Bibliography of the use of artificial intelligence in the library

ABSTRACT

Introduction:  The rise of artificial intelligence (AI) brings together projects and future uses of librarians who have begun to adopt AI in their work. The subject has seen enormous growth in recent years, having been substantiated by the emergence of specific books and professional events, as well as by the publication of articles that have begun to address this topic. Such facts are therefore demonstrating the need for a bibliography, which would include the main sources of information that could outline the contours of this dynamic area.

Objective:  The objective of this work is to analyze the main documents on the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in a library.

Methodology:  This bibliography sought to be selective, listing basic documents published in a variety of countries and in Portuguese, Spanish, and English. In addition to traditional reference data, the URL of the documents was included. In the search for data, carried out in April and August 2025, databases and databases were consulted.

Results:  The application of AI is a rapidly changing topic, so no single document can reflect state-of-the-art on this subject. The works included serve as an initial framework for understanding the problems related to the various facets of the subject.

Conclusion:  Based on the bibliography presented, the subject has seen significant growth since 2018. Furthermore, journal articles and monographs demonstrate that the subject is growing rapidly, initially restricted to the United States, Germany, and the United Kingdom, and is now beginning to reach other countries.

KEYWORDS:
Bibliography; Libraries; Artificial intelligence; Information services

RESUMO

Introdução:  A ascensão da IA reúne projetos e usos futuros de bibliotecários que começaram a adotar a IA em seu trabalho. O assunto teve, em anos recentes, um enorme crescimento, tendo sido consubstanciado pelo surgimento de livros e eventos profissionais específicos, bem como pela publicação de artigos que passaram a abordar essa temática. Tais fatos estão demonstrando, por conseguinte, a necessidade de uma bibliografia, onde constassem as principais fontes de informação que pudessem delinear os contornos dessa dinâmica área.

Objetivo:  O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar os principais documentos sobre a utilização da inteligência artificial (IA) numa biblioteca.

Metodologia:  Esta bibliografia procurou ser seletiva, arrolando os documentos básicos publicados nos mais diversos países e nas línguas portuguesa, espanhola e inglesa. Procurou-se incluir, além dos dados referenciais tradicionais, o URL dos documentos. Na busca dos dados, realizadas em abril e agosto de 2025, foram consultadas bases de dados e bancos de dados.

Resultados:  A aplicação da IA é uma temática que muda muito rapidamente, assim, nenhum documento pode refletir por muito tempo o estado-da-arte desse assunto. As obras incluídas servem como um marco inicial para compreender os problemas relacionados com as diversas facetas do assunto.

Conclusão:  Pela bibliografia apresentada, o assunto tem tido um crescimento acentuado desde 2018. Além disso, artigos de periódicos e monografias demonstram que o tema está em pleno crescimento, inicialmente restrito aos Estados Unidos, Alemanha, e Reino Unido, e agora, começa a atingir outros países.

PALAVRAS-CHAVE:
Bibliografia; Bibliotecas; Inteligência artificial; Serviços de informação

1 INTRODUCTION

Libraries have existed for hundreds of years; they evolve with society, changing and adapting their services to meet the information needs of their communities. The rise of artificial intelligence (AI) brings together projects, collaborations, and future uses of librarians who have begun to adopt this technology in their work. AI in libraries is not a new topic, but since November 30, 2022 - when ChatGPT, the pioneering program for AI-based applications, was launched to incredible success - the topic has also impacted the library field. This impact is fueling, among other things, the development of intelligent internet search engines, personalized news filters, and knowledge sharing and indexing systems.

Thus, AI in libraries has also led to the emergence of specific books and professional events, as well as the publication of hundreds of articles addressing this topic. These developments demonstrate the need for a bibliography listing the main sources of information that can outline the contours of this dynamic field.

This is, therefore, the main objective of this work: to analyze the main documents on the use of AI in libraries, available in the languages most accessible to Brazilian readers. It is intended for information science students and professionals to find, in a single document, the basic references related to the main problems and solutions involved in the topic.

Regarding methodology, this bibliography sought to be selective, listing basic documents published in a wide range of countries and in Portuguese, Spanish, and English. In addition to traditional reference data, we also included the documents' Internet addresses (URLs). The data search, conducted in April and August 2025, consulted the following sources: a) databases: Database in Information Science (BRAPCI), Library, Information Science and Technology Abstracts (LISTA); b) data banks: Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar; and union catalog: WorldCat.

This bibliography is organized by major topics. Within each topic, authors or institutions are listed in alphabetical order.

2 SOURCES OF INFORMATION

This section discusses the main sources that cover and/or index AI in libraries.

2.1 - Bibliography and literature review

ABOELMAGED, M. et al. Conversational AI chatbots in library research: an integrative review and future research agenda. Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, London, v. 57, n. 2, p. 331-347, 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/09610006231224440 *** A literature review on chatbots in libraries highlights that most research has been conceptual or exploratory, using qualitative approaches such as case studies and interviews. The authors conclude that, despite growing interest, there remains a significant research gap in this field.

ALMEIDA A. P.; SANTANA JÚNIOR, C. A.; BRITO, T. H. S. Inteligência artificial e suas questões éticas: mapeamento sistemático da literatura na ciência da informação. In: ENCONTRO NACIONAL DE PESQUISA EM CIÊNCIA DA INFORMAÇÃO, ENANCIB, 23., 2023, Aracaju. Anais... [S. l.]: ANCIB, 2023. Disponível em: https://brapci.inf.br/v/258048. Access on:15 ago. 2025. *** Literature review on AI and its ethical issues, covering the period 2013-2023, as well as the analysis of 13 documents.

BAILEY JR., C. W. Artificial intelligence and libraries bibliography . Houston: Digital Scholarship, 2023. Disponível em: https://digital-scholarship.org/ai/ai-libraries.htm. Access on:15 ago. 2025. *** Bibliography that includes 125 articles and books, published in English, from January 2018 to August 2023.

BORGOHAIN, D. J.; BHARDWAJ, R. K.; VERMA, M. K. Mapping the literature on the application of artificial intelligence in libraries (AAIL): a scientometric analysis. Library Hi Tech, Bingley, v. 42, n. 1, p. 149-179, 2024. DOI: 10.1108/LHT-07-2022-0331. Disponível em: https://l1nq.com/iliNG. Access on:15 ago. 2025. *** This study mapped AI-related articles and analyzed their growth, collaboration network, trending topics, or relevant research points to highlight the challenges and opportunities in adopting AI-based advancements in library systems and processes.

CORDELL, R. Machine learning + libraries: a report on the state of the field . Washington: Library of Congress, 2020. Disponível em: https://labs.loc.gov/static/labs/work/reports/ Cordell-LOC-ML-report.pdf. Access on:15 ago. 2025. *** State-of-the-art report on machine learning and libraries. The goal was to provide a comprehensive overview of current machine learning applications and practices in libraries and other cultural heritage organizations.

DAS, R. K.; ISLAM, M. S. U. Application of artificial intelligence and machine learning in libraries: a systematic review. Library Philosophy and Practice, Lincoln, 2021. Disponível em: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/6762/. Access on:15 ago. 2025. *** Revisão sistemática da literatura com 32 estudos que exploram a aplicação de inteligência artificial e aprendizado de máquina em bibliotecas. Este estudo mostra uma visão panorâmica da IA e do AM em bibliotecas, com abordagens voltadas para a tecnologia e para os futuros caminhos de inovação.

ENCONTROS Bibli. Florianópolis: Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, v. 30, 2025. Disponível em: https://periodicos.ufsc.br/index.php/eb. Access on:15 ago. 2025. *** O volume 30 (2025) traz um dossiê: “Os novos cenários da sociedade digital diante do desafio da Inteligência Artificial Gerativa”, com 12 artigos sobre diversos aspectos da IA.

GASPARINI, A.; KAUTONEN, H. Understanding artificial intelligence in research libraries: extensive literature review. LIBER Quarterly: The Journal of the Association of European Research Libraries Utrecht, v. 32, n. 1, 2022. Disponível em: https://liberquarterly.eu/article/view/10934. Access on:15 ago. 2025. *** Artigo de revisão de literatura de 126 documentos, onde são examinados os papéis concebidos para bibliotecas e bibliotecários, seus usuários e a IA. Por fim, o design thinking é apresentado como uma abordagem para solucionar problemas emergentes com IA e abrir oportunidades para essa tecnologia em um nível mais estratégico.

GUMUSEL, E. A literature review of user privacy concerns in conversational chatbots: a social informatics approach: an Annual Review of Information Science and Technology (ARIST) paper. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, Hoboken, NJ, v. 76, n. 1, p. 121-154, 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.24898 *** Revisão de literatura de 38 documentos sobre os aspectos da privacidade no uso de chabtots.

HARISANTY, D. et al. Is adopting artificial intelligence in libraries urgency or a buzzword? A systematic literature review. Journal of Information Science, London, v. 51, n. 2, p. 511522, 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/01655515221141034 *** Este estudo tem como objetivo investigar a implementação de IA em bibliotecas entre 2011 e 2020, publicada em 46 documentos. A IA pode ser facilmente adotada em bibliotecas, especialmente para serviços técnicos como classificação e catalogação, gestão de bibliotecas como pessoal e tomada de decisões, serviços bibliotecários como referência e serviço de informação, e para alfabetização informacional. A adoção bem-sucedida da IA, no entanto, ainda é discutível, pois há muitos requisitos que precisam ser atendidos para que ela possa ser adotada de forma inclusiva em bibliotecas.

HUSSAIN, A.; AHMAD, S. Mapping the literature on artificial intelligence in academic libraries: a bibliometrics approach. Science & Technology Libraries, Philadelphia, PA, v. 43, n. 2, p. 131-146, 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0194262X.2023.2238198 *** Este estudo utilizou indicadores bibliométricos para identificar tendências, padrões e lacunas de pesquisa importantes na literatura existente. Um conjunto de 373 artigos publicados entre 2002 e 2022 foi coletado e analisado usando o banco de dados Scopus.

JOURNAL OF ACADEMIC LIBRARIANSHIP. Oxford, v. 49, n. 6, 2023. (Special issue on artificial intelligence and academic libraries). Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/special-issue/10WVZWS842J. Access on:15 ago. 2025. *** Número especial, com 11 artigos, que abordam a IA em bibliotecas universitárias.

JOURNAL OF WEB LIBRARIANSHIP. New York, NY, v. 18, n. 3, 2024. (Special issue on AI and the Future of Library and Information Science). Disponível em: https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/wjwl20/18/3?nav=tocList. Access on:15 ago. 2025. *** Número especial com artigos sobre a IA e o futuro da Biblioteconomia e Ciência da Informação.

LIBRARY TRENDS. Baltimore, MD, v. 73, n. 3-4, 2025. (Special issues on Introduction to Generative AI and Libraries: Applications and Ethics). Disponível em: https://muse.jhu.edu/article/961188. Access on:15 ago. 2025. *** Dois números especiais sobre a IA nas áreas de biblioteconomia e ciência da informação.

LUND, B. D.; KHAN, D.; YUVARAJ, M. ChatGPT in medical libraries, possibilites and future directions: an integrative review. Health Information & Libraries Journal, Chichester, v. 41, n. 1, p. 4-15, 2024. Disponível em: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38200693/. Access on:15 ago. 2025. *** Revisão da literatura feita com 29 artigos sobre aplicações do ChatGPT em bibliotecas médicas, incluindo auxiliar usuários na busca de informações médicas relevantes, responder a consultas, fornecer recomendações e facilitar o acesso a recursos.

