Random number generators: from pseudorandomness to true randomness in the era of the second quantum revolution

Abstract

In this paper, we explore the concept of randomness, from its historical origins in games of chance to its crucial role in modern applications such as cryptography, scientific simulations, and information security. We discuss the limitations of pseudo-random number generators (PRNGs), which, being based on deterministic algorithms, do not satisfy critical security requirements. In contrast, we analyze true random number generators (TRNGs) that harness inherently unpredictable physical phenomena, such as thermal noise. Furthermore, we highlight quantum random number generators (QRNGs), which utilize quantum mechanical properties like superposition and uncertainty to achieve superior levels of entropy and security. Additionally, we provide a detailed description of two types of qubits employed in quantum random number generation: superconducting qubits and photonic qubits. We discuss the underlying physical principles of each approach and their practical applications in strategic and technological contexts. The article also emphasizes the necessity of rigorous testing to validate the quality of the generated randomness, underscoring the relevance of these devices for education and scientific and technological development.

Keywords:
True Random Number Generators (TRNGs); Pseudo-Random Number Generators (PRNGs); Quantum Random Number Generators (QRNGs); Quantum Technology; Entropy and Randomness