 15°59’00.04”S, 47°50’03.40”W, 18.III.2019, I.K. Mutinelli et al. 47 (UB).

Actinocladum verticillatum has a large distribution, but in DF, its EOO and AOO were 2,736,839 km² and 76,000 km², respectively. No information was obtained to assess population trends, more comments below. Although few collections have been made in the Distrito Federal, this species has been recorded in the states of Amazonas, Bahia, Distrito Federal, Goiás, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Pará, Piauí, and São Paulo (Andrade et al. 2022). Consequently, it is classified as Least Concern (LC) regarding its conservation status.

Actinocladum verticillatum resembles Rhipidocladum in having fan-shaped bud complements (Judziewicz et al. 1999). They are primarily distinguished by the dimorphism of the leaf blades in Actinocladum, where the blades at the terminal nodes are much broader than those on the proximal branches, a characteristic not seen in Rhipidocladum. For further distinctive features of the latter, refer to Tyrrell & Viana (2024).

2. Aulonemia Goudot, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 3, 5: 75 (1846).

Lignified bamboos, rhizomes pachymorph or amphimorph. Culms 0.3-7 m long, 0.1-4 cm in diameter; internodes hollow, green to pale brown, glabrous to pubescent; branch complement with a single dominant branch, without thorns. Culm and foliage leaves not differentiated. Foliage leaves monomorphic, culms terminating in a similar-sized leaf to others; leaf sheath fimbriae present, rarely absent, auricles absent; blades linear to lanceolate, reflexed to spreading. Synflorescence terminal, panicle, lax to contracted, bearing bisexual spikelets. Spikelets 0.8-4 cm long; 2-3 glumes; 3 stamens.

Identification key to Aulonemia species

• 1. Leaf blades chartaceous; pseudopetioles 1-2 mm long, fimbriae 2-10 mm long. Spikelets linear-lanceolate, with 4-5 fertile anthecia..........2.1. Aulonemia aristulata

• 1’. Leaf blades coriaceous; pseudopetioles 3-7.9 mm long, fimbriae 1-4 mm long. Spikelets elliptical, with 5-8 fertile anthecia....................2.2. Aulonemia xerophylla

2.1. Aulonemia aristulata (Döll) McClure, Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 9: 56 (1973).Fig. 2

Culms 1-4 m tall, 0.2-0.3 cm in diameter, internodes green to brown, glabrous to pubescent on nodal region. Pseudopetioles 1-2 mm. Leaf sheath with free apical fimbriae present, 2-10 mm long, erect or winding; pseudopetioles 1-2 mm long; blades lanceolate, 10.5-21 × 1.2-2.4 cm, chartaceous, reflexed to spreading. Synflorescence 9-35 cm, oblong to pyramidal, light green. Spikelets linear-lanceolate, 2.5-3 cm long, fertile anthecium 4-5.

Figure 2
Geographic distribution map of Aulonemia aristulada and Aulonemia xerophylla.

Examined material: Parque Municipal do Gama, 30 km SE de Brasília, 16°02’27”S, 48°03’14”W, 4.IX.1964, H.S. Irwin, T.R. Soderstrom et al. 5962 (UB); ca. 25 km E de Brasília, na estrada para Planaltina, 25.X.1965, fl., H.S. Irwin, R. Souza et al. 9524 (UB).

In the DF, Aulonemia aristulata has an Extent of Occurrence (EOO) of 371,730 km² and an Area of Occupancy (AOO) of 20,000 km², based on collections in herbaria. Despite the limited records in the studied area, this species is also documented in Bahia, Espírito Santo, Goiás, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, and São Paulo (Viana et al. 2022). Consequently, it is classified as Least Concern (LC).

Despite its widespread distribution and extensive documentation in herbaria (Viana 2010; Filgueiras & Viana 2017; Flora e Funga do Brasil 2024, continuously updated), the species was not encountered during recent expeditions. This could be due to its tendency to flower gregariously every 15 to 16 years (Viana 2010) or possible localized extinction events.

Aulonemia aristulata is distinct from A. xerophylla due to its slender culms and climbing habit, whereas A. xerophylla has an upright habit. Additionally, A. aristulata has spikelets with long awns, unlike the awnless spikelets of A. xerophylla (Viana et al. 2013). Vieira (2015) also noted that A. aristulata has a slower leaf decomposition rate compared to other bamboo species in the studied area.

2.2. Aulonemia xerophylla P.L. Viana & Filg., Novon 22: 372-374, f. 1, 2 (2013). Figs. 2; 3a-b

Culms 1-3 m tall. 0.2-0.7 cm in diameter; internodes pale brown, glabrous to usually covered by an ephemeral wax, more conspicuous on young shoots. Leaf ligular region with apical fimbriae 1-4 mm, erect; pseudopetioles 3-7.9 mm long; blades lanceolate 10.2-22 × 1.9-3.3 cm long, coriaceous, reflexed. Synflorescence 21.5-27.2 cm, oblong to pyramidal, purple. Spikelets elliptical, laterally compressed, 0.9-1.6 cm long; fertile anthecium 5-8 (Fig. 3a-b).

Figure 3
a-b. Aulonemia xerophylla - a. habit growing on rocks in a seasonal stream, Distrito Federal, showing reflexed leaf blades; b. foliage leaves showing fimbriae. c. Raddiella esenbeckii - branch. d. Phyllostachys aurea - culm with branches. e-f. Guadua paniculata - e. branching pattern and foliage leaves; f. culm with thorns. Photographs by Regina Célia de Oliveira and Ingrid Mutinelli.