MABONA, A.; VAN GREUNEN, D.; KEVIN, K. Integration of Artificial intelligence (AI) in academic libraries: a systematic literature review. In: 2024 IST-AFRICA CONFERENCE (ISTAFRICA), 2024, Dublin, Ireland. Anais... Piscataway, NJ: IEEE, 2024. DOI: 10.23919/ISTAfrica63983.2024.10569288 *** Revisão da literatura feita com 36 documentos, onde se constatou que as operações tradicionais em bibliotecas são, de alguma forma, em sua maioria automatizadas com o uso de chatbots na forma de IA generativa e robôs humanoides, havendo preocupação com a inexistência de políticas para orientar o uso dessas ferramentas por razões éticas. Por meio dos temas identificados e discutidos, são fornecidas recomendações com os principais fatores a serem considerados como guia na integração de IA em bibliotecas.

MANNHEIMER, S. et al. Responsible AI practice in libraries and archives: a review of literature. Information Technology and Libraries, Chicago, IL, v. 43, n. 3, 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5860/ital.v43i3.17245 *** Revisão de literatura de 89 estudos de casos que descreveram a implementação da IA em bibliotecas e arquivos nos Estados Unidos e Canadá.

MARTÍNEZ CONCHA, K.; PALACIOS ZENTENO, F.; TELLO ALFA, J. Use of artificial intelligence in libraries: a systematic review, 2019-2023. South African Journal of Libraries & Information Science, Pretoria, v. 90, n. 2, 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7553/90-2-2387 *** Esta revisão sistemática de artigos de acesso aberto sobre o uso de IA em bibliotecas fornece uma visão geral do estudo dessa tecnologia no campo bibliotecário nos últimos anos. Para esta pesquisa, foi realizada uma caracterização dos artigos sobre o uso de IA em bibliotecas e analisados os seguintes fatores: distribuição geográfica da publicação, idioma, instituições, periódicos e editoras envolvidas. O estudo mostra um aumento na pesquisa sobre IA e seu uso em bibliotecas desde 2022.

MASLEJ, N. et al. The AI index 2025 annual report . Stanford, CA: Stanford University, Institute for Human-Centered AI., 2025. Disponível em: https://l1nq.com/bnfwy. Access on:15 ago. 2025. *** Publicado desde 2017, o AI Index fornece dados precisos, rigorosamente validados e de fontes globais. Sua missão é ajudar essas partes interessadas a tomar decisões mais bem informadas sobre o desenvolvimento e a implantação da IA.

MITHA, S. B.; OMARSAIB, M. Emerging technologies and higher education libraries: a bibliometric analysis of global literature. Library Hi Tech, Bingley, v. 43, n. 2/3, p. 12481270, 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/LHT-02-2024-0105 *** Este artigo explora tecnologias emergentes em bibliotecas universitárias indexadas nos bancos de dados Web of Science e no Scopus, cobrindo o período de 1994-2024.

MWANTIMWA, K.; MSOFFE, G. Application of generative artificial intelligence in library operations and service delivery: A scoping review. Technical Services Quarterly, Philadelphia, PA, v. 42, n. 2, p. 139-168, 2025. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07317131.2025. 2467574 *** Esta revisão teve como objetivo analisar as descobertas de trabalhos acadêmicos publicados em inglês entre 1990 e agosto de 2023. O estudo revelou um enorme aumento na pesquisa com foco na aplicação de IA generativa em bibliotecas nos últimos anos. O número de publicações sobre o tema varia significativamente entre as diferentes regiões: a Ásia registrou um incremento considerável de publicações em comparação com a América, África e Europa.

OLUSEGUN OYETOLA, S. et al. Artificial intelligence in the library: gauging the potential application and implications for contemporary library services in Nigeria. Data & Metadata, Argentina, v. 2, n. art. 36, 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.56294/dm202336 *** Por meio de uma análise sistemática da literatura, o estudo aborda como as bibliotecas universitárias podem utilizar a IA para apoiar serviços bibliotecários inovadores na Nigéria. O artigo recomenda que as bibliotecas adotem plenamente a IA, como chatbots, códigos de barras, RFID e robôs, para a prestação de serviços de qualidade. As bibliotecas também devem aproveitar as oportunidades apresentadas pela IA para reconectar seus usuários remotos e, consequentemente, restabelecer sua relevância na comunidade de usuários.

PATIL, S. B. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and libraries: a review of influential aspects and conceptual structure. In: INTERNATIONAL LIBRARY INFORMATION PROFESSIONALS SUMMIT (I-LIPS 2024), 12., 2024, Greater Noida, India. Anais… [S. l. : s. n.], 2024. Disponível em: https://zenodo.org/records/14292547. Access on:15 ago. 2025. *** Revisão de literatura de 107 documentos na língua inglesa (artigos de periódicos e trabalhos de congressos), publicados entre 1983 e 2024, indexados pelo banco de dados Scopus. Foi utilizada a análise bibliométrica.

PICALHO, A. C. et al. ChatGPT em bibliotecas: possibilidades iniciais em estudos indexados nas bases de dados Web of Science, Scopus e LISTA. Biblionline, João Pessoa, v. 19, n. 4, p. 3-15, 2023. Disponível em: https://brapci.inf.br/v/323801. Access on:15 ago. 2025. *** Revisão de literatura com 22 documentos relacionados ao ChatGPT e bibliotecas. Neles, foram identificados dois tópicos recorrentes: 1) o uso, riscos, limites e aspectos éticos; 2) serviços de biblioteca e a prática bibliotecária em si. Entende-se que são muitas as possibilidades de uso da ferramenta dentro da biblioteca.

PINHEIRO, M.; OLIVEIRA, H. Inteligência artificial: estudos e usos na Ciência da Informação no Brasil. Revista Ibero-Americana de Ciência da Informação , Brasília, v. 15, n. 3, p. 950968, 2022. Disponível em: https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/RICI/article/view/42767. Access on:15 ago. 2025. ***O artigo aborda o uso e os estudos sobre IA nas atividades da Ciência da Informação e analisa os últimos 20 anos da produção científica brasileira sobre IA.

SANTOSA, F. A. Artificial Intelligence in library studies: a textual analysis. JLIS.it, Macerata, v. 16, n. 1, p. 61-71, 2025. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36253/jlis.it-626 *** Este estudo tem como objetivo mapear estudos relacionados à IA e bibliotecas, a partir de 285 documentos, para identificar oportunidades e discutir a direção de estudos futuros. A IA afeta os estudos em bibliotecas, alterando métodos de aplicação, é possível que as pesquisas futuras serão mais diversificadas, considerando as características únicas de cada biblioteca.

SILVA, E. H. G. Inteligência artificial na Biblioteconomia e Ciência da Informação: uma análise das produções acadêmicas brasileiras. 2025. 71f. Monografia (Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso de Biblioteconomia) - Departamento de Ciência da Informação, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, 2025. Disponível em: https://repositorio.ufrn.br/items/d846bfc5 -9b8c-438c-878c-3206194c7786. Access on:15 ago. 2025. *** “Este trabalho teve como objetivo geral, compreender como as produções brasileiras na Biblioteconomia e Ciência da Informação (BCI) têm abordado a temática IA publicadas nos repositórios digitais (RI) das universidades federais do Brasil e na Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações (BDTD)” (resumo original).

SILVA, N.; NATHANHSON, B. M. Análise da produção científica em inteligência artificial na área da ciência da informação no Brasil. In: ENCONTRO NACIONAL DE PESQUISA E PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM CIÊNCIA DA INFORMAÇÃO, 19., 2018, Londrina. Anais.... [S. l.]: ANCIB, 2018. Disponível em: https://brapci.inf.br/v/103730. Access on:15 ago. 2025. *** Revisão da literatura sobre IA disponível em 33 documentos indexados na base de dados Brapci.

SUBAVEERAPANDIYAN, A. Application of artificial intelligence (AI) in libraries and its impact on library operations review. Library Philosophy and Practice , Lincoln, 2023. Disponível em: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/7828/. Access on:15 ago. 2025. *** Revisão da literatura sobre as aplicações da IA nas bibliotecas e seus impactos nas operações bibliotecárias. Foram analisados 65 artigos indexados na base de dados Scopus.

VASISHTA, P.; DHINGRA, N.; VASISHTA, S. Application of artificial intelligence in libraries: bibliometric analysis and visualization of research activities. Library Hi Tech, Bingley, v. 43, n. 2-3, p. 693-710, 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/LHT-12-2023-0589 *** Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar o estado atual da aplicação da IA em bibliotecas examinando o tipo de documento, ano de publicação, palavras-chave, país e métodos de pesquisa.

WHEATLEY, A; HERVIEUX, S. Artificial intelligence in academic libraries: an environmental scan. Information Services and Use, Thousand Oaks, CA, v. 39, n. 4, p. 347356, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3233/ISU-190065 *** Revisão da literatura, com ênfase nos Estados Unidos e Canadá, sobre o uso da IA em bibliotecas universitárias.

YAN, R.; ZHAO, X; MAZUMDAR, S. Chatbots in libraries: a systematic literature review. Education for Information, Thousand Oaks, CA, v. 39, n. 4, p. 431-449, 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3233/EFI-230045 *** Revisão sistemática da literatura nas bases de dados Scopus e Web of Science, sendo analisados 19 artigos. Os resultados indicam que a maioria dos estudos existentes era de natureza empírica. Os chatbots de interesse eram principalmente baseados em texto e guiados, com ferramentas de código fechado e portais de acesso, em sua maioria construídos em páginas web de bibliotecas ou integrados a softwares sociais.

2.2 - Books and manuals

A simple search on the Amazon electronic bookstore [www.amazon.com], using the expression "artificial intelligence in libraries", retrieves many books on the subject. This is a topic that has attracted increasing attention from researchers in various fields - especially in the information science and computer science communities.

The application of AI in the library context is a rapidly evolving topic. Therefore, no single book can reflect the state of the art on this subject for long. The works mentioned below serve as a starting point for understanding the issues related to the various facets of the subject. Obviously, for more up-to-date content, information should be sought in papers presented at events and in journal articles.

ANDERSON, C. B.; FISHER, D. H. Artificial intelligence for academic libraries. Abingdon, UK: Routledge, 2025. 236 p. ISBN: 9781032753539 *** In ten chapters, the work is divided into two parts: the first covers the fundamentals of AI; the second addresses specialized topics, including hybrid AI, the responsible use of AI in research, and learning.

APPLICATIONS of artificial intelligence in libraries. Hershey, PA: IGI Global, 2024. ISBN: 9798369315750 Electronic resource. *** In ten chapters, the work explores the diverse ways in which AI is being integrated into library operations and services.

BALNAVES, E. ; BULTRINI, L.; COX, A.; UZWYSHYN, R. (ed.). New horizons in artificial intelligence in libraries . Berlin: De Gruyter Saur, 2025. 384 ISBN: 9783111335711 (IFLA Publications, 185) Available at: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783111336435 *** Coordinated by IFLA, the 23-chapter book addresses the potential use of AI in libraries across all sectors, as well as issues of bias and ethics. It offers a much-needed glossary and links resources.

