Different N-fertilization sources affecting the native soil organic matter mineralization on Technosols under iron ore tailing

Oliveira, Paula Afonso de; Assis, Igor Rodrigues de; Dias, Luiz Eduardo; Silva, Ivo Ribeiro da; Barbosa, Gustavo Magalhães Nunes; Teixeira, Rafael da Silva; Campos, Rafaella

doi:10.36783/18069657rbcs20200088

person Paula Afonso de Oliveira

schoolUniversidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Solos, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Solos e Nutrição de Plantas, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brasil.

0000-0003-3888-7738

person Igor Rodrigues de Assis *

schoolUniversidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Solos, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brasil.

0000-0002-2971-5531

person Luiz Eduardo Dias

schoolUniversidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Solos, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brasil.

0000-0003-2254-2428

person Ivo Ribeiro da Silva

schoolUniversidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Solos, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brasil.

0000-0002-6730-1487

person Gustavo Magalhães Nunes Barbosa

schoolUniversidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Solos, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Solos e Nutrição de Plantas, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brasil.

0000-0003-2994-688X

person Rafael da Silva Teixeira

schoolUniversidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Solos, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brasil.

0000-0002-3690-5659

person Rafaella Campos

schoolUniversidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Solos, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Solos e Nutrição de Plantas, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brasil.

0000-0002-5647-7030

person*Corresponding author: E-mail:
igor.assis@ufv.br

Editors: José Miguel Reichert orcid.org/0000-0001-9943-2898, Clístenes Nascimento orcid.org/0000-0002-5103-5524, and Adelson Paulo Araújo orcid.org/0000-0002-4106-6175

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS

Conceptualization: orcid.org/0000-0003-3888-7738 Paula Afonso de Oliveira (equal), orcid.org/0000-0002-2971-5531 Igor Rodrigues de Assis (supporting), orcid.org/0000-0003-2254-2428 Luiz Eduardo Dias (lead), and orcid.org/0000-0002-6730-1487 Ivo Ribeiro da Silva (equal).

Methodology: orcid.org/0000-0002-6730-1487 Ivo Ribeiro da Silva (supporting).

Validation: orcid.org/0000-0002-3690-5659 Rafael da Silva Teixeira (equal) and orcid.org/0000-0002-5647-7030 Rafaella Campos (equal).

Formal analysis: orcid.org/0000-0003-3888-7738 Paula Afonso de Oliveira (equal), orcid.org/0000-0002-2971-5531 Igor Rodrigues de Assis (equal), orcid.org/0000-0003-2254-2428 Luiz Eduardo Dias (equal), and orcid.org/0000-0002-6730-1487 Ivo Ribeiro da Silva (equal).

Investigation: orcid.org/0000-0003-3888-7738 Paula Afonso de Oliveira (equal), orcid.org/0000-0003-2254-2428 Luiz Eduardo Dias (supporting), orcid.org/0000-0002-6730-1487 Ivo Ribeiro da Silva (equal), and orcid.org/0000-0003-2994-688X Gustavo Magalhães Nunes Barbosa (equal).

Data curation: orcid.org/0000-0003-3888-7738 Paula Afonso de Oliveira (lead) and orcid.org/0000-0003-2994-688X Gustavo Magalhães Nunes Barbosa (equal).

Writing – original draft: orcid.org/0000-0003-3888-7738 Paula Afonso de Oliveira (equal), orcid.org/0000-0002-2971-5531 Igor Rodrigues de Assis (equal), orcid.org/0000-0003-2254-2428 Luiz Eduardo Dias (equal), orcid.org/0000-0003-2994-688X Gustavo Magalhães Nunes Barbosa (equal), orcid.org/0000-0002-5647-7030 Rafael da Silva Teixeira (equal), and orcid.org/0000-0002-5647-7030 Rafaella Campos (supporting).

Visualization: orcid.org/0000-0002-5647-7030 Rafaella Campos (supporting).