Examined material: Brazlândia, APA de Cafuringa, 15°55’S, 48°01’W, 12.IV.2007, T.S. Filgueiras & D. Graciano-Ribeiro 3705 (IBGE, holotype). Chapada Imperial, 500 m antes do Lago da Onça em um afluente periódico, 15°33’36.56”S, 48°06”25.95”W, 12.II.2019, I.K. Mutinelli et al. 27 (UB); Paraíso na Terra, na descida para Cachoeira do Futuro, borda de mata-de-galeria do rio Barreiro, VI.2018, R. Guimarães & R.C. Oliveira 120 (UB); mesmo local, R.C. Oliveira et al. 3512 (UB); próximo ao riacho periódico às margens do caminho para Mumunhas, à cerca de 500 m do restaurante, 15°35’34.3”S, 48°10’19”W , 26.IX.2018, fl., R.C. Oliveira et al. 3512 (UB). Goiás: Alto Paraíso, trilha para a cachoeira do Kranti localizada à esquerda na estrada Alto Paraíso-Moinho, 2 km depois da ponte, 9.X.2019, R.C. Oliveira 3776 (UB). margem da BR Alto Paraíso - Brasília, após 5 km da estrada que dá acesso à Aldeia Multiétnica, 18.XII.2019, R.C. Oliveira et al. 3790 (UB).

Aulonemia xerophylla is considered rare and endangered (EN), and it was described based on only two collections (Viana et al. 2013). Despite the discovery of new populations, the Extent of Occurrence (EOO) is 1,161,126 km² and the Area of Occupancy (AOO) is 20,000 km², maintaining its endangered status.

This species is unique in the genus for its leathery leaves, awnless spikelets, and drooping leaf blades with fringes in the ligule region. In the DF, A. xerophylla was found during this study in three nearby areas in the Chapada da Contagem. Additional populations were mapped in Alto Paraíso de Goiás, along intermittent rivers surrounded by sandstone and quartzite. Despite these new findings, significant morphological homogeneity was observed among individuals. Studies on genetic variability are needed to obtain more reliable parameters regarding the conservation status of the species.

3. Chusquea Kunth, J. Phys. Chim. Hist. Nat. Arts 95: 151 (1822).

Lignified bamboos, rhizomes pachymorph. Culms 1-20 m long, 0.2-6 cm in diameter; internodes solid, yellow to brown, glabrous; branch complement with one dominant branch and many smaller branches, without thorns. Culm and foliage leaves differentiated. Culm leaf sheath fimbriae absent, auricles absent; blades erect, persistent or deciduous. Foliage leaf monomorphic, culms terminating in a similar-sized leaf to others; leaf sheath fimbriae absent, auricles present or absent; blades linear, linear- lanceolate, lanceolate, broadly lanceolate or ovate, erect or reflexed, persistent. Synflorescence terminal, panicle or raceme, lax to contracted, bearing bisexual spikelets. Spikelets 4.8-20.6 mm long; 4 glumes; 3 stamens.

3.1. Chusquea attenuata (Döll) L.G. Clark, Novon 3: 237 (1993). Figs. 4; 5a-c

Culms 2-4 m tall, 0.2-1.2 cm in diameter, climbing; internodes internodes yellow or brown, glabrous. Culm leaf sheath glabrous, striped ribs. Foliage leaf sheath fimbriae absent, auricles present, scabrous to ciliated, flattened upper face; blades linear-lanceolate, 6-12 × 0.4-0.9 cm long, midvein prominent, base asymmetrical. Synflorescence not seen.

Figure 4
Geographic distribution map of Chusquea attenuata.

Figure 5
a-c. Chusquea attenuata - a. culms and branches; b. branch insertion showing a larger central bud and numerous smaller branches surrounding it; c. culm cross-section with solid internodes. d-f. Olyra taquara - d. upper glume; e. lower glume; f. upper anthecium. g-j. Olyra humilis - g. upper glume; h. lower glume; i. lower anthecium; j. upper anthecium. (a-c. R.M. Guimarães et al. 116, UB; d-f. K. Mutinelli et al. 49, UB; g-j. I.K. Mutinelli et al. 41, UB). Photographs by Mayco Werllen.

Examined material: Brazlândia, Fazenda Paraíso na Terra, Instituto teosófico, 15°35’34.4”S, 48°10’0.24”W, 18.VII.2018, R.M. Guimarães et al. 116 (UB).

Chusquea attenuata is known to occur in Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro (Flora e Funga do Brasil 2024, continuously updated), with its first record now in the Cerrado biome in the DF. According to IUCN guidelines (IUCN 2017), C. attenuata is classified as endangered (EN) (Clark et al. 2024). Since a formal conservation assessment for this species already exists, based on a broader distribution range, no new evaluation was carried out in this study. However, its occurrence in the DF contributes new data to its known distribution and reinforces the importance of local conservation efforts (Clark et al. 2024).

As the sole representative of the genus in DF, the combination of generic characters such as midculm node buds and a branch complement arranged in a horizontal line, with one dominant branch and several smaller surrounding and unarmed branches, is sufficient to distinguish C. attenuata from other species.

Observations in the Serra do Caraça indicate that C. attenuata has a reproductive cycle of seven years (Vasconcelos et al. 2005). The single population found did not flower during the three expeditions to the collection site.

4. Filgueirasia Guala, Bamboo Sci. Cult. 17: 2 (2003).

Lignified bamboos, rhizomes pachymorph. Culms 0.5-2.5 m tall, 1-9 mm in diameter; internodes hollow, green, glabrous to finely pubescent on young culms; branch complement subequal, not fan-shaped, with 1-15 branches, without thorns. Culm and foliage leaves differentiated. Culm leaf sheath fimbriae present, auricles present; blades erect, deciduous or persistent. Monomorphic foliage leaf, culms terminating in a similar-sized leaf to others; leaf sheath fimbriae present, auricles present; blades linear, erect, persistent. Synflorescence, terminal, racemose, contracted, bearing bisexual spikelets. Spikelets 2.5-10.4 cm long; 2 glumes; 3 stamens.