FRICKÉ, M. Artificial intelligence and librarianship. 3^rd ed. Wanaka, New Zealand: Open Textbook Library, 2024. 533 p. Available at: https://softoption.us/sites/default/files/AIinLibrariesNotesForTeaching3rdEd.pdf *** After addressing the theoretical aspects of AI, it analyzes AI and library science. It includes an extensive bibliography (pp. 507-533).

GRIFFEY, J. (ed.) Artificial intelligence and machine learning in libraries . Chicago: ALA Techsource, 2019. ISBN: 978-0838918142 *** A four-part of thematic issue of Library Technology Reports, which highlights that the future of library work will be significantly impacted and forever changed because of AI and machine learning systems becoming commonplace.

HANEGAN, M.; ROSSER, C. generative ai and libraries: claiming our place in the center of a shared future. Chicago: ALA Editions, 2025. 160 p. ISBN: 979-8892553100 *** A book that brings together the theoretical and practical aspects of AI in the library.

HERVIEUX, S.; WHEATLEY, A. The rise of AI: implications and applications of artificial intelligence in academic libraries. Chicago: Association of College and Research Libraries, 2022. 207 p. ISBN: 9780838939116 *** The book is divided into three parts: user services, collections and discovery, and toward future applications. The topics discussed include: machine translation; creating incubation spaces; robotics; combining information literacy initiatives with AI literacy; fostering partnerships with other groups on campus; integrating AI technology into collections to increase discoverability; using AI to refine metadata for images, articles, and theses; and machine learning.

PICKERING, R.; ISMAIL, M. (ed.). Artificial intelligence in libraries and publishing . Charleston: Against the Grain, 2022. 77 p. ISBN: 978-1941269565 Electronic resource (Kindle). *** Collection of chapters on AI, as well as its applications in libraries and the publishing industry.

SCHULTZ, E. The curious librarian: artificial intelligence in libraries. 2024. 191 p. ASIN: B0DDJXMY2Z Electronic resource (Kindle). *** The book explores the potential of AI for libraries. It examines how AI can be used to enhance library services, such as providing personalized recommendations, automating tasks, and creating ways for users to interact with library resources.

2.3 - Specific technical events and meetings

The topic of AI in libraries began to be discussed at general professional events, particularly in the areas of information science and computing. As the topic developed, specific events emerged, many of which have already hosted several meetings, including in Brazil. The events discussed below are listed in chronological order.

2018

INTERNATIONAL Conference on AI for Libraries, Archives, and Museums, 1^st, 5 dez. 2018, National Library of Norway. Available at: https://www.nb.no/hva-skjer/ai-conference/ *** This event, hosted by the National Library of Norway and Stanford University Libraries, is considered the first major conference on AI in the library sector and aimed to discuss how these technologies are changing our world.

2019

INTERNATIONAL Conference on AI for Libraries, Archives, and Museums, 2^nd, 4-6 Dez. 2019, Stanford University. Available at: https://www.cenl.org/2nd-internationalconference-on-ai/ *** Organized by Stanford University Library, it was “an opportunity for us to learn together, work together, and begin to build a BAM (Libraries, Archives, and Museums) community of practice that will bring together our content and subject matter expertise with engineering talent to make the most of AI” (original abstract).

2021

INTERNATIONAL Conference on AI for Libraries, Archives, and Museums, 3^rd, 9-10 Dez. 2021, Paris. Available at: https://www.bnf.fr/en/les-futurs-fantastiques *** The event was promoted by the National Library of France, and sought to answer: “How has AI transformed the digital world of libraries, archives, and museums? How can we embrace these changes and implement these innovative technologies in the GBAM (Galleries, Libraries, Archives, and Museums) sector? The AI community for libraries, archives, and museums is focused on this question” (original abstract).

2022

AI4LAM Virtual Event 2022, 30 nov./2 dez. 2022, Londres. Available at: https://sites.google.com/view/ai4lam/ai4lam-2022-virtual-event *** Virtual event, promoted by the British Library, which brought together professionals from archives, libraries and museums.

2023

FANTASTIC Futures 2023: Artificial Intelligence for Libraries, Archives, & Museums Annual Conference, 15-17 Nov. 2023, Vancouver, Canada. Available at: https://web.archive.org/web/20240613033334/https://ff2023.archive.org/ *** Event held at the Internet Archive Canada, in Vancouver (British Columbia), which brought together archivists, librarians and museologists.

ONLINE Workshop 6: New Horizons in AI and Machine Learning for Libraries and Archives, 6^th, 24 March 2023, University of Glasgow. Available at: https://www.aeoliannetwork.net/events/online-workshop-6/ *** Event promoted by the AEOLIAN Network and the University of Glasgow (Scotland), where new and emerging methods for applying AI and machine learning technologies to library and archive collections were analyzed.

2024

FANTASTIC Futures 2024, 15-18 out. 2024, Canberra, Australia. Available at: https://www.nfsa.gov.au/fantastic-futures-conference-canberra-2024 *** Event hosted by the National Film & Sound Archive of Australia. "Technology, language, history, and creativity converged in Canberra for four days, with cultural leaders gathered for Fantastic Futures: the world's first in-depth exploration of the opportunities and challenges of AI for the cultural sector" (original abstract).

2025

NORTHWESTERN University in Qatar, The Library Symposium Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Libraries and Librarianship, 26-27 February 2025. Available at: https://www.qatar.northwestern.edu/events/library-symposium.html *** This event aimed to explore the transformative impact of AI technologies on libraries and the evolving role of librarians in this digital age, with a focus on the Gulf Region.

IFLA Artificial Intelligence Symposium, 5^th, 16-20 jun. 2025. Tema central: Artificial Intelligence and Robots Transforming Libraries: Opportunities and Challenges. Promoted by University of KwaZulu-Natal Library Services, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa. Available at: https://ailib.ukzn.ac.za/call-for-papers/ *** This event aimed to explore the transformative impact of AI technologies on libraries and the evolving role of librarians in this digital age, with a focus on the Southern African region.

IFLA Bibliography and Information Technology Sections. Satellite Meeting, central theme: Artificial Intelligence, Bibliographic Control and Legal Matters: Navigating New Horizons, 1415 ago. 2025, local: Astana IT University of the Republic of Kazakhstan in Astana, Kazakhstan. Available at: https://2025.ifla.org/bibliography-section-with-the-information-technologysection-and-the-ifla-artificial-intelligence-special-interest-group/ *** The event aimed to analyze critical issues, exploring the multifaceted impact of AI, both in its current applications and in the emerging paradigm of generative AI, on the core missions of libraries and information institutions, including national bibliographic agencies, and on metadata, library collections, copyright, and legal deposit, in an increasingly AI-driven information landscape.

2.4 -Discussion lists, blogs, groups, and specialized sites

Discussion lists, blogs, groups, and specialized websites are important for keeping up to date with new projects, equipment, and applications.

AEOLIAN (Artificial Intelligence for Cultural Organizations) Available at: https://www.aeolian-network.net/ *** An organization created by the National Endowment for the Humanities (USA) and the Arts and Humanities Research Council (UK), it has a network of several national and university libraries from different countries. This network was designed to investigate the role that AI can play in making digital cultural records more accessible to users.

AI FOR LIBRARIES, Archives, and Museums. Available at: https://github.com/AI4LAM *** AI4LAM is an international and participatory community focused on promoting the use of AI in, for and by libraries, archives and museums.

EUROPEANA PRO. Task Force. AI in Relation to Glams; Task Force December 1, 2019, to August 31, 2021 . 2023. Available at: https://pro.europeana.eu/project/ai-in-relation-toglams *** A multinational task force investigating the role and impact of AI in the digital cultural heritage domain, particularly with regard to the analysis and improvement of gallery, library, archive, and museum collections. Published: “AI in relation to GLAMs Task Force Report”, 24 p. 11/09/2023 URL: https://pro.europeana.eu/files/Europeana_Professional/Europeana_Network/Europeana_Netw ork_Task_Forces/Final_reports/AI%20in%20relation%20to%20GLAMs%20Task%20Force %20Report.pdf

IFLA. Artificial Intelligence Special Interest Group. Available at: https://www.ifla.org/g/ai/generative-ai/ *** A group created by IFLA to discuss artificial intelligence. Published on November 24, 2023, the document "Developing a Library Strategic Response to Artificial Intelligence" [see details in the Books section].

RED DE BIBLIOTECAS UNIVERSITARIAS (REBIUN). Observatorio de Inteligencia Artificial. Available at: https://www.rebiun.org/observatorio-de-inteligencia-artificial *** Observatory whose mission is to analyze, evaluate, and disseminate key AI initiatives to determine their application in university and research libraries.

2.5 - Artificial intelligence in libraries

The following documents address the use of AI in libraries.

ADETAYO, A. J. Artificial intelligence chatbots in academic libraries: the rise of ChatGPT. Library Hi Tech News, [S. l.], v. 40, n. 3, p. 18-21, March 2023. ISSN 0741-9058. DOI 10.1108/LHTN-01-2023-0007 *** The study analyzed the potential of chatbots in university libraries.

AJAKAYE, J. E. Applications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Libraries. In: HANDBOOK of Research on Emerging Trends and Technologies in Librarianship . Hershey, PA: IGI Global, 2022. p.73-90. DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-9094-2.ch006 *** This book chapter discussed some components of AI, the library services to which it can be applied, the benefits of its application, as well as the challenges libraries face in applying artificial intelligence.

ALI, M. Y.; NAEEM, S. B.; BHATTI, R.; RICHARDSON, J. Artificial intelligence application in university libraries of Pakistan: SWOT analysis and implications. Global Knowledge, Memory and Communication, [S. l.], v. 73, n. 1-2, p. 219-234, 2024. DOI 10.1108/GKMC12-2021-0203 *** Using the SWOT technique, data were collected from five university library directors in Pakistan about the use of AI. The results highlighted the challenges of implementing AI in this context.

ANDERSDOTTER, K. Artificial intelligence skills and knowledge in libraries: experiences and critical impressions from a learning circle. Journal of Information Literacy, [S. l.], v. 17, n. 2, 14, Dec. 2023. Available at: https://journals.cilip.org.uk/jil/article/view/14 *** This article presents a method for increasing AI literacy among librarians and library staff. It highlights topics relevant to several types of libraries when faced with the development and application of AI in libraries.

ANDRETTA, P. I. S.; PASSOS, K. G. F. A responsabilidade das bibliotecas na era da inteligência artificial: contextualizando a competência algorítmica. In: CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE BIBLIOTECONOMIA E DOCUMENTAÇÃO, 29., 26-30 setembro 2022. Anais . São Paulo: FEBAB, 2022. Available at: https://portal.febab.org.br/cbbd2022/article/view/2619 *** This article analyzes the journey of encounters with readings and resources that guide the results and discussions highlighted in the Reports on Libraries and AI, produced by IFLA. It highlights some research on AI in the context of librarianship, understandings of algorithmic competence, and initiatives in this area.

ALONSO ARÉVALO, J. El papel esencial de las bibliotecas universitarias en la era de la inteligencia artificial. Boletín de la Asociación Andaluza de Bibliotecarios, Málaga, v. 39, n. 128, p. 190-199, 2024. Available at: https://aab.es/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/

PRESENTACION-DE-JULIO-ALONSO-AREVALO.pdf *** Lecture on the role of the university library in supporting researchers and students in their research and teaching activities in the context of AI.

