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ABSTRACT There are numerous studies describing Lepidoptera immatures, some of which have also contributed to phylogenetic studies. However, most studies still focus, almost exclusively, on the description of size, shape and color of the immatures, with few of them providing an in-depth morphological study using chaetotaxy and/or ultrastructure analysis, even phylogenetic studies. Currently, the genus Carminda is composed of four species distributed in the southern and southeastern regions of Brazil, in addition to Paraguay and Argentina, namely: C. paeon (Godart, [1824]), C. griseldis (Weymer, 1911), C. umuarama Ebert and Dias, 1997 and C. surpresa Barbosa, Aguiar, Rosa, Zacca & Freitas, 2020. The genus Carminda is part of the ‘Megisto clade’, as sister to the large genus Yphthimoides Forster, 1964. In the present study, the immature stages of C. paeon, C. griseldis and C. umuarama are reported for the first time, and complementary information on the chaetotaxy and ultrastructural morphology of the recently described species C. surpresa is also provided. Information on habitat, population ecology and natural history are also presented, as well as data on the population ecology of C. paeon and C. griseldis. The immature stages of Carminda are compared to each other and to other related species of Euptychiina.

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ABSTRACT A brief diagnosis of Jalysus sobrinus, along with its measurements and synthesis of its host plants and distribution, is provided. Morphological and molecular identification using barcoding techniques is also presented, integrating species-level information for the first time. Damage to tomato fruits on crops from northern and southern Uruguay is reported as a potential risk to this productive sector. A new host plant species is reported. Predation on nymphs of Trialeurodes vaporariorum is confirmed through laboratory assay. This is the first record of J. sobrinus preying on T. vaporariorum and causing damage to tomato fruits.

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ABSTRACT A new species, Dichotomius francoisfeerı sp. nov., is described from Nouragues, French Guiana. Comprehensive analyses of external morphology and male genitalia were conducted for three morphologically related species: Dichotomius francoisfeerı sp. nov., D. boreus, and D. mamillatus. This study examines morphological characters associated with the male genitalia, which have been significant for species delimitation, along with detailed features of the stridulatory apparatus as a potential tool for species identification. Additionally, we evaluated the taxonomic position of the new species in relation to the species groups in the Dichotomius s. str.

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ABSTRACT Oxelytrum cayennense (Sturm, 1826) is a necrophagous and predator beetle species (Staphylinidae), commonly found on decomposing carcasses in the Amazon region. The morphology of the immature stages is described using optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which can help to correctly identify the species and minimize errors in the PMI estimation. The results show eggs cream-white in color. Larvae campodeiform, flattened dorsoventrally, predominantly brown in color, in first and second instar the lateral expansion is whitish, while the third instar is whitish only in anterior margin of the lateral expansion, posterior margin being brown. Pupae white, exarate and adecticous.

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ABSTRACT The region of the São Francisco River Valley (VSF) in Brazil produces 90–95% of mangoes and grapes for export; therefore, they are subjected to international phytosanitary measures. Bactrocera carambolae Drew & Hancock, 1994 (Diptera: Tephritidae) is a present quarantine pest in Brazil, restricted to the states of Amapá, Roraima, and Pará. Surveys were conducted to identify parasitoids to be used against B. carambolae, in the event of its future detection in the region. A total of 1,292.80 kg of 14 different types of fruits were collected, resulting in the recovery of 27,367 puparia. From these puparia, 18,433 fruit flies (Tephritidae) emerged: 15,679 adults of Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1824) and 2,754 of Anastrepha spp. Additionally, 557 parasitoid specimens of seven species were recovered from Tephritidae family: Tetrastichus giffardianus Silvestri, 1915 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti, 1911) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Utetes anastrephae (Viereck, 1913) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Asobara anastrephae (Muesebeck, 1958) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Ganaspis pelleranoi (Brèthes, 1924) (Hymenoptera: Figitidae), Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae (Rondani, 1875) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), and Spalangia simplex Perkins, 1910 (Hymenoptera: Spalangiidae). Besides the abovementioned species, Tropideucoila weldi Lima, 1940 (Hymenoptera: Figitidae) emerged from unidentified host family (Tephritidae or Lonchaeidae). The parasitoids A. anastrephae, G. pelleranoi, S. simplex, U. anastrephae, and T. weldi were recorded for the first time in the state of Pernambuco (PE, Brazil). The predominant species were D. areolatus (45.27%) and T. giffardianus (23.38%), and their potential use as bioagents to control B. carambolae, in case of detection in the VSF, were discussed.