4.1. Filgueirasia cannavieira (Silveira) Guala, Bamboo Sci. Cult. 17: 3 (2003).Fig. 6

Culms 0.45-1.75 m tall, 1-9 mm in diameter; internodes hollow, green or glaucous, glabrous to finely pubescent. Culm leaf sheath glabrous, blade lanceolate, 1-3 × 0.3- 0.8 cm, erect. Foliage leaf sheath ciliolate to hispidulous or with copious white hairs and long flexuous white oral setae along the distal margin; pseudopetiole unknown; blades linear 3.3-31.4 cm × 0.5-1.1 cm. Synflorescence racemose, with secund branches. Spikelets linear to ellipsoid, 2.5-10.4 cm long; fertile anthecia 3-15.

Figure 6
Geographic distribution map of Filgueirasia cannavieira and Merostachys filgueirasii.

Examined material: DISTRITO FEDERAL: Bacia do Rio São Bartolomeu, 15°50’32.2”S, 47°42’41.9”W, 13.X.1980, fl., E. P. Heringer et al. 5725 (SP); Quebrada dos Guimarães, 15°77’97”S, 47°92’96”W, 5.VII.1989, T.S. Filgueiras et al. 1807 (SP). GOIÁS: Niquelândia, Fazenda do Engenho, ca. 11 km de Niquelândia/Dois Irmãos, 14°38’03”S, 48°29’19”W, 28.VI.1997, F.C.A. Oliveira et al. 776 (SP).

Endemic to the Brazilian Cerrado, this species is found in the Distrito Federal, Goiás, and Minas Gerais (Flora e Funga do Brasil 2024, continuously updated). The Extent of Occurrence (EOO) is 860,352,967 km² and the Area of Occupancy (AOO) is 72,000 km². The most recent sightings of F. cannavieira were in 2017, 2004, and 1997, with the last observation in the Distrito Federal dating back to 1989. In the latest survey, no populations were found, thus, the status is classified as endangered (EN).

Filgueirasia includes two endemic species to the Brazilian Cerrado, F. cannavieira and F. arenicola (McClure) Guala. The species are distinguished by their persistent culm leaves (deciduous in F. arenicola) and by the foliage leaves, which have blades 5-11 mm wide in F. cannavieira and 1-2.7 mm wide in F. arenicola (Filgueiras 2021). Filgueirasia arenicola is recorded in Bahia, Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, and Minas Gerais (Flora e Funga do Brasil 2024, continuously updated), it has not been collected in the Distrito Federal.

Guala (2001) noted that F. cannavieira is well-adapted to its environment, with compact knotty rhizomes that bear many buds and a short, multi-stemmed habit, as well as being relatively coarse. Both species raise in full sun and remain green during the dry season, making them an important alternative forage resource for cattle raised in native pasture systems (Filgueiras & Vianna 2017).

5. Guadua Kunth, J. Phys. Chim. Hist. Nat. Arts 95: 150 (1822).

Lignified bamboos, rhizomes pachymorph. Culms 3-30 m tall, 1.5-13 cm in diameter; internodes usually hollow, sometimes solid , green to pale brown, glabrous to densely pilose; branch complement with a dominant branch and few to many smaller branches, with thorns. Culm and foliage leaves differentiated. Culm leaf sheath fimbriae present or absent, auricles present or absent; blades erect, deciduous or persistent. Foliage leaves monomorphic, culms terminating in a similar-sized leaf to others; leaf sheath fimbriae present, auricles present or absent; blades linear to lanceolate, erect or reflexed, deciduous or persistent. Synflorescence, terminal and axillary, lax, bearing bisexual pseudospikelets. Pseudospikelets 1-7 cm long; 1-many glumes; 3 or 6 stamens.

Identification key to Guadua species

• 1. Culms 5-10 m tall, 1.5-4 cm in diameter; internodes glabrous; culm leaf persistent at basal nodes and deciduous at apical ones, leaf sheath fimbriae and auricles absent or rarely present; foliage leaf sheath with persistent apical fimbriae, blades 14-18 cm × 0.07-0.15 cm, hirsute pseudopetiole; pseudospikelets compressed laterally.........5.1. Guadua paniculata

• 1’. Culms 6-12 m tall, 4-4.5 cm in diameter; internodes pubescent; culm leaf deciduous, leaf sheath fimbriae present, deciduous, auricles present fimbriate; foliage leaf sheath with deciduous fimbriae, blades 15-20 cm × 0.5-1 cm, pubescent pseudopetiole; pseudospikelets subcylindrical...................................................5.2. Guadua refracta

5.1. Guadua paniculata Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26: 85 (1868). Figs. 3e-f; 7

Culms 5-10 m tall, 1.5-4 cm in diameter; internodes usually solid, sometimes hollow, glabrous. Branch complement in a horizontal line, one dominant and 1-4 smaller branches, armed with thorns. Culm leaf persistent at basal nodes and deciduous at apical ones; leaf sheath fimbriae absent, auricles absent or rarely present; blades triangular, erect. Foliage leaf sheath fimbriae present, auricles usually absent; pseudopetiole short-hirsute; blades linear-lanceolate, 14-18 × 0.7-1 cm. Pseudospikelets linear, laterally compressed, 2-3 cm long.

Figure 7
Geographic distribution map of Guadua paniculata and Guadua refracta.

Examined material: DISTRITO FEDERAL: APA da Cafuringa, Fazenda Palestina, 15°40’S, 47°50’W, 4.VI.1992, fl., B.A.S. Pereira 2244 (SP). GOIÁS: Santo Antônio do Descoberto, 60 km de Brasília, beira de riacho, 15°56’28.1”S, 48°15’29.6”W, 20.X.1976, E.P. Heringer 16236 (SP); Niquelândia, morro pedregoso à direita do asfalto no km 6, da estrada que liga Niquelândia à Companhia de Níquel Tocantins, 14°23’26”S, 48°26’13”W, 15.VIII.1996, fl., T.S. Filgueiras et al. 3378 (SP).

In the DF, the Extent of Occurrence (EOO) and Area of Occupancy (AOO) for G. paniculata are 618,662 km² and 20,000 km², respectively, based on limited occurrence records, with the last observation in the region dating back to 1996. However, G. paniculata has a wide distribution in Brazil and is also recorded in the states of Amazonas, Rondônia, Paraíba, Rio de Janeiro, and Paraná (Flora e Funga do Brasil 2024, continuously updated). Therefore, due to its extensive range, it is classified as Least Concern (LC).

