Resumen en Inglés:

ABSTRACT In semi-arid regions of developing countries worldwide it is necessary to develop low cost technology methods to acquire new water supplies. The objective was to evaluate the changes in the attributes of soil quality irrigated with treated sewage effluent. The treatments consisted of applying treated sewage effluent (TSE) and underground well water (UWW) in the following proportions: E0% (chemical fertilization and UWW), E25% (25% TSE and 75% UWW), E50% (50% of TSE and UWW), E75% (75% TSE and 25% UWW) and E100% (100% TSE). The sodium content did not differ significantly among the treatments, but the sodium input diminished as the percentage of residuary water in the irrigation grew. There was a greater increment of microbial biomass carbon in the E25% treatment. On the other hand, although treatments E50% to E100% have a greater nutrient input, they were no different from control treatments performed with well water. Treated domestic sewage effluent at a proportion of 25% is a feasible alternative for castor bean irrigation, however it is necessary to monitor the possible changes in the soil attributes over successive crops. Microbial attributes can be used as a quick, good indicator of changes in soil quality.

Resumen en Inglés:

ABSTRACT Aloysia triphylla is an aromatic plant used in several industrial sectors, owing to the chemical properties of its essential oil. Biosynthesis of organic compounds is influenced by the growth conditions. As such, temporal and spatial variation affect the chemical composition of essential oils. We hypothesized that: i) the chemical composition of A. triphylla essential oil is influenced by differences in irrigation and season; and ii) the major components of A. triphylla essential oil do not vary between treatment conditions. To test these hypotheses, we determined the chemical composition of A. triphylla essential oil as a function of four seasons crossed with four irrigation levels. A completely randomized experimental design with a randomized block in a 4 × 4 factorial scheme, representing the four seasons of the year (summer, autumn, winter, and spring) and four irrigation levels (50%, 75%, 100%, and 125% of the reference evapotranspiration), was used with four replicates. Our results show that the chemical composition of A. triphylla essential oil varied with the two study factors, of which season was the major factor. The highest concentrations of constituents classified as monoterpene and sesquiterpene were observed in the summer season, and the highest constituents of the other group of compounds were observed in winter. In addition, the major components of the essential oil were α-citral, limonene, and β-citral, and their levels were the highest during winter.

Resumen en Inglés:

ABSTRACT Production of tomato fruits in organic systems has difficulties such as the use of adequate cultivars. The hypothesis is that organic cultivation has strength dependency of the selection of appropriate genotypes to increase the economic viability of fruit production. The present work aimed to test and obtain, under organic greenhouse system, cultivars of tomato with good fruit productivity. Tomato cultivars, hybrids and non-hybrids, were evaluated with indetermined (tutoring and stripping) and determined growth habit (free growth). In the first cultivation, we observed symptoms of nutritional deficiency in fruiting stage of tomato plants, resulting in very low productivity of fruits, with maximum of 1.8 kg/plant for the Serato hybrid. In the second year of cultivation, the additions and increases in fertilizing management increased the fruit productivity in all cultivars - in Serato, to 3.1 kg/plant, and in Predador, to 2.8 kg/plant. The hybrid Candieiro, with determined habit growth, resulted in 2.0 kg/plant of fruits. The use of hybrids with genetic resistance to some important pests and diseases, associated with increases and adequate fertilizing management, were primordial factors to increase fruit productivity in tomato under organic systems in greenhouse.

Resumen en Inglés:

ABSTRACT Rice varieties from the Clearfield® system may present different tolerance levels to imidazolinone herbicides in function of application rate. The objective of this research was to evaluate the phytotoxicity of different rates of the formulated mixture of the herbicides imazapyr+imazapic applied on two tolerant irrigated rice varieties. The experiment was carried out in 2015/16 and 2016/17 growing seasons. A randomized complete block design was used in a factorial 2x6 with five replications. The factor A was composed by the tolerant rice varieties Guri INTA CL and IRGA 424 RI, and the factor B by rates of the formulated mixture of the herbicides imazapyr+imazapic (525+175 g a.i. kg-1) of 0, 140, 210, 280, 350, and 420 g c.p. ha-1. In the first growing season, it was observed maximum phytotoxicity of 8.5% while in the second the highest percentage was 13%. The number of stems m-2, plant height, shoot dry matter, SPAD index, and grain yield were not influenced (p≥0.05) by herbicide rates. The application of the formulated mixture of the herbicides imazapyr+imazapic causes low initial phytotoxicity to the tolerant rice varieties Guri INTA CL and IRGA 424 RI up to three times the recommended rate, not influencing their grain yield.

