Exploração das experiências de cuidado de enfermeiros(as) de UTI Turcos(as) durante a pandemia de COVID-19: um estudo qualitativo

Acar, Demet; Askeroğlu, Araz

doi:10.1590/1980-220X-REEUSP-2025-0274en

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE • Rev. esc. enferm. USP 60 • 2026 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-220X-REEUSP-2025-0274en linkcopiar

Exploração das experiências de cuidado de enfermeiros(as) de UTI Turcos(as) durante a pandemia de COVID-19: um estudo qualitativo

Autoria SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Objetivo: Este estudo fenomenológico teve como objetivo descrever as experiências de cuidado de enfermeiros(as) de UTI turcos(as) durante a pandemia de COVID-19.

Método: Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas com 12 enfermeiros(as) de UTI. Este estudo foi realizado em hospitais públicos, que foram os principais centros da pandemia na Turquia. Os dados foram analisados por métodos descritivos, comparativos e de análise relacional.

Resultados: Um total de 851 códigos primários foram identificados. Quatro temas, 12 categorias, 47 códigos e 13 subcódigos foram determinados: (a) Categorias do tema “Abordagem de Cuidado Holístico”: barreiras, comunicação e cuidado espiritual. (b) Categorias do tema “Gestão do Processo”: precauções, desafios, adaptação e processos de tratamento. (c) Categorias do tema “Efeitos Físico-Psicológicos”: efeitos físicos e efeitos psicológicos. (d) Categorias do tema “Dilema Ético”: comportamentos éticos, comportamentos não éticos e princípios de trabalho. Na análise relacional, os participantes expressaram suas opiniões sobre desafios, bem como sobre precauções, carga de trabalho, duração do cuidado e deterioração da saúde.

Conclusão: Os participantes relataram experiências de cuidado tanto positivas quanto negativas. Experiências negativas podem afetar negativamente a segurança do paciente, enquanto experiências positivas servem como fonte de esperança e motivação, incentivando os(as) enfermeiros(as) a continuar prestando cuidados holísticos.

DESCRITORES
COVID-19; Unidades de Terapia Intensiva; Enfermagem; Segurança do Paciente

No	Item	Guide questions/Description	Reported on pages #
Reported on Pages #
Personal Characteristics
1	Interviewer/facilitator	Which author/s conducted the interview or focus group?	Methods
2	Credentials	What were the researcher's credentials?	Methods
3	Occupation	What was their occupation at the time of the study?	Methods
4	Gender	Was the researcher male or female?	N/A
5	Experience and training	What experience or training did the researcher have?	Methods
Relationship with participants
6	Relationship established	Was a relationship established prior to study commencement?	Methods
7	Participant knowledge of the interviewer	What did the participants know about the researcher?	Methods
8	Interviewer characteristics	What characteristics were reported about the interviewer/facilitator? e.g. Bias, assumptions, reasons and interests in the research topic	Methods
Domain 2: Study design
Theoretical framework
9	Methodological orientation and Theory	What methodological orientation was stated to underpin the study?	Methods
Participant selection
10	Sampling	How were participants selected? e.g. purposive, convenience, consecutive, snowball	Methods
11	Method of approach	How were participants approached? e.g. face-to-face, telephone, mail, email	Methods
12	Sample size	How many participants were in the study?	Methods
13	Non-participation	How many people refused to participate or dropped out? Reasons?	N/A
Setting
14	Setting of data collection	Where was the data collected? e.g. home, clinic, workplace	Methods
15	Presence of nonparticipants	Was anyone else present besides the participants and researchers?	Methods
16	Description of sample	What are the important characteristics of the sample? e.g. demographic data, date	Methods
Data collection
17	Interview guide	Were questions, prompts, guides provided by the authors? Was it pilot tested?	Methods
18	Repeat interviews	Were repeat interviews carried out? If yes, how many?	N/A
19	Audio/visual recording	Did the research use audio or visual recording to collect the data?	Methods
20	Field notes	Were field notes made during and/or after the interview or focus group?	Methods
21	Duration	What was the duration of the interviews or focus group?	Methods
22	Data saturation	Was data saturation discussed?	Methods
23	Transcripts returned	Were transcripts returned to participants for comment and/or correction?	Methods
Domain 3: Analysis and findings
Data analysis
24	Number of data coders	How many data coders coded the data? The coding process was carried out by both researchers together.	Results
25	Description of the coding tree	Did authors provide a description of the coding tree?	Results
26	Derivation of themes	Were themes identified in advance or derived from the data?	Results
27	Software	What software, if applicable, was used to manage the data?	Methods
28	Participant checking	Did participants provide feedback on the findings?	Conclusion
Reporting
29	Quotations presented	Were participant quotations presented to illustrate the themes / findings? Was each quotation identified? e.g. participant number	Results
30	Data and findings consistent	Was there consistency between the data presented and the findings?	Relationship to existing knowledge
31	Clarity of major themes	Were major themes clearly presented in the findings?	Results
32	Clarity of minor themes	Is there a description of diverse cases or discussion of minor themes?

Participants	Age	Sex	Marital status	Education	Who are you living with	Smoking status	Chronic diseases	ICU Experience (Year)	Results of the PCR Test
P1	22–30	F	Single	BSc	Family	No	No	1–5	Negative
P2	22–30	F	Single	BSc	Alone	No	No	1–5	Negative
P3	≥31	F	Married	MSc	Family	No	No	≥ 6	Positive
P4	22–30	M	Married	BSc	Family	No	No	< 1	Positive
P5	≥31	F	Married	BSc	Family	Yes	No	≥ 6	Negative
P6	≥31	F	Married	BSc	Family	No	Yes	1–5	Negative
P7	≥31	F	Married	MSc	Family	Yes	No	≥ 6	Negative
P8	22–30	F	Single	MSc	Family	No	No	≥ 6	Negative
P9	22–30	M	Single	BSc	Alone	Yes	No	1–5	Positive
P10	22–30	F	Single	BSc	Alone	No	No	1–5	Positive
P11	22–30	F	Single	BSc	Alone	No	Yes	< 1	Negative
P12	≥31	F	Married	BSc	Family	No	No	1–5	Negative

Frame	Themes	Categories	Codes	Sub-codes
Journey to the ICU During COVID-19 Pandemic	Holistic Care Approach	Barriers	Continuous replacement of PPE Materials supply Fatigue Postponing basic needs The prolonged duration of care
		Communication	Communication with patients Communication with the patient's family
		Spiritual Care	Support Morale
	Process Management	Precautions	Individual precautions Institutional precautions
		Challenges	Ignorance Patient psychology Disease prognosis Uncertainty PPE Risk of transmission/infection Workload Lack of materials Lack of staff Team conflict
		Adaptation	Team support Team coordination Satisfaction Process contribution Corporate approach
		Treatment Process	Patient profile Treatment plan Complications Obtained skills Encouragement
	Physical-Psychological Effects	Physical Effects	Health deterioration Headache Exhaustion Sweating
		Psychological Effects	Negative effects	Sadness Burnout Anxiety/fear Stress Helplessness Feeling bad Hopelessness Disillusionment
			Positive effects	Adaptation Happiness Dedication Spiritual fulfillment Motivation
	Ethical Dilemma	Ethical Behaviors	Conscience Equal care Responsibility
		Unethical Behavior	Patient discrimination Lack of care
		Working Principles	Integrity Conscience Responsibility Non-discrimination Beneficence

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E-mail: reeusp@usp.br

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[T2FN1] Checklist-Çanakkale, Türkiye, 2021.