Resumo em Espanhol:

Resumo La proclamación de 2025 como el Año Internacional de la Ciencia y la Tecnología Cuánticas (IYQ2025) busca destacar no solo el impacto teórico, experimental y tecnológico de la mecánica cuántica en el último siglo, sino también su papel fundamental para impulsar los avances científicos y tecnológicos del futuro. La física cuántica, uno de los pilares fundamentales de la ciencia moderna, ha transformado nuestra comprensión del universo y ha impulsado avances tecnológicos sin precedentes. Sin embargo, su desarrollo no ha sido uniforme en todo el mundo. En Iberoamérica, aunque existen desafíos estructurales, hay también un creciente esfuerzo colaborativo por fortalecer la investigación, la enseñanza y la aplicación de esta disciplina. La edición de un número especial de la Revista Brasileña de Enseñanza de Física sobre el desarrollo de la física cuántica en Iberoamérica nace como propuesta de la X Asamblea de La Federación Iberoamericana de Sociedades de Física celebrada los días 16 y 17 de septiembre, en la Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Argentina. Este número especial reúne contribuciones de las sociedades de física de: Argentina, Brasil, Cuba, Ecuador, España, Honduras y Uruguay y recoge tanto los logros alcanzados como los retos que aún persisten. El artículo está estructurado cómo sigue. Primero se repasa brevemente la historia de la Federación Iberoamericana de Física (FEIASOFI), su origen y fundación, los países miembros y algunas de las actividades que lleva a cabo la Federación. En segundo lugar, se plantean algunos de los desafíos hacia el futuro y la inserción de la Federación en el contexto internacional.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract The proclamation of 2025 as the International Year of Quantum Science and Technology (IYQ2025) aims to highlight not only the theoretical, experimental, and technological impact of quantum mechanics over the past century but also its fundamental role in driving scientific and technological progress in the future. Quantum physics, one of the fundamental pillars of modern science, has transformed our understanding of the universe and driven unprecedented technological advances. However, its development has not been uniform in all countries. In Ibero-America, the scientific community is developing a growing collaborative effort to strengthen research, teaching, and application of this discipline, despite financial and infrastructural shortcomings. The publication of this special issue of the Brazilian Journal of Physics Teaching on the development of quantum physics in Ibero-America is one of the ideas proposed by the 10th Assembly of the Ibero-American Federation of Physics Societies, which took place from September 16 through September 17, 2024, at the National University of San Luis, Argentina. This special issue brings together contributions from the physics societies of Argentina, Brazil, Cuba, Ecuador, Spain, Honduras, and Uruguay, reflecting both the achievements made and the challenges that remain.

Resumo em Espanhol:

El año 2025 ha sido decretado por la UNESCO como el año de la Ciencia y Tecnología Cuántica [1]. En atención a esto la Federación Iberoamericana de Sociedades de Física FEIASOFI ha decidido publicar en la “Revista Brasileira de Ensino de Física (RBEF), un número especial que contenga datos históricos de los diferentes países en relación con el tema. Hacemos primero una descripción cronológica de las experiencias poniendo atención a la temática abordada en los diferentes planes de estudio con que se enseñó la Física Cuántica en la UNAH, único recinto académico en donde se ha hecho un estudio del tema en el país. Se describen los tópicos tratados, la bibliografía utilizada, así como los enfoques en las distintas épocas. Posteriormente se hace una descripción de las contribuciones en la investigación en áreas puras y aplicadas hechas por diferentes físicos hondureños. Finalmente se hace una reseña de la visión prospectiva de los investigadores actuales sobre cuál será el enfoque y el camino a seguir en el estudio de tan importante disciplina.

Resumo em Inglês:

The year 2025 has been declared by UNESCO as the Year of Quantum Science and Technology [1]. In response to this, the Ibero-American Federation of Physics Societies (FEIASOFI) has decided to publish a special issue in the Revista Brasileira de Ensino de Física (RBEF), containing historical data from different countries on the subject. We first provide a chronological description of the experiences, focusing on the topics addressed in the different curricula used to teach Quantum Physics at UNAH, the only academic institution in the country where this topic has been studied. The topics covered, the bibliography used, and the approaches from different eras are described. Then, a description is provided of the research contributions in pure and applied areas made by various Honduran physicists. Finally, a review is made of the prospective vision of current researchers regarding the approach and the path forward in the study of this important discipline.