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ABSTRACT Historically, theories of protective mimicry have dominated the literature. However, other mimicry hypotheses have gained ground, such as “aggressive mimicry”, in which a predator resembles another organism to achieve greater success in predation. This seems to be the case of Notocyrtus Burmeister, 1835, a genus remarkable for its mimicry of stingless bees through the development of a series of morphological and behavioral similarities. This paper records Notocyrtus fornicatus (Fabricius, 1794) as a potential mimetic of Ptilotrigona lurida (Smith, 1854) (Apidae: Meliponinae). Individuals of both species were observed together on the leaves of an Ipomoea cavalcantei D.F. Austin (Convolvulaceae Juss.) (Carajás flower), in the Carajás National Forest, Pará State, Brazil. So far, only a quarter of the Notocyrtus species have been reported with their mimetic models; additional records are needed for a better understanding of the mimetic relationships and their functions not only in the genus, but in Reduviidae as a whole.

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ABSTRACT Five new species of Neolasioptera Felt, 1908 (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) from Brazil are described and illustrated, all are gall-inducers: N. floricola on Chromolaena laevigata (Lam.) R. M. King & H. Rob. (Asteraceae), N. fluminensis on Inga maritima Benth. (Fabaceae), N. hexasepali on Hexasepalum apiculatum (Willd.) Delprete & J. H. Kirkbr. (Rubiaceae), N. myriopi on Myriopus villosus Salzm. ex DC. (Heliotropiaceae), and N. rolandrae on Rolandra fruticosa (L.) Kuntze (Asteraceae). All host plants are native from Brazil, and three of them are endemic: Inga maritima, Hexasepalum apiculatum, and Myriopus villosus. The new species are compared to other Neotropical congeneric species.

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ABSTRACT Bemisia tabaci MEAM1 (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is a polyphagous insect with high dispersion ability, enabling it to easily establish itself on various hosts. In soybeans, its incidence has been increasing over the years. This study aimed to investigate the spatial distribution of B. tabaci nymphs and adults in different soybean canopy strata under field conditions. The study was conducted in four soybean fields during two growing seasons. Each field was composed of 50 plots of 10 x 10 m, distributed in five blocks of 10 plots each. Weekly samplings were performed to collect B. tabaci adults and nymphs. Aggregation indices were used to assess the degree of aggregation of B. tabaci, including the variance-to-mean ratio, Morisita’s index, and the k exponent. In addition, the occurrence data recorded in the fields were fitted to Poisson and negative binomial distributions. The results indicated that the distribution of B. tabaci was aggregated, both for nymphs and adults, throughout the crop development. The negative binomial distribution best described the distribution of B. tabaci in soybean crops. These findings suggest that monitoring of B. tabaci should be conducted throughout the crop season, as efficient pest management is closely related to the timing of decision-making for control measures. The information obtained in this study provides valuable insights into the aggregation behavior of B. tabaci in soybean crops, contributing to the development of more effective pest management strategies. These strategies, when well-implemented, can reduce the use of insecticides, lower pest control costs, and preserve beneficial insects in the crop.

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ABSTRACT Brumptomyia cavicola Barretto, 1964 and Brumptomyia dasypophila Barretto, 1964 were described from Cássia dos Coqueiros municipality, São Paulo state, Brazil, in an abstract of a Brazilian Scientific Meeting, however they have not been included in any Phlebotominae classification as valid species. Two male specimens of B. dasypophila (holotype and paratype) designated by the author are deposited in the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo (MZUSP), as well as four specimens with morphological characteristics and origin coincident with those described for B. cavicola. Here, these specimens were observed, measured, and compared with their close-related species, Brumptomyia cunhai (Mangabeira, 1942) and Brumptomyia ortizi Martins, Silva & Falcão, 1971 syn. nov., respectively. Brumptomyia dasypophila presents genitalia characteristics very similar to those of B. cunhai, but they can be distinguished by the paramere and parameral sheath shape, while characters of head, thorax, and genitalia of B. cavicola are like those of B. ortizi syn. nov.. Also, the molecular analysis of COI DNA barcoding region supports the morphological analysis showing well-supported clades for the different morphospecies. Therefore, we propose to include B. ortizi syn. nov. as junior synonym of B. cavicola. The lectotype and paralectotype of B. cavicola were designated. We provided a formal description of both sexes of B. dasypophila and B. cavicola using an integrative taxonomy approach.