ALONSO ARÉVALO, J. Inteligencia artificial generativa y alfabetización mediática en bibliotecas. Mi Biblioteca, Salamanca, v. 20, n. 78. P. 54-58, 2024. Available at: https://gredos.usal.es/handle/10366/159333 *** Addresses AI and its uses in the library.

ARROYO-MACHADO, W.; TORRES-SALINAS, D. Manual de ChatGPT: aplicaciones en documentación y bibliotecas. Versão 2.0, 24/02/2025. 95 p. Available at: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14916730 *** Practical manual on using ChatGPT for documentation and library management tasks.

ASSIS, L. da S. de Inteligência artificial em bibliotecas e unidades de informação: desafios e oportunidades para a Ciência e a Cultura. Código 31, Belo Horizonte, v. 2, n. 1, p. 7-25, maio 2024. Available at: https://revista.fumec.br/index.php/codigo31/article/view/9863/4907 *** This article explores two specific dimensions: its impact on scientific production and its role in promoting cultural activities, especially in public libraries. In public libraries, AI can function as a catalyst for the creation of cultural activities (adapted from the original abstract).

ASSOCIATION OF RESEARCH LIBRARIES. ARL/CNI AI Scenarios: AI-Influenced Futures. Washington, DC, West Chester, PA: Association of Research Libraries, Coalition for Networked Information, and Stratus Inc., June 2024. 40 p. Available at: https://www.arl.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/AI-Scenarios-corrected-05-Dec-2024.pdf *** Document for the university library to develop the AI strategic plan.

BANERJEE, S.; GRIFFITHS, S. Involving patients in artificial intelligence research to build trustworthy systems. AI & Society, [S. l.], p. 1-3, 2023. Available at: DOI: 10.1007/s00146023-01745-7 *** The article explains what AI is and how it can be useful for libraries, highlighting its advantages and disadvantages. It also highlights the feasibility of using AI as a professional system for acquisition, indexing, and reference services.

BARSHA, S.; MUNSHI, S. A. Implementing artificial intelligence in library services: a review of current prospects and challenges of developing countries. Library Hi Tech News, [S. l.], v. 41, n. 1, p. 7-10, 2023. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1108/LHTN-07-2023-0126 *** This article reviews the prospects and challenges of implementing AI in library services in developing countries. The study aimed to identify the main dilemmas and obstacles these nations face when implementing AI-based solutions and propose pragmatic solutions.

BREEN, Jessica; GILCHRIST, Sarah; HEYWOOD, John; HICKEY, Shane; KRAMER, Stefan; REECE, Gwendolyn; et al. AU library artificial intelligence exploratory working group: report and recommendations. American University Library. Report. 2024. Available at: https://doi.org/10.57912/26280052 *** Report on the potential implications of AI in the library sector.

BRIDGES, L. M.; MCELROY, K.; WELHOUSE, Z. Generative Artificial Intelligence: 8 critical questions for libraries. Journal of Library Administration, [S. l.], v. 64, n. 1, p. 6679, 2024. Available at: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01930826.2024.2292484 *** The article provides an overview of generative AI and large language models, proposing eight questions libraries should ask as they explore this technology and its implications for their communities.

BUITRAGO-CIRO, J.; SAMOKISHYN, M.; FIRDAWSI, C. Bridging the AI gap: comparative analysis of AI integration, education, and outreach in academic libraries. IFLA Journal, The Hague, 2025: Online First. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/03400352251325274 *** The article analyzes how university libraries are adopting AI applications in their services.

COX, A. How artificial intelligence might change academic library work: Applying the competencies literature and the theory of the professions. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, [S. l.], v. 74, n. 3, p. 367-380, 2023. Available at: https://scispace.com/pdf/how-artificial-intelligence-might-change-academic-library-3xrlf64r.pdf *** The objective of this article is to consider the likelihood of adopting different AI approaches in university libraries. It draws on the literature on librarian competencies and on notions of authority and hybrid logics drawn from the sociological theory of professions.

COX A.; DE BRASDEFER, M. IFLA AI entry point to libraries and AI . The Hague: IFLA, 2025. Available at: https://repository.ifla.org/handle/20.500.14598/4034 *** “This document defines AI broadly and offers a practical set of reflective questions to help library professionals assess opportunities and risks. It is not intended as a definitive guide or decision-making tool, but rather a prompt for informed discussion and collaborative decision-making across the profession. The document aligns with IFLA’s broader policy framework and anticipates future updates in response to evolving technologies. It is part of a series of thematic publications (2025-2026) following IFLA’s revised Internet Manifesto (2024)” (original abstract).

COX, A. M.; MAZUMDAR, S. Defining artificial intelligence for librarians. Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, [S. l.], v. 56, n. 2, p. 330-340, 2022. Available at: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/09610006221142029 *** The purpose of this article is to define AI for librarians by examining general definitions, analyzing the set of technologies that comprise AI, analyzing the types of use by area of library operation, and then reflecting on the implications for the profession.

FINLEY, T. K. The democratization of artificial intelligence: one library’s approach. Information technology & libraries, [S. l.], v. 38, n. 1, 2019. Available at: https://ejournals.bc.edu/index.php/ital/article/view/10974 *** “This article argues that the current technological revolution that is happening in Artificial Intelligence is not just about its prevalence in daily life, but the real revolution is about the emergence of AI tools that may help to democratize its use. Lowering the barrier to a technology that is perceived more as science fiction than accessible for mass utilization. A Public Library shares its approach in leveraging available tools to enable AI education for all“(original abstract).

GIL GARCÍA, R. La inteligencia artificial en las bibliotecas universitarias españolas. Boletín de la Asociación Andaluza de Bibliotecarios, Málaga, v. 39, n. 128, p. 200-212, 2024. Available at: https://aab.es/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/128-BAAB-200-212.pdf *** The article analyzes the situation of university libraries in relation to the implementation and risks of AI.

HAENLEIN, M.; KAPLAN, A. A brief history of artificial intelligence: on the past, present, and future of artificial intelligence. California Management Review , [S. l.], v. 61, n. 4, p. 514, 2019. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0008125619864925 *** The text summarized the seven articles published in this journal issue, which present a wide range of perspectives on AI. It concludes by offering a comprehensive vision of the future of AI.

HASAN, N.; SAIFULLAH, M.; HASHMI, A. H. Application of Artificial Intelligence in

Libraries: Benefits and Drawbacks. Journal of Data Science, Informetrics, and Citation Studies, [S. l.], v. 3, n. 2, p. 98-105, 2024. Available at: https://jcitation.org/index.php/jdscics/ article/view/105. *** This article discusses AI and its main components and presents a literature review that seeks to determine current trends in this field. It also analyzes AI applications in different areas of library information services.

HUSSAIN, A. Use of artificial intelligence in the library services: prospects and challenges. Library Hi Tech News, [S. l.], v. 40, n. 2, p. 15-17, 2023. Available at: doi.org/10.1108/ LHTN-11-2022-0125 *** The article highlights the pros and cons of AI in library services. Furthermore, it aims to help librarians and researchers in the field address these issues before implementing AI in library services.

IFLA. Artificial Intelligence Special Interest Group. Developing a library strategic response to Artificial Intelligence. 2023. Available at: https://orda.shef.ac.uk/articles/report/ Developing_a_library_strategic_response_to_Artificial_Intelligence/24631293/1?file=439054 86 *** Document published on November 24, 2023, with the objective of "presenting relevant considerations for libraries developing a strategic response to AI. The text is organized around the development of a set of questions that stimulate reflection and action (section 4). It is hoped that the document can support local decision-making about AI" (p. 2).

IFLA. Entry point to libraries and AI: internet manifesto Annex I. 13 p. May 2025. The Hague, IFLA, 2025. Available at: https://repository.ifla.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/ fa2be7af-81a7-4268-ad28-029d13a90346/content *** “The document provides librarians with a list of essential considerations for evaluating and discussing the benefits and risks of AI. It is intended to be a concise and useful tool that informs the professional debate around AI, primarily as a set of questions rather than answers, which will also need to reflect the breadth and rapid evolution of technologies” (p. 2).

JHA, S.K. Application of artificial intelligence in libraries and information centers services: prospects and challenges. Library Hi Tech New s, [S. l.], v. 40, n. 7, p. 1-5, 2023. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1108/LHTN-06-2023-0102 *** The results of this study show that AI is a technology that can be used in library services; however, some obstacles, such as adequate funding, librarian attitude, and technical skills, are some of the obstacles that hinder AI in library operations.

KHAN, R.; GUPTA, N.; SINHABABU, A.; CHAKRAVARTY, R. Impact of conversational and generative AI systems on libraries: a use case Large Language Model (LLM). Science & Technology Libraries, [S. l.], v. 43, n. 4, p. 319-333, 2023. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/0194262X.2023.2254814 *** The study uses three generative AI systems (ChatGPT, Perplexity, and iAsk) to analyze the potential impact on university library services. The goal is to provide insights into how libraries can adapt to these changes to better serve their users.

LEON, L. C. R.; FLORES, L. V.; ALOMO, A. R. Artificial intelligence and Filipino academic librarians: perceptions, challenges, and opportunities. Journal of the Australian Library and Information Association, Canberra, v. 73, n. 1, p. 66-83, 2024. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/24750158.2024.2305993 *** The authors investigated the perceptions of university librarians in the Philippines regarding the use of AI, particularly virtual assistants and chatbots. To this end, they distributed a questionnaire to 178 professionals. The survey results revealed that Filipino librarians have a positive perception of the benefits of AI in libraries, including increased efficiency, personalized services, and improved accessibility. While there are still challenges in learning about AI, they demonstrate a readiness to adapt and evaluate AI technologies.

LIMA, A. M.; AGANETTE, E. C. O uso da inteligência artificial nos serviços da biblioteca. In: FÓRUM DE PESQUISAS DISCENTES DO PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM GESTÃO E ORGANIZAÇÃO DO CONHECIMENTO (FORPED PPGGOC), 5, 2024, Belo Horizonte. Anais . Belo Horizonte, 2024. Available at: https://forped.eci.ufmg.br/revista/ forped/article/view/164 *** This study aims to analyze the potential impacts of using artificial intelligence on library services and management. The study found that AI can contribute to improving information retrieval, automating activities, and streamlining classification, recommendation, and service personalization processes.

LO, L. S. AI policies across the globe: implications and recommendations for libraries. IFLA Journal , The Hague, v. 49, n. 4, p. 645-649, 2023. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/03400352231196172 *** The article analyzes the proposed AI policies of the United States, United Kingdom, European Union, Canada, and China and their implications for libraries.

LO, L. S.; VITALE, C. H. Tracking the AI evolution in research libraries: findings from ARL’s Third AI quick poll. Blog ARL Views 12/03/2025. Available at: www.arl.org/blog/trackingthe-ai-evolution-in-research-libraries-findings-from-arls-third-ai-quick-poll/ *** Results of the third survey conducted by the Association of Research Libraries (ARL), conducted in January 2025, with 40 library directors, on the integration of AI in their institutions.

MARSHALL, D.; DUBOSE, J. AI in academic libraries: the future is now. Public Services Quarterly, [S. l.], v. 20, n. 2, p. 150-155, 2024. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/ 15228959.2024.2331124 *** This article addresses the challenges currently facing academia regarding AI and the various ways in which AI can benefit university libraries in teaching, collection services, and accessibility.