Munro (1868) noted that G. paniculata is morphologically similar to G. refracta, but is distinguished by its more colorful, shorter, and narrower spikelets with fewer flowers. Additionally, the panicle is composed of many compound and divergent branches that incline upward. It is the only species in the genus with papillae associated with stomata on both the adaxial and abaxial surfaces of the leaf blades (Judziewicz et al. 1999). Guadua paniculata is the most widely distributed species in the genus, prevalent in forest-savanna transition areas, and exhibits characteristics of an invasive species, being well-adapted to fire (Filgueiras & Viana 2017; Veldman 2008).

5.2. Guadua refracta Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26: 84 (1868).Fig. 7

Culms 6-12m tall, 4-4.5 cm in diameter; internodes solid, pubescent, color unknown. Branch complement in a horizontal line, one dominant branch and a smaller unknown, armed with thorns. Culm leaf deciduous, small fimbriated auricles present on each side; blades triangular, erect. Foliage leaf sheath fimbriae deciduous, auricles not seen; pseudopetiole pubescent; blades linear or lanceolate, 15-20 cm × 5-10 mm. Pseudospikelets linear, subcylindrical, 1.5-3 cm long.

Examined material: Planaltina, próximo à Escola Agrícola, 15°56’S, 47°52’W, 29.VIII.2007, T.S. Filgueiras 3701 (SP).

Guadua refracta has an Extent of Occurrence (EOO) of 1,577.056 km² and an Area of Occupancy (AOO) of 12,000 km² in the DF. The last two collection records date back to 1996 and 2007. This species also occurs in Bahia, Goiás, Mato Grosso, and Minas Gerais (Shirasuna et al. 2022). Due to its extensive distribution (Flora e Funga do Brasil 2024, continuously updated), it is classified as Least Concern (LC).

Munro (1868) notes that G. refracta can be distinguished from G. venezuelae by its nearly curved branches of the panicle that extend almost to the main axis. It is also morphologically similar to G. paniculata, with distinctions noted in the latter. Very little is known about this species.

6. Merostachys Spreng., Syst. Veg. [Sprengel][23] 1: 132, 249 (1825).

Lignified bamboos, rhizomes pachymorph. Culms 2-20 m tall, 0.3-5 cm in diameter; internodes hollow or rarely medullose, yellowish with purple spots, scabrous; branch complement subequal, fan-shaped, with few to many branches, without thorns. Culm and foliage leaves differentiated. Culm leaf sheath fimbriae present, auricles absent; blades reflexed, narrow, constricted at the base, deciduous. Foliage leaves monomorphic, culms terminating in a similar-sized leaf to others; leaf sheath fimbriae present, auricles absent; blades linear-lanceolate, lanceolate to oval-lanceolate, reflexed or erect, deciduous or persistent. Synflorescence terminal, racemose, pectinate bearing bisexual spikelets. Spikelets 8-16 mm long; 2 glumes; 3 stamens.

6.1. Merostachys filgueirasii Send., Novon 5: 80, f. 3 (1995).Fig. 6

Culms 2-10 m tall, 1-1.5 cm in diameter; internodes hollow, often scabrous, yellowish with purple spots when mature. Culm leaves deciduous; leaf sheath fimbriae present, auricles absent; blades lanceolate 4-5 cm long, reflexed, narrow, deciduous. Branch complements ca. 20 equal branches. Foliage leaf sheath glabrous, fimbriae present, auricles absent; pseudopetiole flat, pubescent; blades lanceolate 4-9 cm long. Synflorescence 3,5-7 cm long, racemose, terminal, pectinate, and densely one-sided. Spikelets 13.5-14 mm long, glumes 2, unequal, the lower one shorter than the upper one; fertile anthecium 1.

Examined material: Brasília, Mata Ciliar do Catetinho, 15°56’55”S, 47°59’16”W, 7.I.1982, fl., T.S. Filgueiras, B.A.S. Pereira 953 (SP, isotype); Reserva Ecológica do IBGE, Mata do Ribeirão Taquara, 15°56’51”S, 47°53’41”W, 20.XI.1990, T.S. Filgueiras, A.L. Brochado 2009 (SP).

In the DF, M. filgueirasii has an Extent of Occurrence (EOO) of 151,237 km² and an Area of Occupancy (AOO) of 20,000 km². Most records to date come from the IBGE Ecological Reserve, likely representing the same population found near Ribeirão Taquara and in Catetinho. The species was first recorded at Fazenda Água Limpa, near Olho D’Água do Onça, by the team conducting this study.

Notably, M. filgueirasii has also been collected in Alto Paraíso de Goiás, GO (D. Graciano-Ribeiro & T.S. Filgueiras 146 (SP) and Filgueiras (2021), a record that does not appear in the Flora e Funga do Brazil 2024 (continuously updated), which considers the species endemic to the DF. A recent attempt to relocate the M. filgueirasii population in Catetinho was unsuccessful. With only one known record outside the DF and limited recent collections, M. filgueirasii is classified as Endangered (EN).

Merostachys filgueirasii is recognized by its scabrous culms and fan-shaped branching, with 20 to 50 branches. When in flower, a rather rare event, the presence of spikelets with pedicels swollen at the base further aids in identifying the species (Filgueiras 2021). Sendulsky (1995), highlights the swollen lateral projections at the base of the pedicels as a distinctive trait of this species.