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ABSTRACT The Argidae comprise a monophyletic taxon of primarily herbivorous Hymenoptera that exhibits a broad variety of behaviors and morphologies, along with an intimate relationship with host plants. Due to the limited knowledge of general patterns and gaps in understanding various aspects of this family, we investigated the global scientific literature on this topic. Our main objective was to conduct a scientometric analysis and a systematic review of this family to: (i) characterize and quantify research spatially and temporally; (ii) identify the principal authors of the published papers; (iii) categorize the types of studies; (iv) evaluate the interaction networks between sawflies and their host plants; (v) advise on future directions for studies on Argidae. Our results support previous studies indicating that Argidae larvae feed exclusively on eudicots, with a diversified number of host plants. We found an increase in the number of publications about the family over the last two decades. However, the scientific literature is geographically and taxonomically unbalanced, with the most diverse biogeographic Neotropical and Palearctic regions still being neglected. Our results highlight that the number of specialist authors on this topic is low, but substantial collaboration webs and the emergence of new researchers in recent years were detected. Considering these findings, future research should focus on regions with gaps in knowledge of fauna and encourage the training of new specialists in this group. As herbivores, sawfly larvae play an important role in ecosystem balance; therefore, investigations into the most diverse research trends are encouraged.

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ABSTRACT Saturniidae is a diverse lineage of Bombycoidea commonly used in faunistic studies due to its relatively easy sampling and identification. Of the 3,454 known species worldwide, 475 occur in Brazil across five subfamilies, although regional inventories remain scarce. The first and only Saturniidae list for the state of Rio de Janeiro was published in 1968, documenting 119 species in 33 genera from the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (PNI) and surroundings. This study provides an updated taxonomic list of Saturniidae for the PNI region, mostly based on literature and specimens deposited at the Entomological Collection of the Museu Nacional (MNRJ), rebuilt after the 2018 fire. We also provided notes on taxonomy and distribution, highlighting the new records to the state and PNI, species of medical relevance, and those under threat of extinction. The revised list comprises 161 species in 54 genera across Hemileucinae (25 genera; 97 species), Ceratocampinae (17 gen.; 35 spp.), Arsenurinae (8 gen.; 16 spp.), Saturniinae (2 gen.; 10 spp), and Oxyteninae (2 gen.; 3 spp.). Notably, 24 species are new records for Rio de Janeiro, including 10 new records for PNI. Nineteen genera of medical relevance were recorded, including 15 species of Hylesia Hübner, [1820] and three of Lonomia Walker, 1855. New data on the threatened species Dirphia monticola Zerny, 1923 is provided, along with a discussion of its conservation status. A comparison with inventories from southeastern Brazil is included. Our findings highlight the importance of updated regional inventories in supporting taxonomic, ecological, and conservation research.

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ABSTRACT The ladybird beetle genus Dioria Mulsant, 1850 (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) has been revised based on the external morphology and genitalia, distinguished from the other genera of the tribe Chnoodini by the following characters: pronotum expanded anteriorly covering the eyes, 11-segmented antenna, eyes angulated on the inner front, tibiae flat with obtuse angulation, and abdominal postcoxal lines complete. This study describes and illustrates six species of Dioria, including two new species: Dioria annulata Gordon sp. nov. from Panama and Dioria robusta Churata & Almeida sp. nov. from French Guiana. Additionally, the lectotypes of Dioria setigera Mulsant, 1850 and D. sordida Mulsant, 1850 has been designated.

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ABSTRACT The population parameters of Chrysoperla carnea were evaluated after its 3rd instar larvae were fed for 48 hrs by 5th instar nymphs of Agonoscena pistaciae treated with the field-recommended doses of the spirotetramat and imidacloprid pesticides. In the control, distilled water-treated prey was used. The age-stage, two-sex life table approach was employed to analyse the data. Results showed that the male and female eggs of the predator took 4 days to hatch on average in all treatments. In general, the male and female larvae and pupae of C. carnea in the control treatment developed significantly faster than those in the spirotetramat and imidacloprid treatments. Total preadult durations of the male and female predators were significantly shorter in the control (20.19 and 20.74 days) compared with those in the spirotetramat (22.87 and 22.22 days) and imidacloprid (21.84 and 22.36 days) treatments. Female C. carnea had the longest adult longevity in the control (82.11 days), followed by that of imidacloprid (69.10 days) and spirotetramat (60.00 days) treatments, respectively. The longest adult preoviposition period was 21.90 days in the imidacloprid and the shortest one in the control (13.92 days). The net reproductive rate (R0) and the intrinsic rate of increase (r) of C. carnea were 364.42, 169.01, and 123.16 offspring, and 0.1320, 0.0891, and 0,1064 d-1, in the control, spirotetramat, and imidacloprid treatments, respectively. The studied pesticides could substantially decline the population parameters of C. carnea.