MARTÍNEZ-ROLÁN, X. M.; CABEZUELO LORENZO, F.; OLIVEIRA, L. Os novos cenários da sociedade digital diante do desafio da inteligência artificial (IA) Gerativa. Encontros Bibli: revista eletrônica de biblioteconomia e ciência da informação, Florianópolis, v. 30, p. 1-7, 2025. Available at: https://periodicos.ufsc.br/index.php/eb/article/view/105080. *** “The article deals with the new scenarios of the digital society in the face of the challenge of Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI), highlighting its technological, ethical, epistemological, and social implications. The article aims to present the selected studies, highlighting their contributions to sectors such as education, media, and librarianship, and to propose guidelines for the responsible integration of these tools” (original abstract).

MUPAIKWA, E. The Application of artificial intelligence and machine learning in academic libraries. In: Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology , 6^th ed. Hershey, PA: IGI Global, 2023. Chapter 41. Available at: https://www.igi-global.com/gateway/chapter/full-textpdf/321207 *** The chapter was based on a review of 61 selected articles from 127 journals. The text demonstrated that AI and machine learning have been used in libraries to support reference services, indexing and abstracting, information retrieval, cataloging and classification, and collection management, among other services. The main challenges that hindered the adoption of AI in libraries included a lack of infrastructure, a lack of funding, and a lack of awareness among librarians, as well as librarian training and curriculum revision in Library Science schools.

OMAME, I. M.; ALEX-NMECHA, J. C. Artificial intelligence in libraries. In: Managing and adapting library information services for future users. IGI Global Scientific Publishing, 2020. p. 120-144 *** It analyzes AI applications in libraries, including, among others, expert systems for reference services, book-reading and shelf-reading robots, and virtual reality for immersive learning. It will improve library operations and services and update and increase libraries' relevance in an ever-changing digital society.

PARLAMENTO EUROPEU. Regulamento inteligência artificial: parlamento aprova legislação histórica. Estrasburgo: União Europeia, 2024. Available at: www.europarl.europa. eu/news/pt/press-room/20240308IPR19015/regulamento-inteligencia-artificial-parlamentoaprova-legislacao-historica *** Approved on 03/13/2024, the document aims to ensure that AI systems are safe and respect fundamental rights and the values of the European Union.

PENCE, Harry E. Future of artificial intelligence in libraries. Reference Librarian , [S. l.], v. 63, n. 4, p. 133-143, 2022. Available at: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02763877.2022.2140741 *** AI is being considered for library applications in a variety of ways, particularly in data analysis, supporting remote access to library services, and transforming the library into a research hub using Big Data. AI has the potential to perform routine tasks that currently require a human, giving librarians the freedom to offer in-depth knowledge essential for advanced research.

PIRGOVA-MORGAN, L. Looking towards a brighter future: the potentiality of AI and digital transformations to library spaces. Leeds: Library at the University of Leeds, 2023. 111 p. Available at: https://library.leeds.ac.uk/downloads/download/196/artificial-intelligence-aiin-libraries *** In four chapters, the report highlights the role AI can play in the digital future of libraries.

PRIMARY RESEARCH GROUP. Survey of American college students, use of academic library chatbots & chat services. New York: Primary Research Group, 2025. 110 p. ISBN 979-8-88517-306-3 *** A survey aimed to determine how American students use chatbot services in university libraries. The results show that students who worked full- or part-time were much more likely than those who did not work to use an Ask-a-Librarian chat service.

RED DE BIBLIOTECAS REBIUN. Inteligencia artificial en bibliotecas universitarias españolas. Madrid: REBIUN, 2024. 42 p. Available at: https://repositoriorebiun.org/bitstream/ handle/20.500.11967/1419/IA%20y%20Bibliotecas%20universitarias_maq.pdf?sequence=1& isAllowed=y *** A survey of 51 university libraries in Spain aimed to obtain data on AI use. The main barriers identified with AI implementation where AI creates a volatile, changeable, and unpredictable environment, and a lack of skills among library staff.

RICARDO, M. M. O uso da inteligência artificial em bibliotecas universitárias. Porto Alegre: Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Faculdade de Biblioteconomia e Documentação, 2024. 48 f. (Trabalho de conclusão do Curso de Biblioteconomia) Available at: https://lume.ufrgs.br/bitstream/handle/10183/290598/001244292.pdf *** This document analyzed AI in university libraries and librarian behavior regarding this technology. It concludes that chatbots are useful for customer service, and that librarians can engage in tasks other than cataloging and indexing, as well as in the processing of large data sets (adapted from the original abstract).

SACCO, K.; NORTON, A.; ARMS, K. (org.) Navigating AI in academic libraries: implications for academic tesearch. Hershey, PA: IGI Global Scientific Publishing, 2025. 324 p. ISBN: 9798369351772 *** In 11 chapters, the book addresses AI innovations, copyright issues, information literacy, collection development, and the impacts of AI on research and academic publishing.

SANDES, T. A.; NEVES, B. C. Biblioteconomia e a inteligência artificial: novas possibilidades para o bibliotecário. Revista Fontes Documentais, [S. l.], v. 7, n. 1, 2024. Available at: https://www.brapci.inf.br/v/307961 *** The article demonstrates how AI is redefining library operations, improving collection organization efficiency and personalizing user service. It also addresses the need for professionals to acquire new AI skills and ensure ethical data use (based on the abstract).

SHORIN, O. N. Possible areas of application of artificial intelligence in libraries and information centers. Scientific and Technical Information Processing, [S. l.], v. 50, p. 259- 263, 2023. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3103/S0147688223040093 *** The article points out that AI can be used in libraries' daily operations, such as automatically annotating documents, cataloging images, searching for similar documents, analyzing bibliographic references in scientific articles, and more. Information stored in libraries can be used to train neural networks.

SILVA, J. F. A integração da inteligência artificial na biblioteconomia: um caminho em construção. Código31: revista de informação, comunicação e interfaces, Belo Horizonte, v. 2, n. 1, 2024. Available at: https://cip.brapci.inf.br//download/301200 *** This article discusses the impact of AI on the field of library science, highlighting the current challenges faced and the opportunities this merger offers. The study shows that the adoption of AI does not mean the complete disappearance of librarianship, but rather a shift in the skills required and responsibilities of library professionals.

TANZI, N. The risks for libraries in AI avoidance. The Digital Librarian , [S. l.], 17 de jul. de 2024. Available at: https://the-digital-librarian.com/2024/07/17/the-risks-for-libraries-in-aiavoidance/ *** As we continue to identify the downsides of using AI in the library environment, it's also important to address the risks of avoiding this technology.

TORRES-SALINAS, D.; THEWALL, M.; ARROYO-MACHADO, W. ChatGPT for Bibliometrics: a comprehensive corpus of applications. 2024. Available at: https://zenodo.org/records/11103550 *** The document "explores the transformative role of ChatGPT in improving bibliometric research methodologies at various stages of academic study. It addresses the application of ChatGPT in bibliometric studies across five main stages of research: preparation and consultation, data processing, data analysis, interpretation of results, and scientific writing" (original abstract).

UDELL, E. The World of AI. How libraries are integrating and navigating this powerful technology. American Libraries , Chicago, v. 55, n. 3/4, p. 22, 2024. Available at: https://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/2024/03/01/the-world-of-ai/ *** We interviewed five technology experts, educators, and librarians who are pioneering the use of generative AI in their institutions. They discuss how it is being used in libraries, what ethical concerns have arisen, and how librarians can educate their communities on how to navigate these technologies.

UPSHALL, M. An AI toolkit for libraries. Insights: The UKSG Journal, [S. l.], v. 35, 592, 2022. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1629/uksg.592. *** This article provides an overview of some areas where AI tools are being used and how they work. It then provides a checklist for evaluation.

VILLAPALOS-PARDIÑAS, V. Inteligencia artificial al alcance de todos: plataformas y proyectos destacados. CLIP de SEDIC: Revista de la Sociedad Española de Documentación e Información Científica, Madrid, n. 89, p. 14-26, 2024. Available at: https://doi.org/10.47251/clip.n89.143 *** The article describes the main platforms and projects related to AI-related products and services.

YOON, J.; ANDREWS, J. E.; e WARD, H. L. Perceptions on adopting artificial intelligence and related technologies in libraries: public and academic librarians in North America. Library Hi Tech, [S. l.], v. 40, n. 6, p. 1893-1915, 2022. DOI 10.1108/LHT-07-2021-0229. *** This study aimed to understand how AI and related technologies are currently being used in public and university libraries and how librarians perceive the adoption of innovative technologies in their libraries. Data were collected from 242 professionals from the United States and Canada: 67% responded that AI and related technologies will transform library functions, and 68% reported being interested in training.

ZONDI, N. P.; EPIZITONE, A.; NKOMO, N.; MTHALANE, P. P.; MOYANE, S.; LUTHULI, M.; KHUMALO, M.; PHOKOYE, S. A review of artificial intelligence implementation in academic library services. South African Journal of Libraries and Information Science, Pretoria, v. 90, n. 2, p. 1-8, 2024. Available at: https://sajlis.journals.ac.za/pub/article/view/2399 *** This article assesses the adoption of AI in university libraries, identifying the factors driving this implementation and the challenges faced. AI has the potential to revolutionize services by improving efficiency, automation, and personalization in user service. Despite its promise, AI integration in libraries faces obstacles such as a shortage of specialists, infrastructure limitations, financial constraints, and employment concerns.

2.5.1 - Artificial intelligence in the library flow

This section includes references to the main technical aspects, both in information science and computer science, related to the use of AI in the traditional workflow of a library.

ARROYO MACHADO, W.; LOSEY, J. E. ChatGPT en bibliotecas. Boletín de la Asociación Andaluza de Bibliotecarios, Málaga, v. 39, n. 127, p. 9-26, Enero-Junio 2024. Available at: https://aab.es/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/127-BAAB-008-026.pdf *** The article presents the applications of ChatGPT in university, public and specialized libraries, as well as the ethical and privacy considerations.

CHOWDHURY, G. G.; CHOWDHURY, S. AI and information access: benefits, challenges and lessons. London: Facet, 2025. 240 p. ISBN: 9781783307722 *** With nine chapters, the book analyzes and compares the results generated by a variety of AI tools for accessing specific information in everyday life, research, and academic contexts. It also discusses the implications of these technologies for end users, as well as for education and professional practice in the fields of library and information science.

HANEGAN, M.; ROSSER, R. Generative AI and Libraries: claiming our place in the center of a shared future. Chicago: ALA Editions, 2025. 160 p. ISBN: 979-8-89255-310-0 *** With eight chapters, the book is divided into three parts: fundamentals of AI in libraries; strategic implementation of AI in libraries; and the future of libraries in the age of intelligence.

HOSSEINI M.; HOLMES, K. The Evolution of library workplaces and workflows via generative AI. College & Research Libraries, Chicago, v. 84, n. 6, p. 836-42, 2023 Available at: https://doi.org/10.5860/crl.84.6.836 *** The article reflects on how libraries and their current workflows are evolving alongside the rise of generative AI.

MARCHIONINI, G. Information and library professionals’ roles and responsibilities in an AIaugmented world. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, [s. l.], v. 75, n. 8, p. 865-868, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.24930 *** The article addresses the roles and responsibilities of the information professional in the context of AI.

