Performance of Brazilian children and adolescents in flexibility tests: a systematic review update of published studies from 2020 to 2024Abstract
Abstract This systematic review aimed to identify and synthesize recent scientific evidence on flexibility levels in Brazilian children and adolescents. A systematic search was conducted between August and October 2025 in five databases (MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, LILACS, Web of Science, and SciELO). Of the 13,880 potential references retrieved by the searches, 19 met the inclusion criteria and composed the descriptive synthesis. The included studies were published between 2020 and 2024 and included 11,056 participants (5,955 boys) from different regions of Brazil. All studies assessed flexibility using the sit-and-reach test, although different test and batteries were adopted, including PROESP-BR®, Wells & Dillon, Fitnessgram®/ Eurofit, and the Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology protocol. The average prevalence of adequate flexibility among Brazilian children and adolescents was 61.0%, ranging from 21.2% to 81.0%. Among girls, the average prevalence was 61.9%, while among boys it was 60.3%. Overall, the results indicate that more than half of Brazilian children and adolescents have adequate levels of flexibility. Sit-and-reach test remains the most used protocol to evaluate flexibility in Brazilian children and adolescents.
Key words:
Adolescent; Physical fitness; Child; Flexibility
Resumo
Resumo Esta revisão sistemática teve como objetivo identificar e sintetizar evidências científicas recentes sobre os níveis de flexibilidade em crianças e adolescentes brasileiros. Uma busca sistemática foi realizada entre agosto e outubro de 2025, em cinco bases de dados (MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, LILACS, Web of Science e SciELO). Foram identificados 13.880 registros, dos quais 19 estudos atenderam aos critérios de inclusão após a triagem. Os estudos incluídos foram publicados entre 2020 e 2024 e abrangeram 11.056 participantes (5.955 meninos) de diferentes regiões do Brasil. Todos os estudos avaliaram a flexibilidade utilizando o teste de sentar e alcançar, embora diferentes protocolos e baterias de testes tenham sido adotados, incluindo PROESP-BR®, Wells & Dillon, Fitnessgram®/ Eurofit e o protocolo da Sociedade Canadense de Fisiologia do Exercício. A prevalência média de flexibilidade adequada entre crianças e adolescentes brasileiros foi de 61,0%, variando de 21,2% a 81,0%. Entre as meninas, a prevalência média foi de 61,9%, enquanto entre os meninos foi de 60,3%. De modo geral, os resultados indicam que mais da metade das crianças e adolescentes brasileiros apresentam níveis adequados de flexibilidade. O teste de sentar e alcançar continua sendo o protocolo mais utilizado para avaliar flexibilidade em crianças e adolescentes brasileiros.
Palavras-chave:
Adolescente; Aptidão física; Criança; Flexibilidade
INTRODUCTION
Flexibility is an intrinsic property of body tissues that determines the maximum range of joint motion without injury1,2. The American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) recognizes flexibility as a fundamental component of health-related physical fitness3. Adequate flexibility is supports posture, reduces joint stress, helps prevent injury, and enables greater autonomy in daily activities and sports3.
In Brazil, previous systematic reviews for the Report Card Brazil project have critically summarized data on child and adolescent health4. Notably, the most recent update (Matrix 4.0), found that 58.9% of Brazilian youth had flexibility levels adequate for health, with boys showing a higher prevalence (62.0%) than girls (50.9%)2. Flexibility is a sensitive to endogenous factors, such as sex and maturational stage, and exhibits sexual dimorphism, for example, girls generally demonstrate higher absolute performance on the sit-and-reach test. Additionally, the onset of puberty can influence flexibility trajectories, as rapid growth during this period may temporarily reduce flexibility before it stabilizes in adolescence1,5.
A new scientific update is needed to provide recent data. This allows analysis of temporal trends and reveals whether new studies support or challenge previous findings. The Global Matrix 5.0 update also refines indicators and benchmarks. This strengthens the credibility of information for policymakers and health professionals in Brazil, especially in the post-pandemic context. Therefore, this review aims to summarize recent data on flexibility in Brazilian children and adolescents and update fitness indicators of Report Card Brazil 5.0.