7. Olyra L., Syst. Nat. 2: 1253, 1261, 1379 (1759).

Herbaceous to weakly lignified bamboos, rhizomes pachymorph or absent. Culms 0.4-4 m tall, 0.1-2 cm in diameter; internodes hollow, green to pale brown, sometimes with purple spots, and glabrous; unbranched at the lower nodes and branched at the upper nodes, without thorns. Culm and foliage leaves not differentiated. Monomorphic foliage leaf, culms terminating in a similar-sized leaf to others; leaf sheath fimbriae absent, auricles present or absent; blades lanceolate to ovate, reflexed or erect, persistent. Synflorescence terminal or axillary, panicle lax to contracted, bearing unisexual spikleets, the lower branches typically with male spikelets only, while the upper may have male spikelets below and terminal female spikelets above or consist solely of female spikelets. Female spikelets (11.6-)14-33 mm long, disarticulating above the glumes; pedicels of female spikelets thickened; anthecium smooth or pitted, glabrous or pilose. Male spikelets are smaller than the female ones; 2 glumes (female spikelets) or glumes absent (male spikelets); 3 stamens.

Identification key to Olyra species

• 1. Plants 1-3 m tall; female spikelet with glabrous anthecium.

• 2. Leaf sheaths uniformly colored, not mottled; female anthecium ovoid, 5.6-6 mm long........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7.4. Olyra latifolia

• 2’. Leaf sheaths mottled, with purple spots; female anthecium fusiform, 8-10 mm long........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7.5. Olyra taquara

• 1’. Plants 0.25-1.3 m tall; female spikelet with pubescent anthecium.

• 3. Female spikelets lanceolate; anthecium fusiform with macrohairs barely evident on the entire surface.............................................................7.1. Olyra ciliatifolia

• 3’. Female spikelets fusiform; anthecium ellipsoid with macrohairs evident only at the apex and base on the ventral surface.

• 4. Leaf blades 4.3-11.5 × 1-2.2 cm; synflorescence 5.5-10 × 1.2-3.5 cm 7.3. Olyra humilis

• 4’. Leaf blades 17-27 × 4-8 cm; synflorescence 8-15 × 3.5-7 cm 7.2. Olyra glaberrima

7.1. Olyra ciliatifolia Raddi, Agrostogr. Bras. 19-20 (1823). Figs. 8; 9f-i

Culms 0.5-1.3 m tall, unbranched. Leaf sheath mottled, sparsely pilose with short whitish hairs to glabrescent, margins ciliate; pseudopetiole 0.2 cm long; blades 7.0-24 × 1.5-5.5 cm, oval-lanceolate, base asymmetrical and truncate, apex acuminate, glabrous on both surfaces. Synflorescence 9.5-19 × 3.5-10 cm, pyramidal; lower branches verticillate, bearing paired male spikelets; upper branches alternate, with paired male spikelets below and a single terminal female spikelet. Female spikelet 11.6-23 mm long, lanceolate, aristate; anthecium fusiform, 6.6-7 mm long, covered by a few evident macrohairs across the entire surface.

Figure 8
Geographic distribution map of Olyra ciliatifolia, Olyra glaberrima, Olyra humilis, Olyra latifolia, and Olyra taquara.

Examined material: Brasília, APA de Cafuringa, Fazenda Palestina, 15°42’57.9”S, 47°55’25.9”W, 21.XI.1992, fl., B.A.S. Pereira 2242 (IBGE); Fercal, próximo à sede da Fazenda Morro Alto, margens do Rio do Sal, 15°30’39”S, 47°57’35”W, 11.III.2019, fl., R.C. Oliveira et al. 3573 (UB).

Olyra ciliatifolia has an Extent of Occurrence (EOO) of 1,547.469 km² and an Area of Occupancy (AOO) of 32,000 km² in the DF. There are few records of this species in the DF, but due to its wide distribution across Brazil, registered in all states except Amapá, Paraíba, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, and Santa Catarina, it is classified as Least Concern (LC).

Olyra ciliatifolia resembles O. bahiensis but can be distinguished by its more reddish or wine-colored male spikelets with shorter and less dense trichomes (Oliveira & Longhi-Wagner 2005). The literature on this species is sparse, but Million et al. (2021) documented its medicinal use by a Kaiowá indigenous group in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, specifically for healing a child’s umbilical cord.

7.2. Olyra glaberrima Raddi, Agrostogr. Bras. 19 (1823).Fig. 8

Culms 0.6-1.3 m tall, unbranched. Leaf sheath greenish to purplish, margins long-ciliate; pseudopetiole 0.3-0.7 cm long; blade 17-27 × 4-8.0 cm, oval-lanceolate, asymmetrical and subcordate base, apex acuminate, glabrous on both surfaces. Synflorescence 8-15 × 3.5-7 cm, pyramidal; lower branches verticillate, bearing only male spikelets or occasionally a single terminal female spikelet; upper branches alternate, with male spikelets below and a single terminal female spikelet. Female spikelets 15-23 mm long, fusiform, aristate; anthecium ellipsoid, 6.5-8.2 mm long, with long macrohairs at the apex and base on the ventral surface.

Examined material: DISTRITO FEDERAL: Brazlândia, APA da Cafuringa, ao longo do Córrego Amador, 15°28’55,6”S, 48°02’56,2”W, 11.I.2016, C.J. Costa et al. 93 (VIC). SÃO PAULO: São Paulo, Parque Ecológico APA do Carmo, trilha sob a nova linha de transmissão, 23°54’00”S, 46°63’00”W, 25.VII.1995, fl., R.J.F. Garcia et al. 677 (SP).

With only a single collection, O. glaberrima has an Extent of Occurrence (EOO) of 0 km² and an Area of Occupancy (AOO) of 4,000 km². Consequently, its range and occupied area are very limited in the DF. However, O. glaberrima is documented throughout the Midwest, Northeast, Southeast, and South regions of Brazil (Oliveira et al. 2022). Therefore, it is classified as Least Concern (LC).

According to Smith et al. (1981), the epithet “glaberrima” refers to the glabrous leaf blades. Olyra glaberrima can be mistaken for O. humilis, but it differs by having more robust plants, longer flowering stems, and a prominent vinaceous nodal line (Greco & Zannin 2017).