Resumo em Espanhol:

Resumo Se presenta una descripción general del desarrollo de la Física Cuántica en Cuba desde mediados del siglo XX, incluyendo la presencia de esta disciplina en los programas de enseñanza, las principales líneas de investigación, teóricas y experimentales, la formación de doctores, la colaboración internacional y los resultados más relevantes alcanzados.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract A general description of the development of Quantum Physics in Cuba since the middle of 20th century is presented. Its presence in teaching programs, main lines of experimental and theoretical research, PhD education, international cooperation and relevant results in the field are discussed.

Resumo em Espanhol:

Resumo Este documento presenta un relato sobre la evolución y los avances de la física y la química cuántica en Uruguay, destacando las contribuciones clave y el impacto de figuras fundamentales en ambas disciplinas. En el ámbito de la física, se analiza el rol pionero del fundador la Licenciatura en Física quien luego introduce la mecánica cuántica en la enseñanza universitaria. También, se muestran los primeros trabajos de investigación en áreas vinculadas a la física cuántica y la posterior consolidación de grupos de investigación. Gracias a la formación de recursos humanos, estos grupos han ido desarrollándose para consolidarse actualmente como los grupos de Teoría cuántica de campos, Física Cuántica y Atómica, Física del Estado Sólido, Mecánica Estadística de Sistemas Cuánticos y Sistemas Fuertemente Correlacionados. Este pasaje por las personalidades pioneras en el desarrollo de la física y en particular de la cuántica, es acompañado por un breve contexto histórico local. Se destacan algunas figuras relevantes de la historia reciente en la reconstrucción de la física post-dictadura cívico-militar y en la creación de organismos e instituciones que propiciaron el desarrollo de la física en el país. En química cuántica, se profundiza en la contribución de Ramón M. Sosa, quien introdujo la química cuántica en el país, estableciendo la Cátedra de Química Cuántica en la Facultad de Química de la Universidad de la República. Se revisa la formación de diversos investigadores con una alta productividad científica y una sólida red de colaboradores internacionales. También se menciona la formación de nuevos grupos de investigación aplicados a la química computacional y espectroscopía, que han impulsado el estudio de sistemas cuánticos y la simulación de procesos químicos a través de métodos avanzados. Este breve recorrido histórico muestra cómo la investigación cuántica ha influido profundamente en el desarrollo científico de Uruguay, consolidando grupos de investigación y creando un legado que sigue evolucionando y contribuyendo a la ciencia global.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract This document presents an overview of the evolution and advancements of quantum physics and chemistry in Uruguay, highlighting key contributions and the impact of foundational figures in both disciplines.In the field of physics, it analyzes the pioneering role of the creator of the undergraduate degree in Physics and his introduction of quantum mechanics into university education. It also shows the first research work in areas related to quantum physics and the subsequent consolidation of research groups. Thanks to the training of human resources, these groups have been developing and are currently consolidated as the most important research groups in the field of quantum physics. Quantum Field Theory, Quantum and Atomic Physics, Solid State Physics, Statistical Mechanics of Quantum Systems and Strongly Correlated Systems. This passage through the pioneering personalities in the development of physics, and in particular of quantum physics, is accompanied by a brief local historical context. Several notable figures are highlighted for their roles in the post-dictatorship reconstruction of physics and in the establishment of organizations and institutions that fostered the development of the discipline in Uruguay. In quantum chemistry, the contribution of Ramón M. Sosa is explored in depth. He introduced quantum chemistry in the country and established the Chair of Quantum Chemistry at the Faculty of Chemistry of the University of the Republic. The training of numerous researchers with high scientific productivity and strong international networks is reviewed. The formation of new research groups focused on computational chemistry and spectroscopy is also mentioned, which have advanced the study of quantum systems and the simulation of chemical processes through advanced methodologies. This brief historical overview illustrates how quantum research has deeply influenced the scientific development of Uruguay, consolidating research groups and creating a legacy that continues to evolve and contribute to global science.

Resumo em Espanhol:

La historia de la mecánica cuántica en Ecuador abarca un recorrido desde estudios iniciales sobre los fundamentos de esta disciplina, que generaron polémicas y controversias en la comunidad académica local, hasta aplicaciones prácticas de impacto directo en la industria, como la mejora en la eficiencia de los procesos de refinación de petróleo. Este progreso incluye la consolidación de investigaciones de física fundamental, destacando la participación en experimentos internacionales de vanguardia, como los realizados en el CERN. Universidades como la Escuela Politécnica Nacional, la Universidad Central del Ecuador, la Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Yachay Tech y la Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja han desempeñado un papel clave en este desarrollo, abordando temas desde la teoría de campos cuánticos hasta su aplicación tecnológica. La colaboración en experimentos internacionales ha permitido al país integrarse en proyectos globales, fortaleciendo sus capacidades científicas. En el marco del Año Internacional de la Ciencia y Tecnología Cuánticas, este artículo examina los hitos históricos de la mecánica cuántica en Ecuador, las particularidades de su desarrollo local y las oportunidades que surgen para su comunidad académica en un contexto de creciente interconexión regional y global.