METHODS
This systematic review is part of the Global Matrix 5.0 initiative of the Active Healthy Kids Global Alliance1 and is based on the Report Card Brazil: Health indicators for children and adolescents (4th edition)6. The macro-project protocol is registered on an open access platform and can be accessed at Silva et al.6 The present review followed the PRISMA protocol checklist, as presented in Supplementary Material 1.
This systematic review was conducted between August 4, 2025, and October 30, 2025, through searches in the following databases: Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE) via PubMed; Scopus; Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences (LILACS); Web of Science; and Scientific Electronic Library Online (SCIELO).
Search strategy
In each database, reviewers used the advanced search strategy and enabled the year filter to limit results to studies published from 2020 to 2024. Search terms appeared in the title or abstract in PubMed, LILACS, and Web of Science, and in the title in Scopus and SciELO. The Boolean operator “OR” included at least one term from each block, while “AND” combined the blocks of terms and keywords. The operator “NOT” was used to exclude irrelevant studies. An asterisk (*) captured words with different endings (e.g., plural or related forms).
Block 1 included terms related to the population and age group: (Child* OR Teen OR Adolescent OR Youth). Block 2 referred to the main study indicator, flexibility, and included the following terms: Flexibility OR fleximetry OR goniomet* OR pliability OR “range of movement” OR “range of motion” OR stretching OR “Physical Fitness” OR “Fitness Test” OR “shoulder stretch” OR “sit and reach” OR “sit-and-reach”. Block 3 was added to exclude studies with adult populations (not adult*). The complete search strategy and database outputs are in Supplementary Material 2. All searches were conducted on August 8, 2025, by the reviewers (JY and IKASP), using English descriptors. Only original research articles were included. Dissertations, theses, monographs, conference proceedings, case reports, as narrative and systematic reviews or research protocols were not included.
Eligibility criteria
The inclusion criteria comprised original studies involving Brazilian children and adolescents aged 6 to 19 years that assessed flexibility and reported the interpretation of this physical fitness component in relation to health criteria, to estimate the prevalence of participants meeting the standards. Studies of any design (observational or interventional) published in Portuguese, English, or Spanish, between January 2020 and December 2024, were considered, provided they included baseline data.
Studies were excluded if: (1) the topic was outside the scope of this review; (2) participants were younger than 6 or older than 19 years; (3) the sample included participants of nationalities other than Brazilian; (4) the children or adolescents had chronic diseases (such as HIV infection, congenital heart disease, cancer, or chromosomal abnormalities) or were athletes.
Study selection
After searching electronic databases, all relevant articles were imported into Rayyan. Initially, duplicate records were removed. Subsequently, two pairs of independent reviewers (pair 1: IKASP and KM and pair 2: JY and LGOL) screened the titles and abstracts. Discrepancies were resolved by a third reviewer (LGOL for pair 1 and IKASP for pair 2). In the next stage, the full texts of the selected articles were assessed, and once again, disagreements were resolved by the third reviewer. Finally, only the articles that met the eligibility criteria related to the indicator under study were included in the final report (Figure 1).
Data collection process
Information regarding authorship, year of publication, study location, sample size, and the percentage of participants by sex and age group was extracted from the eligible studies by two pairs of independent reviewers (pair 1: IKASP and KM and pair 2: JY and LGOL), with discrepancies resolved by a third reviewer (for pair 1: LGOL and for pair 2: IKASP). In addition, data were collected on the flexibility tests used, the cutoff points adopted, and the prevalence of participants meeting the flexibility criteria, stratified by sex and classification category when available. The data extraction procedure was later validated by another independent researcher (LRAL).
Risk of bias assessment
The risk of bias and the methodological quality of the included studies were assessed by two independent reviewers (JY and IKIKASP), with any discrepancies resolved by a third reviewer (KM). The assessment was performed using specific instruments, as specified included studies. The instruments used were the Quality Assessment of Controlled Intervention Studies, Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies, and Quality Assessment Tool for Before–After (Pre–Post) Studies With No Control Group, all developed by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLIB)3. This instrument contains between 12 and 14 questions and assesses the internal validity of the included studies using “yes = 1” or “no = 0” answers to the questions. The final score indicates the potential risk of selection bias, information bias, measurement bias, and confounding factors, and classifies the risk as follows: 0.70: low risk of bias; ≥ 0.50: moderate risk of bias; < 0.50: high risk of bias.