Supervision: orcid.org/0000-0002-2971-5531 Igor Rodrigues de Assis (equal) and orcid.org/0000-0003-2254-2428 Luiz Eduardo Dias (lead).

Funding acquisition: orcid.org/0000-0003-2254-2428 Luiz Eduardo Dias (lead).

Properties	Topsoil	Mining tailing
	Chemical properties
pH(H₂O)	5.65	7.30
Al³⁺ (cmol_c dm^-3)	0.00	0.00
Ca²⁺ (cmol_c dm^-3)	1.76	0.79
Mg²⁺ (cmol_c dm^-3)	1.23	0.02
K⁺ (cmol_c dm^-3)	85.00	19.20
P (mg dm^-3)	3.60	8.26
S (mg dm^-3)	2.50	17.80
Fe (mg dm^-3)	196.90	52.78
Zn (mg dm^-3)	4.56	1.51
Mn (mg dm^-3)	87.50	68.70
Cu (mg dm^-3)	1.60	0.99
CEC (cmol_c dm^-3)	9.51	1.13
Cr (mg dm^-3)	0.00	0.78
Ni (mg dm^-3)	0.00	1.04
Cd (mg dm^-3)	0.00	0.08
Pb (mg dm^-3)	0.00	0.10
SOC (dag kg^-1)	3.01	0.09
TN (dag kg^-1)	0.20	0.00
	Physical properties
Coarse sand (g kg^-1)	410	270
Fine sand (g kg^-1)	110	330
Silt (g kg^-1)	170	350
Clay (g kg^-1)	310	50
Dp (Mg m^-3)	2.80	3.16
Ds (Mg m^-3)	0.98	2.10

Properties	Sewage sludge	Household waste
pH(H₂O)	4.25	6.57
Al (g kg^-1)	8.11	6.68
Ca (g kg^-1)	1.58	22.40
Mg (g kg^-1)	0.19	2.06
Na (g kg^-1)	77.69	840.17
K (g kg^-1)	0.11	1.19
P (g kg^-1)	1.89	0.63
S (g kg^-1)	1.66	0.97
Fe (g kg^-1)	10.93	8.17
Zn (mg kg^-1)	164.95	8.84
Mn (mg kg^-1)	22.25	571.27
Cu (mg kg^-1)	76.01	3.90
Cr (mg kg^-1)	2.80	14.75
Ni (mg kg^-1)	5.47	8.37
Cd (mg kg^-1)	0.20	0.00
Pb (mg kg^-1)	6.11	0.00
C (%)	21.81	18.27
N (%)	2.86	0.50

Treatments			Orthogonal contrasts
Plant	ONF	MNF	C₁	C₂	C₃	C₄	C₅	C₆	C₇	C₈	C₉	C₁₀	C₁₁	C_A1	C_A2
-	-	-	-1	-1	-2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
-	SS	-	-1	-1	1	-1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	-1	0
-	HWC	-	-1	-1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	-1	0
-	-	+	-1	1	0	0	-2	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	0
-	SS	+	-1	1	0	0	1	-1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
-	HWC	+	-1	1	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
+	-	-	1	0	0	0	0	0	-1	-2	0	0	0	0	0
+	SS	-	1	0	0	0	0	0	-1	1	-1	0	0	0	-1
+	HWC	-	1	0	0	0	0	0	-1	1	1	0	0	0	-1
+	-	+	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	-2	0	-2	2
+	SS	+	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	-1	1	0
+	HWC	+	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	1	1	0