Resumen en Portugués:

RESUMO Para aumentar a qualidade e o rendimento de fruto em pomares de camu-camu, atualmente procuram-se alternativas de produção orgânica. Nesse sentido, objetivou-se determinar o efeito de diferentes tipos de biofertilizantes no desenvolvimento vegetativo e produtivo de plantas de camu-camu. Para isso, foi conduzido um experimento em delineamento em blocos ao acaso (DBC) em esquema fatorial 5B x 5C com quatro repetições e uma planta por unidade experimental. O primeiro fator (B) foi constituído por cinco tipos de biofertilizante: B1) esterco de vaca, B2) esterco de galinha de postura, B3) guano (esterco de aves de mar), B4) esterco de frango e B5) sedimentos de rio, e o segundo fator (C) por cinco concentrações de biofertilizante: C1) 0, C2) 2, C3) 4, C4) 6 y C5) 8%. Após 210 dias foi verificado que o guano estimulou a maior emissão de brotos novos (1773, 73) e o esterco de vaca apresentou os melhores resultados de número de botões florais, frutos na colheita e rendimento de fruto (t ha-1) com 4611,67; 2926,85 e 28,8, nas concentrações de 6; 8 e 8%, respectivamente. Conclui-se que o esterco de vaca acompanhado de tratos culturais incrementou a qualidade e o rendimento de fruto de camu-camu em solos de várzea. Além disso, o guano de ilha foi o segundo em apresentar os melhores resultados, porém o alto conteúdo de nitrogênio retardou o desenvolvimento normal das fases fenológicas.

Resumen en Español:

RESUMEN Para aumentar la calidad y el rendimiento de frutos en plantaciones de camu-camu, actualmente se viene buscando alternativas de producción orgánica. En ese sentido, el presente trabajo tuvo por objetivo determinar el efecto de diferentes biofertilizantes en el desarrollo vegetativo y productivo de plantas de camu-camu. Para ello, fue conducido un experimento mediante un diseño de bloques completamente al azar (DBCA) en esquema factorial (5Bx5C), con cuatro repeticiones y una planta por unida experimental. El primer factor (B) estuvo constituido por 5 tipos de biofertilizantes: B1) vacaza (estiércol de vaca), B2) gallinaza (estiércol de gallina de postura), B3) guano de isla (estiércol de aves de mar), B4) pollinaza (estiércol de pollo) y B5) sedimentos de rio, y el segundo factor (C) por cinco concentraciones de biofertilizante: C1) 0, C2) 2, C3) 4, C4) 6 y C5) 8%. Después de 210 días, fue verificado que, el biofertilizante guano de isla estimuló mayor emisión de brotes nuevos (1773,73) y el biofertilizante vacaza presentó los mejores resultados de botones florales, número de frutos de cosecha y rendimiento de frutos (t ha-1) con 4611,67; 2926,85 y 28,8 en las dosis 6; 8 y 8%, respectivamente. Se concluye que, el biofertilizante vacaza (VA) incrementó la calidad y el rendimiento de frutos de camu-camu en suelos de restinga. Así también, el biofertilizante guano de isla (GI) fue el segundo en presentar los mejores resultados, sin embargo, el alto contenido de N retardó el desarrollo normal de las fases fenológicas.

Resumen en Inglés:

ABSTRACT The present study aimed to select and recommend quinoa genotypes based on the yield genotypic adaptability and stability, by the method of the Harmonic mean of relative performance of genotypic values. Five experiments were conducted during the crop seasons of 2014 and 2015 in two locations in the Western region of Paraná State, Brazil. This study involved the evaluation of the yield of thirteen quinoa genotypes. Initially, the genotypic values (GV) were obtained by employing BLUP/REML methodology for mixed models. After, the values of the harmonic mean for genotypic value (HMGV*MG), the relative performance for genotypic values (RPGV*MG) and the harmonic mean of the relative performance for genotypic values (HMRPGV*MG) were obtained. The genotypes Q1317 and Q2014 were the best indicated for cultivation in the summer crop, with medium yield genotypic stability and adaptability. The genotype Q1318 is recommended for winter crop, presenting high yield genotypic stability and adaptability.

Resumen en Inglés:

ABSTRACT Stenoma catenifer is considered the main pest of avocado, making impossible to commercialize the infested fruits. This study was conducted with the objective of evaluating the potential of Heterorhabditis amazonensis MC01 in the field control of avocado borer, as well as the nematode release method. Two treatments were tested, namely: release of dead Tenebrio molitor infected with the nematode and hydraulic nematode spraying; hydraulic application of chemical insecticides was used as a control. The experiment was set up in a randomized complete block design with 15 replicates. The concentration of suspension distribution was 5,500 infective juveniles per m2. At the experimental area traps with sex pheromone were installed to capture adult males. The number of borer fruits was evaluated in the two central plants of each plot, sampling 4 fruits per plant. There was a reduction in the percentage of borer fruits from 15 days of application for all control methods. After the release of nematodes, the adult population was similar to the control, and it can be inferred that, even without chemical control, there was no increase in the number of adults. Thus, H. amazonensis was considered promising under field conditions, reducing the populations of S. catenifer, in all release methods.