Summary of results
When summarizing the results, the prevalence of children and adolescents who met the recommended health criteria for flexibility was based primarily on the cutoff points and classifications used in the eligible studies. As a summary indicator, a mean flexibility prevalence was calculated from available studies or from authors’ responses to the message addressed to the corresponding authors of the studies.
RESULTS
The initial searches identified 13,880 articles in the databases (Scopus – 1,263 articles; Scielo – 971; PubMed – 4,781 articles; Web of Science – 6,222 articles, and Lilacs - 643 articles) that were imported into Rayyan. Duplicate references were removed (n=5,219), resulting in 8,661 articles. The remaining 8,661 articles were then assessed for relevance based on their titles and abstracts. This resulted in the removal of 8,568 studies from the database. The full text of the remaining 93 articles was examined; 74 were excluded because they did not meet the inclusion criteria. At the end of the screening process, 19 articles were eligible for detailed reading and analysis. Figure 1 presents the flowchart of the search and study selection process. All excluded records did not match the inclusion criteria previously described or were not retrieved.
Nineteen studies were included in this systematic review, with publication dates ranging from 2020 to 2024. Of these, nine studies were conducted in the Southern region of Brazil (Paraná, n = 3; Santa Catarina, n = 3; Rio Grande do Sul, n = 3)7-15; five studies in the South Eastern region (São Paulo, n = 4; Rio de Janeiro, n = 1)16-20; and three studies in the Northeastern region (Pernambuco, n = 1; Ceará, n = 2)21-23. In addition, one study did not report its location24, and one used a national database25.
Thus, this review included 11,056 participants (5,955 males and 5,101 females). All included studies had different age ranges. These varied from younger groups, such as 6 to 11 years12 and 7 to 9 years21, to broader groups, such as 10 to 18 years17 and 7 to 15 years14. Only one study was conducted exclusively with participants aged 10 years or younger (n = 104)21. Regarding sex, seventeen studies were conducted with boys and girls, while two studies assessed flexibility only in male participants (n = 114)21,23. The information provided by each study is presented in Table 1.
Studies included on the present review (n=19) on flexibility in Brazilian children and adolescents, Brazil, 2025.
The prevalence of adequate flexibility among Brazilian children and adolescents, along with the type of physical fitness test battery used, is presented in Table 2. All studies conducted the sit-and-reach test to assess flexibility. Eight studies assessed flexibility using the Projeto Esporte Brasil (PROESP-BR®) protocol7,11,12,14,20,21,24,25; eight studies used the Wells & Dillon test battery8-10,15-17,19,23; one study used the Fitnessgram®/EUROFIT21; and another used the Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology test battery13. Only six of 19 studies present flexibility results related to health-related criteria interpretation. Therefore, the average percentage of participants with adequate flexibility levels was 61.0% (21.2–81.0%), of which 61.9% (17.2–95.91%) were female participants and 60.3% (25.0–79.8%) were male participants.
Regarding the assessment of methodological quality and risk of bias of the studies included in this review, scores ranged from 0.4 (high risk of bias) to 0.9 (low risk of bias). In total, seven studies showed a low risk of bias8,10,11,13,15,17,18, while 11 studies were classified as having a moderate risk of bias7,12,14,16,19-25, and one study was classified as having a high risk9. Detailed results are presented in Table 3.
Risk of bias assessment in the studies included on the systematic review on flexibility in Brazilian children and adolescents, Brazil, 2025.
DISCUSSION
The present systematic review aimed to synthesize and update scientific evidence on the levels of flexibility among Brazilian children and adolescents. Overall, the results indicate that more than half of the children and adolescents demonstrate adequate flexibility, with similar proportions observed between boys and girls. However, these findings should be interpreted considering the methodological heterogeneity among the included studies and the fact that several of them did not report the prevalence of adequate flexibility. It is also noteworthy that all studies assessed flexibility using the sit-and-reach test, although different test batteries and classification criteria were adopted. Finally, it should be highlighted that more than half of the studies presented a moderate risk of bias.
