Revista de Administração da UFSM

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Original Article • Rev. Adm. UFSM 17 (3) • Out 2024 • https://doi.org/10.5902/1983465985085 linkcopiar

Perfis e motivações de voluntários em desastres: uma proposta de framework no contexto brasileiro

Autoria SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Propósito Os desastres ambientais têm causado vários danos humanos, ecológicos e econômicos em todo o Mundo. Para reduzir os potenciais danos e salvar vidas a curto prazo, surgem os voluntários envolvidos no apoio em situações de desastre. Diante desse cenário, estudos sobre voluntários que atuam em contextos de desastres no Brasil revelam-se um tema de pesquisa interessante e necessário.

Design/metodologia/abordagem Esta pesquisa adotou uma metodologia qualitativa, com 16 entrevistas semiestruturadas e em profundidade. O processo de seleção dos participantes foi realizado por meio da técnica de amostragem bola de neve, concentrando-se em voluntários que atuam em resposta a desastres no contexto brasileiro. Uma análise de conteúdo detalhada foi realizada. As motivações descobertas foram então cuidadosamente comparadas e contrastadas com o Inventário de Funções do Voluntariado (VFI), que é baseado na teoria funcionalista psicológica do voluntariado.

Descobertas Os resultados deste estudo avançam a literatura ao confirmar quatro motivações dos voluntários para agir em desastres como os identificados no VFI - valores, aprimoramento, proteção e social. Além disso, este estudo contribui ao trazer à tona duas novas motivações, conhecimento e prontidão que emergiram da análise dos dados de conteúdo. O estudo também avança ao agrupar os perfis de comportamento determinados a partir dessas motivações como especialista, sensível, altruísta, iniciante e social.

Originalidade/valor Com base nos resultados, foi proposto um Quadro de Voluntariado em Desastres que serve de base para o desenvolvimento de políticas públicas para o governo e auxilia as instituições que trabalham na gestão de desastres na atração de novos voluntários.

Desastre; Voluntários; Motivação; Perfis; Brasil

Volunteer motivations	Definition	Reference
Altruistic	Volunteering fulfills a function that converges with their values, allowing them to act on deeply held beliefs about the importance of helping others.	Dolnicar and Randle (2007) Randle, Grün and Dolnicar (2007) Treuren (2014) Chow et al. (2021)
Career	The career function is satisfied when people volunteer to learn specific skills or learn about an organization not simply for the sake of learning but because it will help them take advantage of job opportunities or introduce them to potential career contacts.	Clary et al. (1992) Clary et al. (1998) Treuren (2014) Erasmus and Morey (2016) Butt, Hou, Soomro, & Acquadro Maran (2017)
Egoistic	It concerns the volunteer’s desires related to their ego. Individuals may volunteer to protect or enhance their ego, to be recognized, praised, or acknowledged.	- Butt et al. (2017)
Empathy	It has a motivational effect by influencing a person’s psychological discomfort with the misfortune of others. The volunteer person is motivated to reduce the psychological distress or assist the needs of others.	- Wymer (1997)
Enrichment	It combines the Understanding and Enhancement functions with common themes of learning and growth and can be seen as having self-directed results or benefits.	- Erasmus and Morey (2016)
Enthusiast	Enthusiasts are highly involved volunteers interested in volunteering in a short period, and they agree with several factors that lead to volunteer motivation.	Randle et al. (2007) Treuren (2014)
Enhancement	Volunteering performs an enhancement function in that it increases a person’s enhancement by making them feel needed and important. The person already feels good about themself, although they volunteer to feel even better.	- Clary et al. (1992)
Protective	Volunteering provides relief or an escape from negative feelings about oneself and has a protective function. Thus, volunteers are motivated by protective concerns to help themselves forget or escape negative feelings or existential guilt.	- Clary et al. (1992)
Readiness	It relates to the trained and experienced volunteer who feels ready to act in an emergency.	- Zagelbaum et al. (2014)
Religious	The person creates the bond with volunteering motivated by religion and the belief in helping others.	Berger (2003) Bennett (2015) Butt et al. (2017) Erasmus and Morey (2016)
Self-esteem	It is the affective self-evaluation of the importance of one’s value; this enables a person who has adequate self-worth and competence to make a meaningful contribution as a volunteer. People with self-esteem perceive themselves as helpful.	- Wymer (1997)
Self-growth	It refers to self-growth, broadening of perspectives, the opportunity for self-reflection, and affirmation of one’s role.	- Chow et al. (2021)
Sense of duty	Sense of duty to the vulnerable community.	- Chow et al. (2021)
Social	Volunteering reflects the normative influence of friends, family, or social groups for whom they hold dear. They volunteer because other relevant people expect it and because it satisfies their need to behave in socially desirable ways.	Clary et al. (1992) Randle et al. (2007) Treuren (2014) Erasmus and Morey (2016) Butt et al. (2017) Chow et al. (2021)
Societal awareness	Increased awareness of social inequalities and the need for cultural competence.	- Chow et al. (2021)
Teamwork	The importance of teamwork and recognizing the contributions and efforts made by peers.	- Chow et al. (2021)
Understanding	Volunteering plays a role as a learning opportunity to achieve personal growth, and it satisfies the desire to learn for learning’s sake.	- Clary et al. (1992) - Chow et al. (2021)
Values	By volunteering, volunteers express their values meaningfully and are satisfied to know that their service is a true expression of those values.	Clary et al. (1992) Wymer (1997) Erasmus and Morey (2016) Butt et al. (2017) Chow et al. (2021)

Interviewee	Age	Sex	Time as a volunteer	Profession	City
A	32	Male	12 years	Entrepreneur	Porto Alegre (RS)
B	38	Male	4 years	Nurse	Rio de Janeiro (RJ)
C	53	Male	3 months	Banker	Porto Alegre (RS)
D	40	Female	11 years	Psychologist	Chapecó (SC)
E	29	Female	3 months	Physical educator	Porto Alegre (RS)
F	37	Male	3 months	Banker	Porto Alegre (RS)
G	26	Female	3 months	Personal trainer	Porto Alegre (RS)
H	22	Female	2 years	Financial analyst	São Leopoldo (RS)
I	51	Male	12 years	Military firefighter	Rio de Janeiro/RJ
J	48	Male	7 years	Administrator	Porto Alegre (RS)
K	56	Female	3 months	Administrator	Porto Alegre (RS)
L	41	Male	12 years	Administrator	Jaraguá do Sul (SC)
M	31	Male	11 years	Military firefighter	Novo Hamburgo (RS)
N	30	Male	9 years	Military firefighter	Lages (SC)
O	35	Male	15 years	Military firefighter	Manaus (AM)
P	41	Male	12 years	Financial analyst	Jaraguá do Sul (SC)

Categories	Codes	Source
Values	Empathy + helping the community + building a better society + COVID-19 context	VFI literature
Enhancement	Personal development + personal overcoming + spirituality	VFI literature
Protective	Childhood event + losses	VFI literature
Social	Group work + influenced by friends and family	VFI literature
Knowledge	Dissatisfaction with public services + sharing knowledge + profession	Category a posteriori
Readiness	Physical condition + availability	Category a posteriori

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