É este o fim da hegemonia North-americana? Uma perspectiva estruturalista sobre os ciclos sistêmicos de acumulação de Arrighi e a teoria da estabilidade hegemônica

MENDES, MARCOS VINICIUS ISAIAS

doi:10.1590/0101-35172018-2799

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Articles • Brazil. J. Polit. Econ. 38 (3) • Jul-Sep 2018 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0101-35172018-2799 linkcopiar

É este o fim da hegemonia North-americana? Uma perspectiva estruturalista sobre os ciclos sistêmicos de acumulação de Arrighi e a teoria da estabilidade hegemônica

Autoria SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

O artigo objetiva apresentar alguns aspectos do debate sobre o fim da hegemonia dos Estados Unidos, à luz das teorias dos ciclos sistêmicos de acumulação e da estabilidade hegemônica. Entre suas conclusões, o artigo demonstra que a hegemonia dos EUA está diminuindo não apenas pela emergência de novas nações poderosas, como a China, mas porque o sistema internacional, composto por novos e influentes atores, tais como corporações multinacionais, cidades globais, organizações religiosas e grupos terroristas transnacionais, está diminuindo os meios pelos quais os EUA têm exercido seu poder global desde o final da Segunda Guerra Mundial.

PALAVRAS-CHAVE:
Estados Unidos; Marxismo; Teoria da Estabilidade Hegemônica; Ciclos Sistêmicos de Acumulação

	Pre-industrial	Industrial	Post-industrial
Mode of Production	Extractive	Fabrication	Processing, Information
Economic Sector	Primary,	Secondary,	Services Sector
Economic Sector	Agriculture, mining, fishing, timber, oil and gas	Manufactured goods, heavy construction	Transportation, utilities, trade, finance, insurance
Transforming Resource	Natural power, wind, water, draft, animal, human muscle	Created energy, oil, gas, nuclear	Information and knowledge; programming and algorithms; computer and data transmission
Strategic Resource	Raw materials	Financial capital	Human capital
Technology	Craft	Machine technology	Intellectual technology
Mode of Work	Physical labor	Division of labor	Networking
Methodology	Trial and error	Empiricism	Models, simulations, decision theory
Axial Principle	Traditionalism	Productivity	Codification of theoretical knowledge

Systemic Cycle	Characteristics
Genoa	• End of the XIII century and the mid-XVI century
	• Main cities: Genoa, Milan, Florence and Venice
	• Cultural industry as investment channel
	• Loans to European governments, especially Spanish
	• Decline of trade routes and hyper-accumulation crisis
	• Alliance with Iberian governments in search of protection
United Provinces (Dutch)	• Beginning in the mid-XVII century
	• Maritime expansion, piracy and plunder, large military capacity
	• Precocious rentier class
	• Oligarchic interests shocking with the government
	• Amsterdam: central trading post and currency market
	• At the end, expansion was limited by English and French Mercantilism
Great Britain	• Occurred between the XVIII and XIX centuries
	• Large scale mercantilism
	• Intra and extra European Imperialism
	• Free trade and search for international competitiveness
	• Absence of wars for territorial expansion, focus on overseas expansion
	• Encouragement to decolonization and London as a financial center
United States	• Independence, territorialism and entrepreneurship
	• Formation of large and dynamic internal market
	• WWI and WWII contribute to productive and financial ascension
	• Bretton Woods institutions support the imperial climb
	• Transnational companies as central units of the world capitalist expansion

Perspectives	Authors	Main Contributions
Liberal	Kindleberger (1986)	• Hegemonic stability is a public good, for being ‘non-exclusive’ and ‘non-competitive.’
Liberal	Kindleberger (1986)	• Three mandatory features for stability: 1) maintenance of open market for imports, 2) hegemon must provide long-term acyclic loans and 3) short-term financing in times of crises. They can be costly.
Realist	Gilpin (1987)	• It includes the idea of ‘historic change’ to Kindleberger’s concept of hegemony.
		• It argues that historical change was driven over time by the selfish nature of states.
		• Countries are always looking to change the ‘rules of the game’ for their own benefit.
	Krasner (1976)	• Study of the influence of hegemony in the configuration of international trade structures.
	Krasner (1976)	• Relationship between hegemony and openness in the international trade system, especially when the hegemon is rising.

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[TFN1] Source: Curtis, 2009, p. 160.