Through a clinical perspective, flexibility represents a relevant component of physical fitness in children and adolescents, as it is associated with both musculoskeletal function and overall health throughout development. Adequate flexibility levels support joint range of motion, facilitate the efficient performance of activities of daily living, and contribute to functional independence from childhood onward26. In addition, evidence indicates that greater flexibility may reduce musculotendinous stiffness and help prevent injury, particularly in young populations engaged in sports and recreational activities27. From health surveillance perspective, systematic assessment using standardized tests allows early identification of deficits and monitoring of differences associated with individual and behavioral characteristics2,26. Considering that flexibility is a modifiable capacity and that regular physical activity during childhood and adolescence is associated with higher levels of this component28, understanding the factors that influence its distribution across development is essential for interpreting findings in this population.
A temporal trend toward deterioration of flexibility in Brazil was observed between 2008 and 2014, with an increase in the prevalence of unhealthy levels from 35.2% to 38.4% in boys and from 23.5% to 38.0% in girls25. This scenario may have been further exacerbated during the COVID-19 period due to increased physical inactivity and sedentary behavior resulting from lockdown measures29. Corroborating this interpretation, recent evidence from an observational study indicates that, following the return to in-person school activities immediately after the lockdown period, flexibility levels, assessed using the sit-and-reach test, did not show significant changes across two assessments conducted three months apart15 (from 19.0 ± 12.5 to 20.1 ± 11.0 cm; p = 0.213), remaining below normative reference values30 and classified as low. Thus, although physical activity levels are associated with better flexibility, the first three months after returning to in-person school activities may not have been sufficient to reverse the impairments caused by confinement.
Overall, the included studies consistently demonstrate sexual dimorphism in flexibility performance, with an advantage for girls across different age groups7. Girls tend to present higher absolute values in the sit-and-reach test and a greater prevalence within healthy zones, which has been attributed to biological factors such as greater musculotendinous compliance, lower muscle mass indices, and hormonal influences (e.g., estrogen)31. Disparities in the proportion of children and adolescents meeting health criteria appear to be strongly influenced by sociocultural factors that promote greater engagement of boys in physical and sports activities compared with girls7,19. Evidence shows that boys engage in higher levels of physical activity (89.9% vs. 64.9% among girls) and greater participation in extracurricular sports (69% vs. 42.8%, respectively), which directly affects cardiorespiratory fitness and muscular endurance7,13. As a consequence of lower engagement in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, girls are more frequently classified within the “health risk zone” for cardiorespiratory fitness, reaching inadequacy rates of up to 79.7% in some samples7.
Although evidence from the included studies indicates that sex disparities in different components of physical fitness are strongly influenced by sociocultural barriers to physical activity, this pattern does not appear to fully apply to flexibility7,31,32. Nevertheless, the understanding of sex differences in physical performance should consider that cardiovascular and muscular capacities are qualitatively similar when normalized for lean mass33. Thus, physiological differences are mainly attributed to lower hemoglobin concentration in girls, rather than to reduced efficiency of the bioenergetic, cardiac, or muscular systems33. Collectively, these findings reinforce that social barriers and gender stereotypes act as constraints on full motor development and motor competence in girls, increasing their vulnerability to cardiometabolic risks and obesity throughout pubertal development7,18,19.
Biological maturation was assessed in 6 of the 19 included studies, indicating limited incorporation of this determinant of flexibility in the analyzed literature. When considered, somatic maturation indicators predominated, particularly estimates of peak height velocity18,34,35, based on predictive equations using anthropometric measures, whereas sexual maturation was less frequently and assessed through Tanner stages36. Conversely, 13 studies did not include any maturity data, which represents an important limitation for interpreting flexibility outcomes in adolescents. The absence of such information makes it difficult to understand variability in flexibility results from interventions or from natural growth, a limitation explicitly discussed in two of the included studies18,23.