Resumo em Inglês:

The history of quantum mechanics in Ecuador spans a journey from early studies on the foundations of this discipline—which sparked debates and controversies within the local academic community—to practical applications with direct industrial impact, such as the improvement of the efficiency of oil refining processes. This progress includes the consolidation of fundamental physics research, highlighting participation in cutting-edge international experiments like those conducted at CERN. Universities such as the Escuela Politécnica Nacional, the Universidad Central del Ecuador, the Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Yachay Tech, and the Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja have played a key role in this development, addressing topics ranging from quantum field theory to technological applications. Collaboration in international experiments has enabled the country to be integrated into global projects, strengthening its scientific capabilities. Within the framework of the International Year of Quantum Science and Technology, this article examines the historical milestones of quantum mechanics in Ecuador, the unique aspects of its local development, and the opportunities arising for its academic community in an increasingly interconnected regional and global context.

Resumo em Espanhol:

El artículo presenta un resumen a través de la vida y las contribuciones del ilustre científico canario universal Blas Cabrera Felipe. Desde sus humildes comienzos en Lanzarote y La Laguna en Tenerife, su consolidación en Madrid hasta convertirse en un destacado físico consagrado a nivel internacional, centrándose en momentos clave de su carrera y vida personal. Desde su encuentro con Albert Einstein en Zürich con su posterior histórica visita a Madrid en 1923 hasta su contribución a la ciencia con el estudio del magnetismo de los elementos químicos de las “tierras raras” en eventos como las Conferencias Solvay en los años 1930 y 1933. También se explora su papel en la creación del Instituto Nacional de Física y Química en Madrid en 1932, la depuración en el contexto franquista y su exilio y muerte en México en 1945. Además se destaca la recuperación de su memoria y su legado manuscrito inédito, incluyendo la repatriación de sus restos mortales a La Laguna en Tenerife en 2022 y el renombramiento reciente del “Instituto Química Física Blas Cabrera” (IQF) en su honor por parte del CSIC en España en 2023. Blas Cabrera pionero y “padre de la física española” puede ser sin duda alguna considerado también como uno de los padres de la física cuántica en el campo del magnetismo, junto a sus colegas Albert Einstein, Marie Curie, Niels Bohr, Erwin Schrödinger y demás grandes científicos con los que formó parte de la élite de la ciencia europea en la primera mitad del siglo XX.

Resumo em Inglês:

This article presents a summary of the life and contributions of the eminent Spanish scientist Blas Cabrera Felipe, born in Canary Islands. From his humble beginnings in Lanzarote and La Laguna, Tenerife, to his consolidation in Madrid, to becoming a distinguished internationally recognized physicist. The narration focuses on key moments in his career and personal life. From his meeting with Albert Einstein in Zurich and his subsequent historic visit to Madrid in 1923 to his contribution to science with the study of the magnetism of the “rare-earths” chemical elements at the Solvay Conferences in the 1930s and 1933, along with his role in the creation of the National Institute of Physics and Chemistry in Madrid in 1932, the purge under Franco, and his exile and death in Mexico in 1945. It also highlights the recovery of his memory and his unpublished manuscript legacy, including the repatriation of his remains to La Laguna in Tenerife in 2022 and the recent renaming of the “Blas Cabrera Physical Chemistry Institute” (IQF) in his honor by the CSIC in Spain in 2023. Blas Cabrera, a pioneer and “father of Spanish physics,” can undoubtedly be also considered as one of the fathers of Quantum Physics in the field of magnetism, beside with his colleagues Albert Einstein, Marie Curie, Niels Bohr, Erwin Schrödinger, and other great scientists with whom he formed part of the European scientific elite in the first half of the 20th century.