Contrasts	Total soil CO₂-C ac.	Plant
Contrasts	Total soil CO₂-C ac.	ONF derived-CO₂-C (1)	Soil derived-CO₂-C (1)	PE
	g m^-2	--------------------g m^-2--------------------		%
C₁	501.09 **	-277.45 **	-1669.54 **	-227.10 **
C₂	215.05 *	-55.28 **	270.33 **	-140.17 **
C₃	426.84 **	166.36 **	260.48 **	183.64 **
C₄	198.19 **	47.44 **	150.76 **	105.92 **
C₅	209.28 *	111.09 **	98.19 ns	43.47 ns
C₆	124.43 *	54.65 **	69.79 ns	23.53 ns
C₇	109.25 ns	0.00 ns	0.00 ns	0.00 ns
C₈	173.38 *	0.00 ns	0.00 ns	0.00 ns
C₉	36.03 ns	0.00 ns	0.00 ns	0.00 ns
C₁₀	-0.13 ns	0.00 ns	0.00 ns	0.00 ns
C₁₁	95.53 ns	0.00 ns	0.00 ns	0.00 ns
C_A1	-138.43 ns	-166.36 **	27.93 ns	-183.64 **

Contrast	Plant
Contrast	Plant derived-CO₂-C	Soil derived-CO₂-C	RPE	Shoot DM	Root DM
	------------------g m^-2------------------		%	---------g per column---------
C₇	192.72 **	-136.28 **	-325.37 **	10.03 **	1.00 **
C₈	83.70 ns	167.14 **	110.70 **	2.58 **	0.12 ns
C₉	-64.06 *	100.09 **	67.79 **	0.54 ns	0.03 ns
C₁₀	79.99 ns	-23.57 ns	-11.01 ns	0.45 ns	0.26 **
C₁₁	39.17 ns	14.19 ns	4.61 ns	0.25 ns	-0.05 ns
C_A2	47.25 ns	-130.85 **	-246.47 **	5.52 **	0.45 **

f_{SS or HWC} = [(C O_{2} - δ^{13} C_{+ SS or + HWC (- Plant)} - C O_{2} - δ^{13} C_{- SS or - HWC (- Plant)}) / (δ^{13} C_{SS or HWC} - C O_{2} - δ^{13} C_{- SS or - HWC (- Plant)})

f_{Plant} = [(C O_{2} - δ^{13} C_{+Plant (+SS,-SS+HWC or HWC)} - C O_{2} - δ^{13} C_{- plant (+SS, -SS + HWC or HWC)}) / (δ^{13} C_{Plant} - C O_{2} - δ^{13} C_{- plant (+SS,-SS+HWC or HWC)})

p r i m i n g e f f e c t_{OF} (%) = [(T o t a l S o i l C o_{2} - C f l u x_{Topsoil (+ SS or +HWC)} - T o t a l S o i l C O_{2} - C f l u x_{Topsoil (NONF)}) / T o t a l S o i l C O_{2} - C f l u x_{Topsoil (NONF)}] \times 100

R h i z o s p h e r e p r i m i n g e f f e c t (%) = [(T o t a l S o i l C o_{2} - C f l u x_{Topsoil (+Plant)} - T o t a l S o i l C O_{2} - C f l u x_{Topsoil (-Plant)}) / T o t a l S o i l C O_{2} - C f l u x_{Topsoil (-Plant)}] \times 100

[TFN1] pH(H₂O) at a soil:solution ratio of 1:2.5 ( ^{Donagema et al., 2011} ). Exchangeable Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and Al³⁺ in KCl 1 mol L^-1; available P, K, Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu extracted by Mehlich-1; S extracted by Monocalcium phosphate in acetic acid; CEC: cation exchange capacity measured with calcium acetate 0.5 mol L^-1 at pH 7.0; SOC: soil organic carbon - Walkley-Black ( ^{Yeomans and Bremner, 1988} ); TN: total nitrogen - Kjeldahl digestion ( ^{Bremner and Mulvaney, 1982} ); particle size analysis with the pipette method ( ^{Ruiz, 2005} ); Dp: soil particle density and D_S: soil bulk density. Cr, Ni, Cd, and Pb extracted by acid digestion - EPA3052 ( ^{USEPA, 1996} ).