7.3. Olyra humilis Nees, Fl. Bras. Enum. Pl. 2: 304-306 (1829). Figs. 5g-j; 8

Culms 0.25-1 m tall, unbranched. Leaf sheath pale with greenish spots; margins ciliate; pseudopetiole 0.2 cm long; blades 4.3-11.5 × 1-2.2 cm, oval-lanceolate, asymmetrical and truncate base, apex acuminate. Synflorescence 5.5-10 × 1.2-3.5 cm, pyramidal; lower branches verticillate, bearing only male spikelets or occasionally a terminal female spikelet; upper branches alternate, with male spikelets below and a terminal female spikelet. Female spikelets 14-21 mm long, fusiform, aristate, anthecium ellipsoid, 6.2-9.2 mm long, with long macrohairs at the apex and base on the ventral surface.

Examined material: DISTRITO FEDERAL: Santa Maria, Cachoeira do Tororó, trilha subjacente à queda principal, 15°59’00.04”S, 47°50’03.40”W, 18.III.2019, fl., I.K. Mutinelli et al. 41 (UB). GOIÁS: Corumbá de Goiás, Serra dos Pirineus, ca. 20 km E. de Pirenópolis, 15°51’S, 48°45’48”W, 16.I.1972, fl., H.S. Irwin et al. 32307 (NY).

With few recorded collections in the DF, O. humilis has an Extent of Occurrence (EOO) of 922,424 km² and an Area of Occupancy (AOO) of 36,000 km². Despite its limited records in the DF, this species has a wide distribution across Brazil, being found in four regions and documented in eleven states and the DF (Oliveira et al. 2022). Therefore, it is classified as Least Concern (LC).

Olyra humilis is noted for its small and delicate stature, with smaller stems, leaf blades, and inflorescences. As highlighted by Greco & Zannin (2017), a distinctive feature of this species is the pubescent lemma of the pistillate anthecium at the base, margins, and apex.

7.4. Olyra latifolia L., Syst. Nat. 2: 1261. 1759. Figs. 8; 9a-e

Culms 1-4 m tall, usually branching from the middle and upper nodes. Leaf sheath uniformlly colored, covered by papillose-pilose hairs to glabrous, margins short-ciliate; pseudopetiole 0.4-0.7 cm long, blades 13-30 × 2-10 cm, lanceolate, asymmetrical and narrowed base, apex acuminate. Synflorescence 12.5-21 × 4-14 cm, pyramidal; verticillated or alternating lower branches, carrying only male spikelets or with a terminal female; alternating upper branches, with under male spikelets and terminal female. Female spikelets 14-25 mm long, lanceolate, aristate; anthecium ovate 5.6-6 mm long, glabrous (Fig. 1a-e).

Figure 9
a-e. Olyra latifolia - a. habit; b. upper glume; c. lower glume; d. upper anthecium; e. lower anthecium. f-i. Olyra ciliatifolia - f. upper glume; g. lower glume; h. upper anthecium; i. lower anthecium. (a-e. I.K. Mutinelli et al. 42, UB; f-i. R.C. Oliveira et al. 3573, UB). Photographs by Mayco Werllen.

Examined material: Brasília, Jardim Botânico de Brasília, 15°52’S, 47°49’59”W, 25.X.2003, N. Leite 1 (SPF); Fercal, saindo da Sede da Fazenda Morro da Pedreira, nas margens do Rio do Sal, 15°30’54.1”S, 47°58’27.2”W, 11.III.2019[31], R.C. Oliveira et al. 3584 (UB); Santa Maria, Cachoeira do Tororó, 15°59’00.04”S, 47°50’03.40”W, 18.III.2019, fl., I.K. Mutinelli et al. 42 (UB).

Olyra latifolia has an Extent of Occurrence (EOO) of 3,133.955 km² and an Area of Occupancy (AOO) of 136,000 km² in the DF. Additionally, its records span all five Brazilian regions and twenty-four states (Oliveira et al. 2022). Therefore, it is considered Least Concern (LC).

Olyra latifolia is distributed in the Neotropics and Africa, including Mdagascar (Soderstrom & Zuloaga 1989). Soderstrom & Zuloaga (1989) and Flora e Funga do Brasil 2024 (continuously updated) highlight the species polymorphism, particularly noting the presence of excavations or granulations on the female upper anthecium.

The variation in O. latifolia spikelets is notable, especially in the number of nerves on the glumes and the length of the awns. The collection by Rodrigues-da-Silva 786 (HEPH) includes individuals with awns up 20 mm long, resembling O. caudata Trin., which has never been recorded in the DF. According to Soderstrom & Zuloaga (1989) and Flora e Funga do Brasil 2024 (continuously updated), O. caudata is distinguished by longer spikelets (30-48 mm long), awns of 20-30 mm long, and female anthecium 8.2-10 mm long, roughly 1/4 the lenght of the spikelets. In contrast, O. latifolia has spikelets of 14-25 mm long, shorter awns under 20 mm long, and anthecium 5.6-6.1 mm long, approximately 1/2 the length of the spikelets. Despite populations with longer awns than expected, the remaining characteristics of Rodrigues-da-Silva 786 (HEPH) align with the concept of O. latifolia.

Confusion between O. latifolia and O. taquara is common, as both form dense and tall clumps in the Gallery Forests of the DF. Olyra taquara is differentiated by its sheaths and spikelets with conspicuous purple/wine-colored spots and glumes with noticeable undulations, whereas O. latifolia has uniformly colored sheaths and spikelets, and generally smooth glumes.

In Peru, O. latifolia is used as a raw material for flute making, known as “pito” (Judziewicz et al. 1999). In Colombia, a tribe uses the slender split culms of O. latifolia as knives to cut newborns’ umbilical cords, and in Panama, it is used as an antifungal agent (Londoño 1990).