PANDA, S.; KAUR, N. Revolutionizing language processing in libraries with SheetGPT: an integration of Google Sheet and ChatGPT plugin. Library Hi Tech News , [S. l.], v. 41, n. 5, p. 8-10, 17 June 2024. *** The article analyzes the use of SheetGPT, a plug-in for Google Spreadsheets and GPT, and its impact on libraries.

PIVAL, P. R. How to incorporate artificial intelligence (AI) into your library workflow. Library Hi Tech News, [S. l.], v. 40, n. 7, p. 15-17, 2023. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/370770775_How_to_incorporate_artificial_intellige nce_AI_into_your_library_workflow *** This article aims to highlight recent developments in AI chatbots and how the resulting tools can be incorporated into the library's daily workflow.

2.5.2 - Data conversion and digitization

BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY. Boston public library expands access to collections through AI-enhanced digitization. Boston: Boston Public Library, 2024. Available at: https://www.bpl.org/news/boston-public-library-expands-access-to-collections-through-aienhanced-digitization/. *** Digitization project that uses AI to improve processes and access to library collections.

BUSHEY, J. et al. Report on the survey digitization and Artificial Intelligence for archives and documentary heritage materials. Vancouver: InterPARES Trust AI, 25 March 2025. 90 p. Available at: https://interparestrustai.org/assets/public/dissemination/RA03-InterPARESAISurvey_Report_FINAL.pdf *** A survey of 66 professionals on the potential benefits, challenges, and risks of using AI in the digitization of archives and documentary heritage materials. The study seeks to explore the main ways in which AI tools can assist digitization processes.

2.5.3 - Collection development

WAGSTAFF, K.; LIU. G. Z. Automated classification to improve the efficiency of weeding library collections. Journal of Academic Librarianship, [S.l.], v. 44, n. 2 p. 238-247, 2019. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acalib.2018.02.001 *** This article reports on a study to evaluate the potential for improving document disposal efficiency through data mining. A set of automated classifiers based on different machine learning algorithms was used, trained to predict librarians' disposal decisions. The study found agreement between the automated classifiers' predictions and librarians' disposal decisions.

XIAO, J.; GAO, Wenli. Connecting the dots: reader ratings, bibliographic data, and machine learning algorithms for monograph selection. The Serials Librarian, [S. l.], v. 78, n. 1-4, p. 117-122, 2020. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/0361526X.2020.1707599 *** Recommender systems can use machine learning algorithms not only to simplify collection development for librarians, but also to help end users discover more items relevant to their interests.

2.5.4 - Technical processing (cataloging, metadata, classification, indexing)

BODENHAMER, J. The reliability and usability of ChatGPT for library metadata. Stillwater, OK: Oklahoma State University, Open Research Oklahoma, 2023. Available at: https://openresearch.okstate.edu/entities/publication/98b121d2-1f87-4824-b5c9d204dfe87ced *** “This study seeks to evaluate the weaknesses and strengths of ChatGPT as it tries to perform three common cataloging/metadata tasks: 1) assigning classification numbers, 2) choosing Library of Congress subjects headings, and 3) harvesting keywords. Over the course of four months, it will ask ChatGPT a standardized list of questions on these topics. Then it will collate and evaluate ChatGPT’s performance. In the end, this study will offer its findings as well as best practices for using ChatGPT in cataloging and metadata tasks” (original abstract).

BRZUSTOWICZ, R. From ChatGPT to CatGPT: the implications of Artificial Intelligence on library cataloging. Information Technology and Libraries, [S. l.], v. 42, n. 3, 2023. Available at: https://ital.corejournals.org/index.php/ital/article/view/16295 *** “This paper explores the potential of language models such as ChatGPT to transform library cataloging. Through experiments with ChatGPT, the author demonstrates its ability to generate accurate MARC records using RDA and other standards such as the Dublin Core Metadata Element Set. These results demonstrate the potential of ChatGPT as a tool for streamlining the record creation process and improving efficiency in library settings. The use of AI-generated records, however, also raises important questions related to intellectual property rights and bias” (original abstract).

CHEN, S.; LI, M. AI for cataloging and metadata creation: perspectives and future opportunities from cataloging and metadata professionals. Technical Services Quarterly, [S. l.], v. 41, n. 4, p. 317-332, 2024. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/07317131.2024.2394919 *** This study examined the role of AI in the field of cataloging and metadata creation, as well as the main challenges encountered when using AI for cataloging purposes.

CHISABA-PEREIRA, C.; HERRERA-CALERO, R.; NIÑO-NEIRA, S.; HURTADO-ORTIZ, B. A. Datalogación: evaluación de herramientas de inteligencia artificial basadas en el Modelo Extenso de Lenguaje (Large Language Model) para la automatización de la descripción de libros. Infonomy, [S. l.], v. 3, n. 4, 18 julio 2025. Available at: https://infonomy.scimagoepi. com/index.php/infonomy/article/view/104 *** “This research analyzes the impact in time, cost, quality and quantity of cataloged books used by artificial intelligence applications such as ChatGPT 3.5, ChatGPT 4o, Geminiand Copilot compared to cataloging done by an expert cataloguer. The books selected were three bestsellers and two works frontlist selected by the team of the Libraries of the Universdad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas. The results allowed to infer that the average cataloging of applications using Large Language Model is 183 times faster, the salary cost of a cataloger is 64 times more expensive than AI and AI can catalog 187 times more books than a cataloger” (original abstract).

CHOW, E. H. C.; KAO, T. J.; Li, X. An experiment with the use of ChatGPT for LCSH subject assignment on electronic theses and dissertations. Cataloging & Classification Quarterly, [S. l.], v. 62, n. 5, p. 574-588, 2024. Available at: https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.16424 *** “This study delves into the potential use of large language models (LLMs) for generating Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH). The authors employed ChatGPT to generate subject headings for electronic theses and dissertations (ETDs) based on their titles and abstracts. The results suggest that LLMs such as ChatGPT have the potential to reduce cataloging time needed for assigning LCSH subject terms for ETDs as well as to improve the discovery of this type of resource in academic libraries. Nonetheless, human catalogers remain essential for verifying and enhancing the validity, exhaustivity, and specificity of LCSH generated by LLMs” (original abstract).

CORRADO, E. M. Artificial Intelligence: the possibilities for metadata creation. Technical Services Quarterly, [S. l.], v. 38, n. 4, p. 395-405, 2021. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/ 07317131.2021.1973797 *** “Artificial intelligence is being touted as an enormous leap forward in technology that will change the future and drive innovation across all disciplines. How is artificial intelligence currently being used in libraries and what is its potential for creating quality descriptive metadata in the future? We will review some current and future developments and discuss some of the ethical considerations of artificial intelligence when it comes to descriptive metadata creation that librarians will want to pay attention to going forward” (original abstract).

DOBRESKI, B.; HASTINGS, C. AI chatbots and subject cataloging: a performance test. Library Resources & Technical Services, [S. l.], v. 69, n. 2, 2025. Available at: https://journals.ala.org/index.php/lrts/article/view/8440 *** This article discusses the use of chatbots to perform cataloging tasks. ChatGPT, Gemini, and Copilot were studied, and the results showed that they can take on the tasks of selecting subject headings and classification numbers.

LOWAGIE, H. AI-powered cataloguing: a practical guide to building a cataloguing application with power Apps. London: Facet Publishing, 2025. 252 p. ISBN: 9781783308071 *** With five chapters, it is a book about how cataloging processes can be modernized with the use of AI.

OGUNGBENRO, O. D.; ESSE, U. C.; OLOWOPOROKU, I.; CHRISTOPHER, A. Revolutionizing library services: the impact of Artificial Intelligence on cataloguing and access to information in Nigeria Academic Libraries. Journal of Library Metadata, [S. l.], v. 25, n. 2, p. 99-118, 2025. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/19386389.2025.2475418 *** “This research investigates the transformative function of artificial intelligence (AI) in improving cataloguing and access to information in Nigerian university libraries. (…) This paper investigates key AI tools like machine learning, natural language processing, and robotic process automation, providing examples of their use in automating metadata extraction, enhancing search capabilities, and personalized user experiences. The study outlines significant AI implementation issues, such as data consistency, ethical considerations, and technical training requirements, and makes solutions for overcoming these obstacles. Recommendations such as Continuous training, collaboration, user engagement, ethical considerations, and infrastructure investment were made to increase the influence of AI on library services” (original abstract).

PRIMARY RESEARCH GROUP. Survey of use of bard, bing & ChatGPT for academic library cataloging. New York: Primary Research Group, 2025. 96 p. ISBN 979-8-88517-1878 *** Using data collected from 23 universities, the survey aimed to analyze how AI applications (Bard, AI-enabled Bing, and ChatGPT) were used in cataloging at university libraries. Other applications were also studied: Library of Congress Catalogers Desktop Developers Tool, MarcEdit, and OCLC Connexion.

SELBACH, C. J.; et al. Transformando as práticas de catalogação em bibliotecas universitárias: avaliação do uso do ChatGPT para o processamento técnico na biblioteca central da PUCRS. Biblios, Peru, n. 87, e010, 2024. Available at: https://brapci.inf.br/v/341627 *** The article analyzes the positive and negative aspects of using the ChatGPT tool for the technical processing (cataloging, indexing and classification) of documents in the Information Treatment Sector of the Irmão José Otão Central Library of PUCRS (Brazil).

SILVA, R. L. da; SOUSA, B. P. de. Inteligência Artificial e o ChatGPT: perspectivas e desafios para a Classificação Bibliográfica. Revista Ibero-Americana de Ciência da Informação, Brasília, v. 17, n. 1, p. 44-65, 2024. Available at: https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/RICI/ article/view/50429 *** The article performs a comparative test between the results obtained in technical processing through bibliographic classification performed by a human being and by ChatGPT.

SOUSA, N. M. T.; FUJITA, M. S. L. Utilização da Inteligência Artificial como Apoio aos Bibliotecários. ISKO Brasil 2025, [S. l.], n. 8, 2025. Available at: https://isko.org.br/ojs/index.php/iskobrasil/article/view/23 *** The objective of the article was to understand the relationship between AI and indexing; concluding that new automatic indexing tools could facilitate the librarian's work.

TELLA, A.; ODUNOLA, O. A. Cataloguing and classification in the era of artificial intelligence, benefits, and challenges from the perspective of cataloguing librarians in Oyo State, Nigeria. Vjesnik bibliotekara Hrvatske, [S. l.], v. 66, n. 1, p. 159-176, 2023. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/370803435_Cataloguing_and_classifi_cation_in_th e_era_of_artifi_cial_intelligence_Benefi_ts_and_challenges_from_the_perspective_of_catalo guing_librarians_in_Oyo_State_Nigeria *** A study conducted with 21 librarians from 10 university libraries in Nigeria aimed to identify the level of knowledge of these professionals about the use of AI in cataloging and classification.

XU, Y. S.; IDAYA, A. M. K. Y.; KASSIM, M. S. S. AI-supported cataloger: a deep dive into intelligent document classification. Library Hi Tech News, [S. l.], 0081, July 2025. DOI 10.1108/LHTN-05-2025-0081 *** This article analyzes the development of automatic document classification and its applications in library settings, identifying key challenges and opportunities. The applications evaluated were Annif, JEX, and AutoMSC.