Regional disparities of studies across Brazil was found, with a massive research in the South and Southeast, particularly in Rio Grande do Sul7,11,24, Santa Catarina9,12,13, Paraná8,10,15 and São Paulo17,19,20, some representation in the Northeast21,23. However, none research was found the North and Midwest regions, appearing in only a single multicenter study25 and may be were underrepresented. This geographic asymmetry limits the generalizability of findings to the Brazilian youth population7,12. Furthermore, many studies relied on local or convenience school samples7,11,21,22, may suffering sample bias. However, research based on larger datasets, such as analyses derived from PROESP-BR, can contribute to a more comprehensive national perspective25. The overall body of evidence still lacks adequate nationwide representativeness. Future investigations should therefore prioritize multicenter samples and include historically underrepresented regions to produce more robust and equitable estimates of flexibility levels among Brazilian youth20.
This review has limitations inherent to the available body of evidence, which precluded conducting a meta-analysis. Substantial methodological heterogeneity was observed across studies, including variability in study design, ranging from population-based cross-sectional investigations13,14,25 to longitudinal follow-ups15,18 and intervention research8,11,21,24, as well as in sample characteristics. Sample sizes varied markedly, from small groups of approximately 20 adolescents16 to national cohorts exceeding 10,000 participants25, and were drawn from diverse school contexts (public and private)14,20. Regarding flexibility assessment, although the sit-and-reach test was the predominant method13,16-18 , significant discrepancies were identified in instrumentation (e.g., Wells bench vs. floor-based tape measures)12,14 and in classification criteria (e.g., PROESP-BR health zones vs. percentiles or absolute means)7,12,14,21. Moreover, the lack of standardized reporting of dispersion measures and effect sizes across several studies prevented quantitative synthesis. Finally, lack information of key variables, such as maturational stage (assessed in only about 20% of studies)7,15,17,19 and habitual physical activity level15,19,21, highlights the urgent need for methodological standardization in future research on flexibility in Brazilian children and adolescents.
CONCLUSION
In summary, this update review’ findings indicate that flexibility among Brazilian children and adolescents shows that more than half of Brazilian children and adolescents have adequate levels of flexibility and sit-and-reach test remains the most used protocol to evaluate flexibility. From a practical standpoint, the results underscore the need to strengthen routine flexibility assessment within the physical activity and sports environment, preferably using standardized batteries. From a policy perspective, the evidence supports the importance of continuous physical fitness components surveillance and investment in school-based programs that promote equitable motor development across Brazilian regions. Future research priority should be given to studies with representative national samples or single studies to represent North and Midwest regions. Moreover, future research should consider including biological maturity and physical activity information, to better understand flexibility. Such advances are essential to reduce current heterogeneity, enable more robust comparisons, including the potential for future meta-analyses, and ultimately improve the interpretation of physical fitness indicators in Brazilian youth.
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL
Supplementary material accompanies this paper.
Supplementary File 1
Supplementary File 2
This material is available as part of the online article from https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-0037.2026v28e111695
-
How to cite this article
Santos CCSM, Ywgne J, Pinheiro IKAS, Magalhães KCS, Luz LGO, Menezes EC, Lima LRA. Performance of Brazilian children and adolescents in flexibility tests: a systematic review update of published studies from 2020 to 2024. Rev Bras Cineantropom Desempenho Hum 2026, 28:e111695. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-0037.2026v28e111695
-
Funding
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. This study was funded by the authors
-
Ethical approval
This research is in accordance with the standards set by the Declaration of Helsinki
Data Availability Statement
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, upon reasonable request.
REFERENCES
-
1 Nuzzo J. Sex differences in sit-and-reach flexibility in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis. SportRXiv; 2024. https://doi.org/10.51224/SRXIV.445
» https://doi.org/10.51224/SRXIV.445 -
2 Lima LRA, Menezes EC, Tenório TRS, Mendonça BCA, Rodrigues NA, de Victo ER, et al. Flexibility of Brazilian children and adolescents: a systematic review of the literature. Rev Bras Cineantropom Desempenho Hum. 2022;24:e87232. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-0037.2022v24e87232
» https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-0037.2022v24e87232 - 3 Liguori G, Feito Y, Fountaine CJ, Roy B. ACSM’s guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. 11th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer; 2022. 513 p.
