Granulated fertilizers are more efficient in reducing potassium leaching losses than combining biosolids with inorganic sources

Netto-Ferreira, Julia Barra; Gabetto, Fernanda Palmeira; Araujo, Ana Carolina Muniz de; Dias, Ricardo de Castro; Maltais-Landry, Gabriel; Zonta, Everaldo

doi:10.36783/18069657rbcs20230103

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Division – Soil Use and Management | Commission – Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrition • Rev. Bras. Ciênc. Solo 48 • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.36783/18069657rbcs20230103 linkcopy

Granulated fertilizers are more efficient in reducing potassium leaching losses than combining biosolids with inorganic sources

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Widespread use of soluble mineral fertilizers derived from non-renewable sources has raised concerns about environmental impacts, energy expenditures, and sustainability. Combining biosolid and mineral sources of phosphorus and potassium to produce organomineral fertilizers (OMF) can be used as an alternative nutrient source while reducing the environmental impact of sewage residues. As this approach simultaneously provides nutrients and incorporates organic matter, we hypothesized the presence of an organic source (biosolid) granulated with mineral sources of potassium (K) and phosphorus (P) would reduce leaching due to the benefits of the organic source and the slower release caused by granulation. Our goal was to evaluate the effect of different OMFs on the leaching losses of nutrients. Two forms of isolated N, P, and K sources (granulated and non-granulated), five OMFs with different NPK proportions (1-2-0, 1-4-0, 1-0-2, 1-2-2, 1-2-4), and a control (unfertilized) were evaluated over ten weeks in a leaching column experiment. Non-granulated potassium sulfate exhibited the highest K leaching and did not differ from OMFs with K in their formulation (granulated PS, 1-0-2, 1-2-2, and 1-4-2). Planned contrasts showed that granulation was particularly effective at reducing K leaching, resulting in a 70 % reduction compared to non-granulated PS. While formulation and granulation showed a trend of potential benefits in reducing N-(NO₃^- + NO₂^-) leaching, the effect was not statistically significant. Interaction between fertilizer treatments and leaching events was marginally significant for NH₄⁺ leaching, indicating temporal variations of OMFs in nutrient dynamics may be influenced by mineralization. As granulation modulated how OMFs affected nutrient leaching dynamics, this highlights the importance of the physical characteristics of fertilizers for effective nutrient management.

Keywords
nitrogen leaching; nutrient management; NPK formulation; organomineral fertilizer

Property	Biosolid	Potassium sulfate	Rock phosphate
C (%)	12.00 ± 0.50	3.00 ± 0.64	4.00 ± 0.02
N (%)	2.00 ± 0.05	0.10 ± 0.03	0.20 ± 0.02
P (g kg^-1)	5.50 ± 0.70	4.10 ± 0.30	224.00 ± 12.0
K (g kg^-1)	0.70 ± 0.00	456.0 ± 14.50	0.90 ± 0.08
Ca (g kg^-1)	0.03 ± 0.02	0.10 ± 0.09	0.06 ± 0.02
Mg (g kg^-1)	0.03 ± 0.00	0.20 ± 0.00	0.06 ± 0.00
Ni (mg kg^-1)	8.00 ± 1.80	6.86 ± 0.40	1.43 ± 0.05
Fe (mg kg^-1)	236.00 ± 6.28	1.90 ± 0.11	71.00 ± 1.7
Cu (mg kg^-1)	2.30 ± 0.16	0.06 ± 0.01	0.30 ± 0.06
Mn (mg kg^-1)	2.30 ± 0.46	0.05 ± 0.00	1.60 ± 0.010
Cr (mg kg^-1)	0.30 ± 0.03	0.04 ± 0.01	3.00 ± 0.10
Zn (mg kg^-1)	10.40 ± 1.34	0.50 ± 0.4	1.70 ± 0.26
Pb (mg kg^-1)	1.00 ± 0.09	0.00 ± 0.00	0.14 ± 0.14
Cd (mg kg^-1)	0.03 ± 0.01	0.01 ± 0.00	0.85 ± 0.10

Fertilizer	N	P₂O₅	K₂O	Organic C	C:N	pH
	––––––––– kg kg^-1 –––––––––
BGR	2.1	0.5	0.7	11.7	5.0	4.5
RPGR	0.5	5.2	0.4	1.1	2.0	6.3
PSGR	0.9	0.5	25.9	1.8	1.5	7.2
1-2-0	1.6	0.9	0.7	10.4	6.5	5.5
1-4-0	1.9	1.8	0.8	10.2	5.3	5.0
1-0-2	1.9	0.6	1.4	10.8	5.7	6.0
1-2-2	1.4	1.2	1.6	10.7	6.1	6.2
1-4-2	1.7	2.0	1.3	11.4	6.7	6.3

Property	Value/content
pH(H₂O) (1:2.5)	4.7
Organic carbon	2.2 g kg^-1
Base saturation	72 %
Organic matter	3.9 g kg^-1
P	3.5 mg dm^-3
K	15.5 mg dm^-3
H+Al	51 cmol_c dm^-3
Al	35 mg dm^-3
Ca	80 mg dm^-3
Mg	72.5 mg dm^-3
Na	34.5 mg dm^-3
Sand	800 g kg^-1
Silt	100 g kg^-1
Clay	100 g kg^-1

Factor	Cumulative leaching
			K		N-NH₄⁺		N-(NO₃^- + NO₂^-)
	DF	residual DF	F-value	p-value	F-value	p-value	F-value	p-value
Fertilizer	10	20	3.9	0.005	1.1	0.392	0.7	0.674
Factor	Net leaching
			K		N-NH₄⁺		N-(NO₃^- + NO₂^-)
	DF	residual DF	F-value	p-value	F-value	p-value	F-value	p-value
Fertilizer	10	20	8.2	<0.0001	0.9	0.563	0.7	0.718
Leaching events	8	176	7.1	<0.0001	31.2	<0.0001	22.2	<0.0001
Fertilizer x Leaching	80	176	1.2	0.222	1.3	0.082	0.9	0.787

Fertilizer	K		N-NH₄⁺		N-(NO₃^– + NO₂^–)
Fertilizer	Formulation	Granulation	Formulation	Granulation	Formulation	Granulation
BGR	0	0	-0.5	0.1666	-0.5	0.1666
RPGR	0	0	0	0	0	0
SPGR	-0.5	0.25	0	0	0	0
1-2-0	0	0	0.2	0.1666	0.2	0.1666
1-4-0	0	0	0.2	0.1666	0.2	0.1666
1-0-2	0.333	0.25	0.2	0.1666	0.2	0.1666
1-2-2	0.333	0.25	0.2	0.1666	0.2	0.1666
1-4-2	0.333	0.25	0.2	0.1666	0.2	0.1666
Biosolid	0	0	-0.5	-1	-0.5	-1
RP	0	0	0	0	0	0
PS	-0.5	-1	0	0	0	0
P-value
Cum. leaching	0.236	0.008	1	1	0.366	1
Net leaching	0.263	0.008	1	1	0.542	1

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Sociedade Brasileira de Ciência do Solo Sociedade Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, Departamento de Solos - Edifício Silvio Brandão, s/n, Caixa Postal 231 - Campus da UFV, CEP 36570-900 - Viçosa-MG, Tel.: (31) 3612-4542 - Viçosa - MG - Brazil
E-mail: sbcs@sbcs.org.br

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[1] Numbers represent the mean of quadruplicates ± standard deviation.