2.5.5 - Reference services

ADETAYO, A. J.; ABWAGE, K.; ODUOLA, T. Robots and human librarians for delivering library services to patrons. The Reference Librarian, [S. l.], v. 64, n. 2-4, p. 69-84, 2023. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/02763877.2023.2183303 *** The study examined whether 1,009 students would prefer robots to human librarians in providing library services. The results indicated that most students would prefer human librarians to robots. However, students would like to see robots introduced into library services because they believe they would be effective in giving instructions, greeting patrons, ensuring library security, answering library patrons' questions, monitoring library patrons' activities, registering library patrons, loading and unloading books, and maintaining library quiet. The study recommends that robots be acquired for difficult and time-consuming tasks such as library security, monitoring library patrons' activities, and providing instructions.

CHEN, X. ChatGPT and Its possible impact on library reference services. Internet Reference Services Quarterly, [S. l.], v. 27, n. 2, p. 121-129, 2023. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/10875301.2023.2181262 *** A test of traditional library chatbot responses was conducted against ChatGPT's. The text highlights potential lessons the library community might want to learn from previous transformative technological changes, such as Google and Web 2.0.

JOHNSON, S.; OWENS. E.; MENENDEZ, H.; KIM. D. Using ChatGPT-generated essays in library instruction. Journal of Academic Librarianship, [S. l.], v. 50, n. 2, 102863, 2024. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acalib.2024.102863 *** This study details a university library instructional activity that aims to leverage learning to raise student and faculty awareness of the role, capabilities, and limitations of text-generating AI tools such as OpenAI's ChatGPT.

KAUSHAL, V.; YADAV, R. The role of chatbots in academic libraries: an experience-based perspective. Journal of the Australian Library and Information Association, Canberra, v. 71, n. 3, p. 215-232, 2022. Available at: doi:10.1080/24750158.2022.2106403 *** This article discusses the perceived risks and challenges of adopting chatbots in university libraries and how they can help improve the experience for all library users. A survey was conducted to understand their perspectives on chatbot adoption. The results showed that AI-based reference services facilitated users' information searches, helping them locate information with minimal effort, without the need to remember links or paths.

LAI, K. How well does ChatGPT handle reference inquiries? an analysis based on question types and question complexities. College & Research Libraries, Chicago, v. 84, n. 6, p. 974995, 2023. Available at: https://crl.acrl.org/index.php/crl/article/view/26102/34011 *** The study used ChatGPT to answer reference questions, and then evaluated those responses. Overall, ChatGPT performed well, but it was unsatisfactory in terms of information accuracy. It scored highest when addressing issues related to facilities and equipment, but lowest when addressing issues with access to electronic resources.

LI, L.; COATES, K. Academic library online chat services under the impact of artificial intelligence. Information Discovery and Delivery, [S. l.], v. 53, n. 2, p. 192-205, 2025. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1108/IDD-11-2023-0143 *** The study examines the capabilities, limitations, and potential of ChatGPT in online reference services at university libraries, comparing it to Georgia Southern University's LibChat tool. ChatGPT has proven effective in providing general guidance, but its responses are not always accurate, while LibChat, while useful, only operates during librarian hours. ChatGPT can operate 24/7, meeting users' changing needs more efficiently. While both serve different purposes, ChatGPT offers the potential for continuous cataloging and research services.

LIMA, A. de M.; AGANETTE, E. C. A personalização do serviço de referência em bibliotecas universitárias com o uso da inteligência artificial generativa. Encontros Bibli: revista eletrônica de biblioteconomia e ciência da informação, Florianópolis, v. 30, p. 1-27, 2025. DOI:https://doi.org/10.5007/1518-2924.2025.e103494.Available at: https://periodicos.ufsc.br/ index.php/eb/article/view/103494 *** “Objective: Verify through the literature how university libraries are using Generative Artificial Intelligence to enhance user service by making it personalized. Methods: (…) Data was collected between 2019 and 2024. (…) Results: It was observed that the use of generative artificial intelligence has the potential to translate the user's preferred languages, provide cohesive and authentic responses, recommend relevant content to users based on profile, and can speed up interactions between services and people. (…) Conclusions: Generative technologies have enormous potential to enhance the quality of reference responses, meet the needs of virtual reference services, and personalize content for users” (original abstract).

MATTOS, J. M. M. de. Inteligência Artificial no serviço de referência de bibliotecas universitárias: colóquios e aplicações. 2025. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciência da Informação) - Instituto de Arte e Comunicação Social, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, 2025. Available at: https://app.uff.br/riuff/handle/1/37534 *** The thesis addresses the applications of AI in the reference service of university libraries, highlighting how these technologies can optimize information mediation, improve service efficiency, and personalize user service.

MEAKIN, L. Exploring the impact of generative Artificial Intelligence on higher education students’ utilization of library resources: a critical examination. Information Technology and Libraries, [S. l.], v. 43, n. 3, 2024. Available at: https://doi.org/10.5860/ital.v43i3.17246 *** The article analyzes the positive and negative effects that generative AI can have on university students' use of the library.

PANDA, S.; CHAKRAVARTY, R. Adapting intelligent information services in libraries: a case of smart AI chatbots. Library Hi tech News, [S. l.], v. 39, n. 1, p. 12-15, 2022. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1108/LHTN-11-2021-0081 *** The study results reveal that AI chatbots offer a reliable solution for libraries to initiate virtual assistance, thus enhancing reference service and adding a new dimension to virtual reference service.

PIVAL, Paul R. How to incorporate artificial intelligence (AI) into your library workflow. Library Hi Tech News, [S. l.], v. 40, n. 7, p. 15-17, 2023. *** The author compares ChatGPT and Bing Chat, suggesting the use of Bing Chat as one of the applications of AI in reference questions.

RODRIGUES, S.; MUNE, C. Uncoding library chatbots: deploying a new virtual reference tool at the Jose State University library. Reference Services Review , [S. l.], v. 50, n. 3-4, p. 392 405, 2022. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1108/RSR-05-2022-0020 *** This study reveals that a university library chatbot can be developed and deployed with minimal coding knowledge using existing tools. The chatbot's content can be populated from current library information sources and trained to address typical information queries. However, additional development and testing are needed to increase user engagement. The study indicates that libraries can develop and deploy chatbots to address user information queries without costly technical training or IT resources; it also describes best practices and the steps required to deploy a chatbot on a library website.

SAUNDERS, L.; RUTHERFORD, B. ChatGPT and reference success: do librarians beat the bot? Public Services Quarterly, [S. l.], v. 20, n. 4, p. 237-256, 2024. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/15228959.2024.2393850 *** This study examines ChatGPT's ability to provide a "successful" reference transaction using criteria from the literature and compares ChatGPT's responses to those provided by library reference services. The results show that librarians outperform the AI model, but the data suggests some areas for improvement.

SOUSA, N.; ROCKEMBACH, M. Chatbots na ciência da informação: aplicações em arquivos e bibliotecas. Páginas a&b: arquivos e bibliotecas, Porto, p. 314-330, 2025. Available at: https://ojs.letras.up.pt/index.php/paginasaeb/article/view/15131. *** The article aims to analyze the role of chatbots in information mediation.

TELLA, A. Application of artificial intelligence for reference services in academic libraries: a global overview through a systematic review of literature. Journal of library resource sharing, [S. l.], v. 32, n. 1-5, p. 11-26, 2023. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/26915979. 2023.2281668.Acessoem:23abr.2024 *** Through a systematic literature review, studies exploring the application of AI in reference services in university libraries were identified. The author analyzed 35 articles retrieved from the Web of Science, Scopus, and LISA databases. The study concluded that libraries in Canada and China are leading the way in implementing AI in reference services. The techniques most used by the libraries analyzed are self-directed learning and natural language processing techniques.

TRINDADE, A. S. C. E.; OLIVEIRA, H. P. C. Inteligência artificial (IA) generativa e competência em informação: habilidades informacionais necessárias ao uso de ferramentas de IA generativa em demandas informacionais de natureza acadêmica científica. Perspectivas em Ciência da Informação, Belo Horizonte, v. 29, e-47485, 2024. Available at: https://periodicos.ufmg.br/index.php/pci/article/view/47485/43923 *** The objective of this article is to present the information skills necessary for the efficient use of Generative AI technologies in academic-scientific demands. To use generative AI tools effectively and strategically, people need to develop five steps (analyze the need for information; analyze the tool; plan search strategies (develop command); analyze the synthesized content; use the synthesized content) and apply the 18 information skills related to these steps (adapted from the abstract).

WHEATLEY, A.; HERVIEUX, S. Comparing generative artificial intelligence tools to voice assistants using conference interactions. Journal of Academic Librarianship, [S. l.], v. 50, n. 5, p. 1 -7, 2024. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0099133324001034 *** The study evaluated the ability of voice assistants (Siri, Alexa, Google Assistant) and generative AI tools (ChatGPT) to answer reference questions in university libraries. Twenty-five questions were created based on real queries, and the responses from each tool were compared. Google Assistant performed best overall, while Alexa, despite responding correctly, often used inadequate sources. Siri provided less accurate but wellsourced answers. The study concludes that voice assistants are useful but should be complemented by traditional reference services.

2.5.6 - Information retrieval, interface, and access security

CARVALHO, R. C. de. Chatbot aplicado à recuperação de informação: um modelo orientado a metadados. 2022. Tese (Ciência da Informação) - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Marília, 2022. Available at: https://hdl.handle.net/11449/237415 *** The dissertation concludes that “an information retrieval system is more efficient when using metadata in conversational agent interfaces, allowing users to include more people, achieve better results, with fewer interactions and less use of complex data analysis technologies” (Abstract).

CONEGLIAN, C. S.; et al. Inteligência artificial generativa e recuperação da informação: tendências e oportunidades de pesquisa. In: ENCONTRO NACIONAL DE PESQUISA E PÓSGRADUAÇÃO EM CIÊNCIA DA INFORMAÇÃO, 2023. Anais [...] XXIII Encontro Nacional de Pesquisa e Pós-graduação em Ciência da Informação, 2023. Available at: https://www.brapci.inf.br/v/257810 *** The work analyzes the impacts of Generative AI in the context of information retrieval, for example, the change in its models and the way interfaces are built.

FITCH, K. Searching for Meaning Rather Than Keywords and Returning Answers Rather Than Links. Code4Lib Journal, [S. l.], n. 57, 17443, 2023. Available at: https://journal.code4lib.org/articles/17443 *** This paper describes a library collection search technology that implements semantic search on a collection of 45,000 newspaper articles from the National Library of Australia's Trove repository, using the ChatGPT4 API to generate answers to queries about this collection. It also describes some techniques used to scale semantic search to a collection of 220 million articles.

LIU, J.; LIU, J.; CHEN, Y. Application of Artificial Intelligence Technology in Information Retrieval of University Library. Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, [S. l.], v. 791, p. 221-228, 2022. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4258-6_28 *** This study aimed to identify the weaknesses of the current intelligent information retrieval system. It found that the main problems with AI information retrieval technology in libraries are the lack of natural language knowledge, unclear knowledge representation, and difficulty accessing knowledge. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen AI technology to harness its full potential to provide personalized services and integrate multiple retrieval methods in a library environment.

NG, T.-J.; NG, K.-W.; HAW, S.-C. Lib-Bot: A smart librarian-chatbot assistant. International Journal of Computing and Digital Systems, [S. l.], v. 15, n. 1, p. 1-11, 2024. Available at: https://doi.org/10.12785/ijcds/160101 *** The article analyzes systems like Lib-Bot for responding to queries in real time, reducing librarians' workload and increasing service accessibility. A chatbot can immediately answer frequently asked questions (hours, collection locations, loan procedures), freeing up staff to address more complex issues.