-
4 Silva DAS, Tremblay MS. É tempo de cuidar das crianças e dos adolescentes brasileiros. Rev Bras Cineantropom Desempenho Hum. 2018;20(4):363-6. https://doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2018v20n4p363
» https://doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2018v20n4p363 -
5 Zampier Ulbrich A. Aptidão física em crianças e adolescentes de diferentes estágios maturacionais. Fit Perform J. 2007;6(5):277-82. https://doi.org/10.3900/fpj.6.5.277.p
» https://doi.org/10.3900/fpj.6.5.277.p -
6 Silva DAS, Pelegrini A, Pinto AA, Christofaro DGD, Ferrari GLM, Nunes HEG, et al. Report Card Brazil: Health indicators for children and adolescents [Internet]. 4th ed. Charlottesville (VA): Center for Open Science; 2026 [cited 2026 Apr 1]. Available from: https://osf.io/y2q8z/
» https://osf.io/y2q8z/ - 7 Aimi GA, Hein AP, Gaya AR. Estado nutricional, nível de atividade física e aptidão física relacionada à saúde de estudantes do ensino fundamental de uma escola particular de Porto Alegre. Rev Bras Nutr Esportiva. 2020;14:121-35.
-
8 Cibinello FU, de Jesus Neves JC, Carvalho MYL, Valenciano PJ, Fujisawa DS. Effect of Pilates Matwork exercises on posterior chain flexibility and trunk mobility in school children: A randomized clinical trial. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2020;24(4):176-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2020.06.016 PMid:33218508.
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2020.06.016 -
9 Sordi RM, Trevisan A, Fermino RC, Quadros GDD, Rocha RERD. Efeito de um programa multicomponente sobre a aptidão física relacionada à saúde em escolares. Saude Pesqui. 2021;14(1):e8863. https://doi.org/10.17765/2176-9206.2021v14n1.e8863
» https://doi.org/10.17765/2176-9206.2021v14n1.e8863 -
10 Tadiotto MC, Duncan M, Mota J, Moraes-Junior FB, Corazza PRP, Czoczuk M, et al. Excess adiposity and low physical fitness hamper Supine-to-Stand test performance among sedentary adolescents. J Pediatr. 2021;97(6):658-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2021.01.007 PMid:33716011.
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2021.01.007 -
11 Pedretti A, Mello JHP, Mello JB, Gaya AR, Gaya ACA. Efeitos de dois programas de educação física na aptidão física relacionada à saúde de crianças de acordo com sexo. J Phys Educ. 2022;33(1). https://doi.org/10.4025/jphyseduc.v33i1.3343
» https://doi.org/10.4025/jphyseduc.v33i1.3343 - 12 Lopes PRS, Ledra ÁK, Ledra AJ, Sonza A. Análise do estado nutricional e da flexibilidade pelo teste de sentar e alcançar em escolares do ensino fundamental em uma escola do alto vale do Itajaí. Rev Bras Obesidade Nutr E Emagrecimento. 2023;17:420-7.
-
13 De Marco JCP, Alves AD, Gonzaga I, Bim MA, Carminatti LJ, Pinto ADA, et al. Associação entre aptidão física relacionada à saúde, atividades físicas extracurriculares e adiposidade corporal em uma amostra representativa de adolescentes de Florianópolis, Brasil. Retos. 2023;49:1-8. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v49.97245
» https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v49.97245 -
14 Silveira IAC, Corrêa PC, Da Silva AF, Bergmann GG, Müller CB, Pinheiro EDS. Relação entre variáveis antropométricas e de aptidão física em crianças e adolescentes estratificados por sexo. Arq Ciênc Saúde UNIPAR. 2023;27(1). https://doi.org/10.25110/arqsaude.v27i1.2023.9114
» https://doi.org/10.25110/arqsaude.v27i1.2023.9114 -
15 Moraes FB, Tadiotto MC, Lenardt B, Mota J, Matos O, Leite N. Importance of return to usual and school activities after social isolation in recovering vitamin D concentrations, Physical Fitness, and Motor Performance in Adolescents. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2024;21(11):1494. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21111494 PMid:39595761.