7.5. Olyra taquara Swallen, Phytologia 14: 86 (1966). Figs. 5d-f; 8

Culms 3-3.5 m tall, branching toward the upper nodes. Foliage leaf sheath pale green with mottled dark purple spots; pseudopetiole 0.2-0.5 cm long; blades 21-32 × 5.6-8 cm, oblong-lanceolate, symmetrical and cordate base, apex narrowed to acuminate. Synflorescence 10-23 cm long, paniculiform; lower branches branched, upper branches alternate. Female spikelets 16-20 mm long, elliptic, aristate; anthecium fusiform, 8-10 mm long, glabrous, pitted with small excavations.

Examined material: Brazlândia, trilha da Cachoeira para o Poço Azul, 15°34’56.51”S, 48°02’48.62”W, 6.II.2019, I.K. Mutinelli et al. 6 (UB); Santa Maria, Cachoeira do Tororó, trilha logo após a ponte, 15°59’00.04”S, 47°50’03.40”W, 18.III.2019, I.K. Mutinelli et al. 49 (UB).

Olyra taquara has an Extent of Occurrence (EOO) of 2,352.789 km² and an Area of Occupancy (AOO) of 108,000 km² in the DF. It is also recorded in the states of Goiás, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, and Pará. It is classified as Least Concern (LC),

Olyra taquara resembles O. latifolia, and the differences between them are discussed under the latter. The leaf blades of O. taquara are notably symmetric at the base, often subcordate with a small purple spot, and the female anthecium is sparsely pitted with small excavations (Soderstrom & Zuloaga 1989).

Commonly known as “taboquinha”, O. taquara grows in vigorous clumps, preferring environments with lower light, shaded areas, and the humid, flooded locations of Gallery Forests (Filgueiras 1988). It has been observed that O. taquara negatively impacts the density of shrub and tree individuals in their early growth stages, which generally require different light conditions to mature (Guilherme 2000).

8. Raddiella Swallen, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 75: 89 (1948).

Herbaceous bamboo, rhizomes absent. Culms 0.08-0.4 m tall.; internodes hollow, green, glabrous to finely pubescent; unbranched or branched, without thorns. Culm and foliage leaves not differentiated. Monomorphic foliage leaf, culms terminating in a similar-sized leaf to others; leaf sheath fimbriae absent, auricles absent; blades elliptical to ovate-triangular, erect, persistent. Synflorescence terminal and axillary, partially included in the sheaths, racemose, unisexual spikelets, the terminal synflorescence usually with only male spikelets and the axillary synflorescences predominantly female. Female spikelets 1- 2.7 mm long, disarticulated above the glumes; pedicels of female spikelets not thickened; anthecium smooth, glabrous. Male spikelets are smaller than female ones; 2 glumes (female spikelets) or glumes absent (male spikelets); 3 stamens.

8.1. Raddiella esenbeckii (Steud.) C.E. Calderón & Soderstr., Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 44: 21 (1980). Figs. 3c; 10

Culms 0.08-0.40 m tall, unbranched or branched. Leaf sheath striate and glabrous; blades 1.5-2.4 × 0.4-0.8 mm, oval-triangular, asymmetrical and truncate base, apex acute. Synflorescence 0.5-3 cm long, terminal and axillary; the terminal with male spikelets only, the axillary with both female and male spikelets. Male spikelets 3-5 mm long. Female spikelets 1.9-2.7 mm long, ovoid, anthecium ellipsoid, dorsoventrally compressed, 1.6-2 mm long, dorsoventrally compressed, glabrous.

Figure 10
Geographic distribution map of Taquara micrantha and Raddiella esenbeckii.

Examined material: Brazlândia, trilha descendo o Rio do Poço Azul, 15°34’56.51”S, 48°02’48.62”W, 6.II.2019, I.K. Mutinelli et al. 11 (UB); Chapada Imperial, Cachoeira dos Namorados, 15°33’36.56”S, 48°06’25.95”W, 12.II.2019, I.K. Mutinelli et al. 22 (UB); Santa Maria, Cachoeira do Tororó, trilha logo após a ponte, 15°59’00.04”S, 47°50’03.40”W, 18 March 2019, I.K. Mutinelli et al. 48 (UB).

Raddiella esenbeckii has an Extent of Occurrence (EOO) of 1,711.807 km² and an Area of Occupancy (AOO) of 36,000 km² based on specimens recorded in the Distrito Federal. It has a broad distribution in Brazil and is assessed as Least Concern (LC) (Oliveira & Oliveira 2024). It was found in all the Gallery Forests visited during this study’s expeditions, typically in more humid areas close to water sources.

Raddiella esenbeckii is the smallest bamboo species in DF, both in height and size of leaves and branches. According to Zuloaga & Judziewicz (1991), this species is unique in the genus for exhibiting nyctinasty, or sleep movements, with the blades folding upwards at night or under water stress. Additionally, the authors note that the blades are firm, conspicuously asymmetrical, thinly membranous, and variable in stature.

9. Rhipidocladum McClure, Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 9: 101, f. 42. 1973.

Lignified bamboos, rhizomes pachymorph . Culms 3-12(-40) m tall, 0.1-3.5 cm in diameter; internodes hollow, green, and glabrous; branch complement fan-shaped, with many branches, without thorns. Culm and foliage leaves differentiated. Culm leaf sheath fimbriae absent, auricles absent; blades erect, persistent. Monomorphic foliage leaf, culms terminating in a similar-sized leaf than others; leaf sheath fimbriae present, auricles absent; blades linear to lanceolate, erect, persistent. Culm and foliage leaf sheaths with entire margins. Synflorescence terminal, racemose, bearing bisexual spikelets. Spikelets 0.8-6.0 cm; 2 glumes; 3 stamens.

9.1. Rhipidocladum parviflorum (Trin.) McClure, Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 9: 105 (1973). Fig. 11

Culm height unknown, usually weak and thin-walled; internodes smooth and non-mottled. Culm leaf blades erect, confluent with the sheath summit, persistent. Branch complement with 40-80 branches. Foliage leaf sheath 15-25 mm long, glabrous in the abaxial surface, margins ciliate, fimbriae absent; pseudopetiole 1.1 mm long; blades linear-lanceolate, 5-7.5 × 0.3-0.5 cm, pilose near the base in the abaxial surface. Synflorescence 2-3.5 cm. Spikelets 1.2 cm long, glumes 2-3; fertile anthecia 2.