PICALHO, A. C.; OLIVEIRA, G. R. de; CATIVELLI, A. S. Inteligência artificial no levantamento bibliográfico em bases de dados científicos: comparando expressões de busca no ChatGPT, Copilot e Gemini. RDBCI: Revista Digital de Biblioteconomia e Ciência da Informação, Campinas, v. 23, n. p. e025013, 2025. DOI: 10.20396/rdbci.v23i00.8678378 Available at: https://periodicos.sbu.unicamp.br/ojs/index.php/rdbci/article/view/8678378 *** This article examined the potential of three AI tools (Chat GPT-4o, Copilot, and Gemini) when executing direct commands related to search querying. The tests demonstrated ChatGPT's better understanding than the other tools.

PROCÓPIO, D. C.; SILVA, P. N.; SOUZA, R. R. Large Language Models para recuperação de informação em documentos digitalizados: um estudo com o modelo GPT-4. Páginas a&b: arquivos e bibliotecas, Porto, p. 293-313, 2025. Available at: https://ojs.letras.up.pt/index.php /paginasaeb/article/view/14818 *** “This study investigated the use of the GPT-4 model for information retrieval in digitized documents from institutional repositories. The applied and exploratory research adopted a qualitative and quantitative approach to evaluate character recognition and semantic searches using a customized GPT. Twenty theses from the Federal University of Minas Gerais repository were analyzed using five prompts. The model achieved 98% precise and coherent responses, demonstrating high performance, although technical challenges still limit its large-scale application” (original abstract).

2.5.7 - Copyright and ethical aspects

ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS. Relatório Técnico ABNT ISO/IEC TR 24368: Tecnologia da informação - Inteligência artificial - Visão geral das preocupações éticas e sociais . Rio de Janeiro, 2025. 57 p. *** A general standard that provides guidance on how to address the challenges of AI use: protecting human rights, preventing algorithmic discrimination, ensuring transparency in automated processes, and ensuring accountability for the impacts of decisions based on this technology.

ASSOCIATION OF RESEARCH LIBRARIES. Research Libraries Guiding Principles for Artificial Intelligence. 2024. Available at: https://www.arl.org/resources/research-librariesguiding-principles-for-artificial-intelligence/ *** The document presents a set of guiding principles for AI in research libraries, aiming to influence policy and advocate for the responsible development and deployment of AI technologies, promote ethical and transparent practices, and build trust among stakeholders, both in academic libraries and across the research environment.

BRADLEY, F. Representation of libraries in artificial intelligence regulations and implications for ethics and practice. Journal of the Australian Library and Information Association, Canberra, v. 71, n. 3, p. 189-200, 2022. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/24750158.2022.2101911 *** The article presents an overview of how library activities are represented in national AI plans and the ways in which libraries have engaged with other aspects of AI regulation including the development of ethical frameworks. BRASIL. Senado Federal. Projeto de Lei n° 2338, de 2023. Dispõe sobre o uso da Inteligência Artificial . Available at: https://www25.senado.leg.br/web/atividade/materias//materia/157233 *** The bill aims to establish standards for the ethical and responsible development, implementation and use of AI systems, with a focus on the centrality of the human person.

COX, A. The ethics of AI for information professionals: eight scenarios. Journal of the Australian Library and Information Association, Canberra, v. 71, n. 3, p. 201-214, 2022. Available at: https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/187487/ *** The objective of this article is to review the relevant literature and describe eight AI ethics scenarios, developed specifically for information professionals, in order to understand the issues concretely. FEDERACIÓN ESPAÑOLA DE SOCIEDADES DE ARCHIVÍSTICA, BIBLIOTECONOMÍA,

DOCUMENTACIÓN Y MUSEÍSTICA (FESABID). El Reglamento Europeo de la Inteligencia Artificial y su impacto en archivos, bibliotecas y museos. Madrid, Mayo 2024. Available at: https://www.fesabid.org/reglamento-eu-inteligencia-artificial-bibliotecasarchivos-museos *** Comments on the new European Regulation on Artificial Intelligence, approved on 03/13/2024, as well as the impacts on archives, libraries and museums.

HIGIDIO, J. Direito autoral de obras criadas por IA é problema ainda muito longe de solução. Consultor Jurídico, São Paulo, 17 jul. 2023. Available at: https://www.conjur.com.br/2023jul-17/direito-autoral-obras-criadas-ia-problema-ainda-longe-solucao/ *** "AI systems are already capable of creating poems, paintings, and songs based on human requests and guidance. And the increasing complexity of the works generated by these tools presents major challenges for intellectual property (IP), especially regarding copyright issues" (original abstract).

INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF LIBRARY ASSOCIATIONS AND INSTITUTIONS (IFLA). IFLA Statement on Libraries and Artificial Intelligence . The Hague: IFLA, 2020. Available at: https://repository.ifla.org/bitstream/123456789/1646/1/ifla_statement_on_ libraries_and_artificial_intelligence-full-text.pdf *** Document that discusses the use of AI in libraries, addressing ethical issues, human rights, transparency and accountability in the context of the application of AI in libraries and information units.

INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF LIBRARY ASSOCIATIONS AND INSTITUTIONS (IFLA). Advisory Committee on Copyright and other Legal Matters. Realizing potential, supporting users: IFLA statement on copyright and artificial intelligence. The Hague: IFLA, 29 April 2025. Available at: https://repository.ifla.org/handle/20.500.14598/3927 *** With its ability to regulate how information is accessed, used, shared, and created, copyright laws have a potentially important role in deciding not only how new AI models are trained but also how they can be used. Considering libraries' broader ambitions regarding AI, IFLA presents recommendations for both governments and libraries.

LESSA, B.; et al. Princípios éticos para uso da inteligência artificial na organização e representação do conhecimento. In: ISKO BRASIL, 8., 2025. Anais [...] VIII ISKO Brasil, 2025. Available at: https://www.brapci.inf.br/v/351956 *** Through a literature review, the article analyzes the implications of the ethical use of AI in the management and use of information.

NBC News. Art created autonomously by AI cannot be copyrighted, federal appeals court rules. NBC News, [S. l.], March 19, 2025. Available at: https://www.nbcnews.com/business/ business-news/art-created-autonomously-ai-cannot-copyrighted-federal-appeals-court-rrcna197148 *** A federal appeals court in Washington, DC, has ruled that works of art created autonomously by AI cannot be protected by copyright in the United States, arguing that human authorship is an essential requirement for such protection.

UNITED STATES. Copyright Office. U.S. Copyright office releases, part 2 of Artificial Intelligence report. Washington, July 2024. Available at: document in two parts: Part 1 URL: https://www.copyright.gov/ai/Copyright-and-Artificial-Intelligence-Part-1-Digital-ReplicasReport.pdf Part 2: URL: https://www.copyright.gov/ai/Copyright-and-Artificial-IntelligencePart-2-Copyrightability-Report.pdf *** A two-part document published by the United States Copyright Office that addresses the legal and policy issues of AI. It states that AI-generated works can only be copyrighted if a human determines the expressive elements. It concludes that no change in the law is necessary to protect AI-generated products.

WONG, M. A. Generative AI and libraries: applications and ethics, part I. Special issue. Library Trends, Chicago, v. 73, n. 3, p. 113-115, Feb. 2025. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1353/lib.2025.a961188 *** Editorial commenting on the first part of the two issues of Library Trends journal on the use of AI in the field of library science and information science.

2.5.8 - Preservation of information

BARLINDHAUG, G. Artificial Intelligence and the Preservation of historic documents. Proceedings from the Document Academy, [S. l.], v. 9, n. 2, Article 9, 2022. Available at: https://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/docam/vol9/iss2/9 *** The National Library of Norway has attempted to digitize all visual, audio, and audiovisual cultural heritage. But this has created even greater challenges for organizing and recording metadata. This is a clear issue that is currently being explored in the possibility of using AI to organize the material. The fundamental point is that preserving historical material also depends on preserving the context and metadata that allow us to interpret and understand the material in question.

DAS, B.; MARINGANTI, H.B.; DASH, N.S. Role of Artificial intelligence in preservation of culture and heritage. Digitalization Of Culture through Technology, [S. l.], v. 92, 2022. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/363198446_Role_of_Artificial _Intelligence_in_Preservation_of_Culture_and_Heritage *** This paper describes the preservation of cultural heritage through AI in a cost-effective, reliable way with scope for long-term preservation.

TEEL, Z. Artificial intelligence’s role in digitally preserving historic archives. Preservation, Digital Technology & Culture, [S. l.], v. 53, n. 1, p. 29-33, 2024. Available at: https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/pdtc-2023-0050/html *** The article explores the trend of incorporating AI technology into preservation practices and provides predictions about its transformative role in preservation for the future.

3 - CONCLUSION

The use of AI in library services has emerged as a potential tool for efficient product and service management. However, the results and conclusions presented to date are not yet solidified, as this technology is still in its initial stages.

The topic of AI in libraries, as can be seen from the bibliography presented, has experienced significant growth since 2018 - the time of the first dedicated professional event. Furthermore, journal articles and monographs demonstrate that the subject is booming. This growth, initially restricted to the United States, Germany, and the United Kingdom, is beginning to reach other countries.

Some of its AI content is expected to be incorporated into library science curricula. Therefore, this bibliography aims to contribute to the dissemination of the subject and encourage studies and research in these areas. This can help libraries prepare for and adapt to the ever-changing technological landscape, ensuring they continue to meet their users' needs in the years to come.

Acknowledgments:

Not applicable.

References

• BRAPCI - BASE DE DADOS EM CIÊNCIA DA INFORMAÇÃO. Porto Alegre: Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, s.d. Disponível em: https://brapci.inf.br/home Acesso em: 15 ago. 2025.
  » https://brapci.inf.br/home
• EBSCO INFORMATION SERVICES. Library, Information Science and Technology Abstracts (LISTA). Ipswich, Massachusetts. s.d. Disponível em: https://research.ebsco.com/c/c2os5f/search?defaultdb=lxh Acesso em: 15 ago. 2025.
  » https://research.ebsco.com/c/c2os5f/search?defaultdb=lxh
• GOOGLE SCHOLAR. Disponível em: https://scholar.google.com.br/ Acesso em: 15 ago. 2025.
  » https://scholar.google.com.br/
• SCOPUS WEB OF SCIENCE. Disponível em: https://www.scopus.com/home.uri Acesso em: 15 ago. 2025.
  » https://www.scopus.com/home.uri
• WORLDCAT. Disponível em: https://search.worldcat.org/pt Acesso em: 15 ago. 2025.
  » https://search.worldcat.org/pt

• 

  
  
• 

  
  
• Funding:
  Not applicable.
• Ethical approval:
  Not applicable.
• Availability of data and material:
  Not applicable.
• Imagem:
  Taken from the Lattes Platform.
• JITA:
  I. Information treatment for information services
• SDG 4:
  Quality education

Edited by

• Editor-in-Chief:
  Gildenir Carolino Santos https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4375-6815

Data availability

Not applicable.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  27 Apr 2026
• Date of issue
  2026

History

• Received
  28 June 2025
• Accepted
  11 Aug 2025
• Published
  06 Oct 2025