Factores de riesgo para la salud mental de la población en medio de la pandemia de COVID-19

Vale, Mariana Ferreira; Camargo-Júnior, Elton Brás; Magalhães, Fernando Augusto Cintra; Almeida-Júnior, José Jailson de; Gherardi-Donato, Edilaine Cristina da Silva; Fernandes, Maria Neyrian de Fátima

doi:10.1590/1980-220X-REEUSP-2022-0324en

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Original Article • Rev. esc. enferm. USP 57 • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-220X-REEUSP-2022-0324en linkcopiar

Factores de riesgo para la salud mental de la población en medio de la pandemia de COVID-19

Autoría SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Objetivo: Identificar factores de riesgo para la salud mental en la población en tiempos de COVID-19 a través del análisis de los niveles de mindfulness sociocognitivo y percepción de estrés en los individuos.

Método: Se trata de un estudio observacional transversal con enfoque cuantitativo, realizado a través de la recolección de datos en línea utilizando la Escala de Estrés Percibido y la Escala de Mindfulness de Langer en una muestra de 955 individuos de diferentes regiones de Brasil.

Resultados: Las mujeres, los jóvenes y las personas con condiciones socioeconómicas bajas presentaron mayores niveles de estrés percibido. Por el contrario, los hombres mayores y las personas con un nivel socioeconómico alto tenían niveles más altos de atención plena.

Conclusión: El mindfulness sociocognitivo no fue un factor protector para el estrés percibido en el contexto de la pandemia de COVID-19.

DESCRIPTORES
Infecciones por Coronavirus; COVID-19; Estrés Psicológico; Atención Plena; Enfermería; Salud Mental

Sociodemographic variables		n (%)
Sex (n = 952)	Female	622 (65.1)
	Male	333 (34.9)
Age group (years)	<21	192 (20.1)
	21 – 30	465 (48.7)
	31 – 40	168 (17.6)
	41 – 50	81 (8.5)
	51 – 60	37 (3.9)
	≥61	12 (1.3)
Skin color (n = 944)	White	344 (36.0)
Skin color (n = 944)	Non-white	600 (62.8)
Religious belief (n = 951)	Believer	699 (73.2)
Religious belief (n = 951)	Non-believer	252 (26.4)
Education	Complete elementary school	4 (0.4)
	Incomplete high school	6 (0.6)
	Complete high school	101 (10.6)
	Incomplete higher education	509 (53.3)
	Complete higher education	110 (11.5)
	Specialization	87 (9.1)
	Masters’ degree	66 (6.9)
	Doctoral degree	72 (7.5)
Monthly income (minimum wages)	<1	151 (16.0)
	1 – 3	392 (41.5)
	3 – 6	201 (21.3)
	6 – 10	169 (17.9)
	11 – 15	31 (3.3)
State of residence	Maranhão	831 (87.0)
	Goiás	34 (3.6)
	Rio Grande do Norte	33 (3.5)
	Pará	10 (1.0)
	São Paulo	10 (1.0)
	Other states	37 (3.7)
Live with partner	Yes	257 (27.1)
Live with partner	No	692 (72.9)
Children	0	725 (80.8)
	1	106 (11.8)
	2	66 (7.4)
Home office work	Yes	331 (36.2)
Home office work	No	584 (63.8)
I feel more overwhelmed today than before social isolation	(1) Totally agree	409 (42.8)
	(2) Partially agree	368 (38.5)
	(3) Partially disagree	113 (11.8)
	(4) Strongly disagree	65 (6.8)

Health variables		N (%)
Chronic disease	Yes	203 (21.4)
Chronic disease	No	744 (78.6)
Live with someone with a chronic illness	Yes	389 (40.9)
Live with someone with a chronic illness	No	561 (59.1)
Who had COVID-19	Me	221 (23.2)
	Family	390 (40.9)
	Others	299 (31.3)
	Do not know	44 (4.6)
Someone close has died from COVID-19	Yes	504 (52.9)
Someone close has died from COVID-19	No	448 (47.1)
Psychotherapeutic follow-up	Yes	142 (14.9)
Psychotherapeutic follow-up	No	813 (85.1)
Frequency of alcohol consumption	Once a month or less	324 (56.2)
	2 to 4 times a month	195 (33.8)
	2 to 3 times a week	51 (8.8)
	4 or more times a week	7 (1.2)
Smoke	Yes	81 (8.5)
Smoke	No	871 (91.5)
Use psychotropic	Yes	92 (9.6)
Use psychotropic	No	863 (90.4)