Figure 11
Geographic distribution map of Rhipidocladum parviflorum.

Examined material: Brasília, APA da Cafuringa, Fazenda Palestina, 15°46’47”S, 47°55’47”W, 8.X.1992, B.A.S. Pereira & V.V. Mecenas 2291 (SP); Fazenda Água Limpa, 15°57’41”S, 47°56’39”W, 17.X.2018, C.B. Alves et al. 14 (UB).

Rhipidocladum parviflorum has an EOO (Extent of Occurrence) and AOO (Area of Occupancy) of 154,776 km² and 12,000 km², respectively, in the DF. Its occurrence in the DF is restricted (Fig. 11), with only two collections, and we were unable to locate it during field expeditions. Despite this, the species is known in other states: Amazonas, Goiás, Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Pará, and Paraná, and is thus classified as Least Concern (LC).

Despite a considerable number of records, there are very few studies on this species. Only Clark & Londoño (1991), Filgueiras & Santos-Gonçalves (2004), Filgueiras & Viana (2017), and Tyrrell & Vianna (2024) mention it, with limited information on the species’ biology.

Tyrrell & Viana (2024) compared Rhipidocladum in Brazil with Actinocladum and Merostachys, distinguishing them by: 1) culm leaf blades erect without a pseudopetiole in Rhipidocladum (vs. reflexed with a pseudopetiole in Actinocladum and Merostachys); 2) unpaired, 2-ranked spikelets arranged on short pedicels in raceme-like synflorescences (vs. spikelets paired in secund, spike-like synflorescences in Merostachys or spikelets with long pedicels in panicle in Actinocladum), and 3) fruit as a true caryopsis (vs. a nucoid caryopsis in Actinocladum ).

Filgueiras & Viana (2017) noted that bamboos of the genus Rhipidocladum have slender canes that support themselves on surrounding trees and reach the canopy and the two species in the genus are rare, forming small populations near rivers and streams.

10. Taquara I.L.C. Oliveira & R.P. Oliveira, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 192: 78 (2020).

Weakly lignified bamboos, rhizomes pachymorph. Culms 0.5-4 m tall, 0.4-1.5 cm in diameter; internodes hollow, green to pale brown, sometimes with purple spots, and glabrous; unbranched at the lower nodes and branched at the upper nodes, without thorns. Culm and foliage leaves not differentiated. Monomorphic foliage leaf, culms terminating in a similar-sized leaf to others; leaf sheath fimbriae absent, auricles present or absent; blades lanceolate to oval-lanceolate, reflexed or erect, persistent. Synflorescence terminal or axillary, panicle, lax, open or diffuse, bearing unisexual spikelets, the lower branches typically with male spikelets only, while the upper may have male spikelets below and terminal female spikelets above or consist solely of female spikelets. Female spikelets 10-12 mm long, disarticulating below the glumes; pedicels of female spikelets not thickened; anthecium foveolate, glabrous. Male spikelets are smaller than female ones; 2 glumes (female spikelets) or glume absent (male spikelets); 3 stamens.

10.1. Taquara micrantha (Kunth) I.L.C. Oliveira & R.P. Oliveira, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 192: 78 (2020). Fig. 10

Culms 0.5-4m tall, unbranched or branching at the upper nodes. Foliage leaf sheath glabrous with ciliate margins, pseudopetiole 2.2-6 mm long, blades 5.5-17 × 1-4.5 cm, oval-lanceolate to wide oval, symmetrical or slightly asymmetrical and subcordate base, acuminated apex. Synflorescence 3-15 × 1.5-6 cm; male spikelets in the lower portion and female spikelets. Male spikelets 5-9 mm long, lanceolate, aristate. Female spikelets 10-12 mm long, oval, aristate; anthecium ovoid, 2.7-3.4 mm long, entirely covered with small pits.

Examined material: Sobradinho, Rebio da Contagem, 15°39’S, 47°52’ 46”W, 21.X.2011, C. Silva et al. 631 (HUEFS).

According to distribution data in the Distrito Federal, the Area of Occupancy (AOO) for Taquara micrantha is 4,000 km². There is only one record in the region, dating back to 2011, and it was not found during this study, although we have collected it at Rebio Contagem. Despite this, it has a wide distribution being found in all Brazilian states (Oliveira & Oliveira 2024). It is classified as Least Concern (LC).

Taquara micrantha resembles O. latifolia in plant height, leaf blade dimensions, and basal culm diameter. Both species frequently exhibit branching at the upper nodes and rooting nodes when in contact with the soil (Oliveira et al. 2020). Taquara micrantha can be recognized by the entirely pitted surface of the famele anthecium and the peculiar, highly conspicuous inner ligules, reaching 20 mm in length and laterally fused to one of the sheath margins.

The epithet “micrantha” comes from the Greek “micros” (small) and “anthos” (flower), referring to the relatively small spikelets (Smith et al. 1981). Due to its tolerance to direct sunlight, its use in the restoration of degraded areas is recommended (Shirasuna & Filgueiras 2013).

Acknowledgements

We extend our gratitude to FAPDF (Fundação de Apoio à Pesquisa do DF, Brazil), for their financial support through grants 0193.000.979/2015, 0193.002051/2017, and 00193-00002220/2023-16. MW also thanks FAPEMIG (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais, Brazil), for financial support under grant BPD-00736-22. R.C. Oliveira holds a productivity grant from CNPq 302213/2019-8.

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Data availability statement

In accordance with Open Science communication practices, the authors inform that there is no data sharing of this manuscript.

⁶ Author for correspondence:

[e-mail]

Area Editor:

Dr. André Vito Scatigna

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  02 Nov 2026
• Date of issue
  2026

History

• Received
  01 June 2025
• Accepted
  12 Mar 2026