Resumen en Inglés:

ABSTRACT Powdery mildew, caused by the fungus Pseudoidium anacardii, is currently the most important cashew disease, affecting leaves, inflorescences, and fruits. However, there is a lack of detailed reports associating the effects of P. anacardii to cashew yield. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the damage caused by powdery mildew to BRS 189 cashew clone nut, kernel, and peduncles. One experiment was conducted at the Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical Experimental Field in Pacajus, state of Ceará, Brazil, from July to December 2014, with BRS 189 cashew clone, with eight sulfur doses needed for achieving a disease gradient, distributed in a randomized block with four replications. The incidence (%) and severity of powdery mildew in cashew plants were estimated in a scale ranging from 0 to 4, and then correlated with plant yield and biometric characteristics of cashew nuts, kernels, and peduncles. The results showed that powdery mildew did not reduce productivity of nuts on this clone, although it caused a reduction in the mass and size of the kernels. On the other hand, powdery mildew affected mass, size, and quality of cashew peduncles at the lack of control.

Resumen en Portugués:

RESUMO O sensoriamento remoto multiespectral apresenta-se como metodologia confiável e viável para auxiliar o produtor na decisão para melhores práticas de manejo, garantindo uma produção agrícola mais eficiente e sustentável. Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, identificar e mapear o estresse em lavoura cafeeira, causado por variáveis bióticas e abióticas, por meio de índices de vegetação derivados de imagens multiespectrais Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper (TM). A malha amostral foi composta por 67 pontos, sendo cada ponto amostral constituído por cinco plantas. As análises de incidência de cercosporiose e de infestação do bicho-mineiro, nas folhas, de pH, matéria orgânica e textura do solo e teores foliares de nutrientes foram realizadas em cada um dos pontos amostrais e correlacionadas com 16 índices de vegetação obtidos de imagens referentes à época das análises. Os índices de vegetação apresentaram distribuição espacial semelhante à distribuição espacial das variáveis agronômicas, na lavoura. Houve correlação positiva dos índices com a infestação do bicho-mineiro e com os teores de silte e argila no solo e concentrações de Mg, Cu, B e Mn nas folhas, e negativa, com a incidência de cercosporiose e com pH e teor de areia do solo. Com base nesses resultados, foi possível mapear e identificar as alterações na reflectância espectral dos cafeeiros, causadas por essas variáveis agronômicas.

Resumen en Inglés:

ABSTRACT Multispectral remote sensing is a reliable and feasible methodology to assist farmers in decision making for best management practices, ensuring a more efficient and sustainable agricultural production. The objective of this study was to identify and map stress on coffee caused by biotic and abiotic variables through vegetation indices derived from Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper (TM) multispectral images. The sampling grid was composed of 67 points, with each sampling point consisting of five plants. The analyzes of the incidence of brown eye spot and infestation of the leaf miner in the leaves, pH, organic matter, soil texture and nutrients leaf contents were performed at each of the sampling points and correlated with 16 vegetation indices obtained from images at the time of analysis. The vegetation indices presented a spatial distribution similar to the agronomic variables in the crop. There was a positive correlation of the indices with infestation of the leaf miner, silt and clay content in the soil and concentration of Mg, Cu, B and Mn in the leaves, and negative with the incidence of brown eye spot, pH and soil sand content. Based on these results, it was possible to map and identify the changes in the spectral reflectance of the coffee trees, caused by these agronomic variables.

Resumen en Inglés:

ABSTRACT The identification of productive plants with fruits of desirable characteristics contributes to the optimization of commercial crops of red mombin fruits. The aim of this work was to evaluate the genetic diversity among the provenance of red mombin of two municipalities of the state of Goiás. The fruits were harvested at ripening stage 3 and transported to the laboratory. The treatments were composed of fruits harvested from three plants, being ten repetitions and five fruits per experimental plot, totaling fifty fruits per provenance. Considering each repetition as an individual, 15 individuals were evaluated for length, diameter, weight, color attributes of the pericarp and pulp, soluble solids content and titratable acidity of the pulp, ratio of soluble solids content and acidity, and vitamin C content of the pulp. The results were subjected to descriptive analysis. A multivariate analysis was performed estimating the mean Euclidean distance obtained from the provenances, based on the attributes of the fruits analyzed. The measure of similarity and grouping of the provenances were done through the Tocher optimization algorithm and UPGMA dendrogram. The variables contributed similarly to dissimilarity. The Tocher method grouped the individuals into four groups, while in the UPGMA dendrogram, seven groups were formed.