Sociodemographic and health variables		PSS (n = 955)		LMS (n = 952)
Sociodemographic and health variables		Median (max – min)	p	Median (max – min)	p
Sex (n = 952)	Female	34 (56 – 5)	<0.00*	93 (132 – 35)	<0.00*
Sex (n = 952)	Male	30 (53 – 5)	<0.00*	98 (132 – 50)	<0.00*
Age group (years) (n = 955)	<21	36 (55 – 6)	<0.00**	94 (123 – 50)	<0.00**
	21 – 30	35 (56 – 5)		92 (132 – 35)
	31 – 40	30 (53 – 6)		95 (124 – 55)
	41 – 50	28 (51 – 5)		101(130 – 67)
	51 – 60	25 (43 – 8)		101 (132 – 50)
	≥61	25 (39 – 9)		100 (129 – 78)
Skin color (n = 944)	White	32 (56 – 5)	0.32*	96 (130 – 55)	0.02*
Skin color (n = 944)	Non-white	33 (56 – 5)	0.32*	94 (132 – 35)	0.02*
Religious belief (n = 951)	Believer	32 (56 – 5)	<0.00*	94 (132 – 50)	0.04*
Religious belief (n = 951)	Non-believer	36 (56 – 7)	<0.00*	97 (132 – 50)	0.04*
Education	Complete elementary school	34 (44 – 29)	<0.00**	87 (91 – 72)	<0.00**
	Incomplete high school	43 (48 – 16)		97 (103 – 71)
	Complete high school	33 (53 – 5)		91 (123 – 50)
	Incomplete higher education	35 (56 – 6)		93 (130 – 53)
	Complete higher education	31 (53 – 11)		94 (126 – 63)
	Specialization	30 (51 – 5)		96 (132 – 35)
	Masters’ degree	30 (45 – 8)		99 (132 – 65)
	Doctoral degree	28 (45 – 5)		103 (135–65)
Monthly income (minimum wages)	<1	34 (56 – 6)	<0.00**	91 (129 – 55)	<0.00**
	1 – 3	34 (56 – 5)		95 (132 – 35)
	3 – 6	33 (55 – 8)		95 (132 – 50)
	6 – 10	30 (56 – 5)		98 (130 – 63)
	11 – 15	28 (45 – 8)		98 (129 – 73)
Live with partner	Yes	30 (54 – 5)	<0.00*	95 (132 – 56)	0.04*
Live with partner	No	34 (56 – 5)	<0.00*	95 (132 – 35)	0.04*
Children	0	34 (56 – 5)	<0.00**	95 (132 – 50)	0.10**
	1	29 (50 – 5)		95 (121 – 35)
	2	27 (50 – 11)		98 (126 – 64)
Home office work	Yes	31 (55 – 5)	<0.00*	98 (130 – 35)	<0.00*
Home office work	No	34 (56 – 5)	<0.00*	92 (132 – 53)	<0.00*
I feel more overwhelmed than before social isolation	(1) Totally agree	35 (56 – 6)	<0.00**	97 (132 – 35)	0.48**
	(2) Partially agree	31 (53 – 6)		94 (132 – 56)
	(3) Partially disagree	30 (49 – 7)		94 (129 – 53)
	(4) Strongly disagree	25 (53 – 5)		94 (130 – 50)
Chronic disease	Yes	34 (56 – 9)	0.10*	97 (129 – 55)	<0.00*
Chronic disease	No	33 (56 – 5)	0.10*	94 (132 – 35)	<0.00*
Live with someone with a chronic illness	Yes	34 (56 – 6)	<0.00*	95 (132 – 50)	0.52*
Live with someone with a chronic illness	No	31 (56 – 5)	<0.00*	95 (130 – 35)	0.52*
Who had COVID-19	Me	35 (56 – 6)	<0.00**	94 (129 – 35)	0.38**
	Family	34 (55 – 5)		95 (132 – 55)
	Others	31 (54 – 6)		95 (132 – 59)
	Do not know	32 (52 – 14)		95 (128 – 67)
Psychotherapeutic follow-up	Yes	35 (56 – 13)	<0.00*	99 (130 – 55)	0.01*
Psychotherapeutic follow-up	No	32 (56 – 5)	<0.00*	94 (132 – 35)	0.01*
Use psychotropic	Yes	34 (56 – 13)	0.03*	95 (129 – 55)	0.93*
Use psychotropic	No	33 (56 – 5)	0.03*	95 (132 – 35)	0.93*
Smoke	Yes	34 (54 – 11)	0.01*	94 (124 – 63)	0.49*
Smoke	No	32 (56 – 5)	0.01*	95 (132 – 35)	0.49*

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[TFN1] Source: survey data.