Resumo em Português:

Resumo O Centro de Ciências de Benasque Pedro Pascual testemunhou o crescimento acelerado da teoria da informação quântica e suas aplicações. Desde 1998, o Centro realiza uma reunião bienal sobre informação quântica, que atrai os principais especialistas e se tornou uma reunião de referência mundial nesse campo. Desde sua criação, o Centro acompanhou o desenvolvimento de novos campos emergentes, como a criptografia quântica e a computação quântica, além de observar um aumento exponencial no número de artigos publicados, de dezenas para milhares por ano, e, acima de tudo, a evolução de propostas acadêmicas com perspectivas distantes de implementação material para a atual corrida frenética para conquistar vantagem computacional com computadores quânticos ainda rudimentares. A partir desta torre de vigia nos Pirineus espanhóis, assistimos ao grande salto do mundo acadêmico para o mundo das grandes corporações tecnológicas.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract The Centro de Ciencias de Benasque Pedro Pascual has witnessed the accelerated growth of quantum information theory and its applications. Since 1998, the Centre has hosted a biennial meeting on quantum information which attracts top experts and has become a world reference meeting in this field. Since its creation, the Center has followed the development of new emerging fields such as quantum cryptography and quantum computing, as well as seeing an exponential increase in the number of published articles, from dozens to thousands per year, and above all, the evolution from academic proposals with distant prospects of material implementation to the current frantic race to conquer of computational advantage with still rudimentary quantum computers. From this watchtower in the Spanish Pyrenees we have been spectators of the great leap from the world of academia to the world of the large technological corporations.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract When ICFO (the Institute of Photonic Sciences, Barcelona, Spain) was founded in 2002, quantum technologies were still in their infancy, with quantum mechanics mostly confined to fundamental research. Key questions remained about the nature of quantum correlations, the feasibility of practical quantum communication, and the potential of quantum-enhanced sensing. Over the past two decades, ICFO has played an important role in advancing quantum science, bridging fundamental discoveries with real-world applications. ICFO’s early work in quantum correlations, such as loophole-free Bell tests and device-independent randomness, has deepened the understanding of entanglement and boosted secure quantum cryptography. In quantum networks, ICFO has pioneered quantum memories and entanglement distribution for long-distance communication. The institute has been at the forefront of topological physics and quantum simulation, advancing ultracold atom engineering and providing insights about lattice gauge theories, and has also played a key role in quantum nanophotonics, and in advancing quantum dots, graphene, and 2D materials. Additionally, ICFO has developed interaction-based quantum sensing techniques in magnetometry, surpassing classical precision limits. These innovations have not only pushed the boundaries of fundamental quantum physics but have also fostered a major industrial impact, leading to the commercialization of quantum technologies in cryptography, sensing, photonics, and soon, photonic chips. This article provides an overview of ICFO’s most significant achievements in quantum science since its inception, highlighting its central role in shaping the modern landscape of quantum research and technology.

Resumo em Português:

Resumo Neste trabalho analisamos a introdução das ideias da teoria quântica no Brasil no período anterior à criação dos primeiros cursos nos quais essa teoria passou a ser ensinada com regularidade e que levaram à formação dos primeiros pesquisadores profissionais na área. As primeiras menções no Brasil às concepções, modelos e teorias da primeira fase da teoria quântica aqui apresentadas são provenientes de pesquisas feitas em periódicos da época, existentes na Hemeroteca Digital da Biblioteca Nacional, e em livros e artigos sobre o período. Damos um especial destaque aos pioneiros trabalhos de pesquisa na área e ao curso oferecido sobre mecânica quântica, em 1931, pelo engenheiro e matemático Theodoro Ramos. Analisamos também as visitas de cientistas importantes, como Einstein, Marie Curie e Enrico Fermi, que aqui ajudaram a difundir as concepções da nova teoria em ascensão. Nosso período de investigação se encerra em meados dos anos 1930 quando os primeiros cursos regulares, abordando temas de física quântica, começam a ser dados em São Paulo, na USP, e no Rio de Janeiro, na UDF, e se inicia um novo período na história da física moderna no Brasil.

Resumo em Inglês:

Abstract In this paper, we analyze the introduction of quantum theory ideas in Brazil in the period prior to the creation of the first courses in which this theory began to be regularly taught and which led to the training of the first professional researchers in the field. The first mentions in Brazil of the concepts, models, and theories of the first phase of quantum theory presented here come from research conducted in periodicals of the time, available in the Digital Newspaper Library of the National Library, and in books and articles about the period. We give special emphasis to the pioneering research work in the field and the course on quantum mechanics offered in 1931 by the engineer and mathematician Theodoro Ramos. We also analyze the visits of important scientists, such as Einstein, Marie Curie, and Enrico Fermi, who disseminated the concepts of the emerging new theory here. Our period of investigation ends in the mid-1930s when the first regular courses, addressing topics in quantum physics, begin to be given in São Paulo, at USP, and in Rio de Janeiro, at UDF, and a new period begins in the history of modern physics in Brazil.