» https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21111494 -
16 Coledam DHC, Oliveira RDC. Assessment of physical fitness among non-athlete adolescents: Effect of familiarization sessions. Balt J Health Phys Act. 2020;12(4):47-57. https://doi.org/10.29359/BJHPA.12.4.05
» https://doi.org/10.29359/BJHPA.12.4.05 -
17 Portella GC, Portella DL, De Oliveira Siqueira J, Iuamoto LR, Tess BH. Encouraging physical fitness in Brazilian adolescents with excess weight: can they outperform their eutrophic peers in some activities? Int J Adolesc Med Health. 2022;34(2):41-8. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijamh-2021-0042 PMid:34416794.
» https://doi.org/10.1515/ijamh-2021-0042 -
18 Chagas DV, Barnett LM. Adolescents’ flexibility can affect motor competence: the pathway from health related physical fitness to motor competence. Percept Mot Skills. 2023;130(1):94-111. https://doi.org/10.1177/00315125221128638 PMid:36192839.
» https://doi.org/10.1177/00315125221128638 -
19 Ferreira GOC, Ferrari G, Langer RD, Cossio-Bolaños M, Gomez-Campos R, Lázari E, et al. Phase angle and its determinants among adolescents: influence of body composition and physical fitness level. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):13697. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-62546-6 PMid:38871752.
» https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-62546-6 -
20 Costa EA, Faria VA, Gallo IS, Terossi MB, Oliveira TP, Brigatto FA, et al. Nível de aptidão física de escolares da rede pública e privada da região de Leme-SP. Arq Ciênc Saúde UNIPAR. 2021;25(1). https://doi.org/10.25110/arqsaude.v25i1.2021.7955
» https://doi.org/10.25110/arqsaude.v25i1.2021.7955 -
21 Almeida MB, Leandro CG, Queiroz DDR, José‐da‐Silva M, Pessôa Dos Prazeres TM, Pereira GM, et al. Plyometric training increases gross motor coordination and associated components of physical fitness in children. Eur J Sport Sci. 2021;21(9):1263-72. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2020.1838620 PMid:33108985.
» https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2020.1838620 - 22 Silva MAFM, Moura ARLI, Gomes JL B, Carvalho FO, de Moraes JFVN. Associação entre funções executivas, antropometria e aptidão física de escolares. Ciênc Cogn. 2021
- 23 Gadelha JG No, Simim MA M, Banja T, Barbosa LF, Medeiros AA, Assumpção CO. 10 semanas de treinamento de força melhoram quais capacidades físicas em adolescentes fisicamente ativos? Rev Bras Cienc Mov. 2020;28:202-13.
-
24 Silva MR, Waclawovsky G, Perin L, Camboim I, Eibel B, Lehnen AM. Effects of high-intensity interval training on endothelial function, lipid profile, body composition and physical fitness in normal-weight and overweight-obese adolescents: a clinical trial. Physiol Behav. 2020;213:112728. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112728 PMid:31676260.
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112728 -
25 Gaya AR, Mello JB, Dias AF, Brand C, Cardoso VD, Nagorny GAK, et al. Temporal trends in physical fitness and obesity among Brazilian children and adolescents between 2008 and 2014. J Hum Sport Exerc. 2020;15(3):549-58. https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2020.153.07
» https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2020.153.07 -
26 Batista KRO, Couto JO, Oliveira MGD, Silva RJS. Flexibility in Brazilian children and adolescents: a systematic review. Rev Bras Cineantropom Desempenho Hum. 2018;20:472-82. https://doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2018v20n4p472
» https://doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2018v20n4p472 -
27 Minatto G, Ribeiro RR, Junior AA, Santos KD. Idade, maturação sexual, variáveis antropométricas e composição corporal: influências na flexibilidade. Rev Bras Cineantropom Desempenho Hum. 2011;12(3):151-8. https://doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2010v12n3p151
» https://doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2010v12n3p151 -
28 Chaves TDO, Balassiano DH, Araújo CGSD. Influência do hábito de exercício na infância e adolescência na flexibilidade de adultos sedentários. Rev Bras Med Esporte. 2016;22(4):256-60. https://doi.org/10.1590/1517-869220162204159118
» https://doi.org/10.1590/1517-869220162204159118 -
29 Molleri N, Gomes SC Jr, Marano D, Zin A. Survey of the Adequacy of Brazilian children and adolescents to the 24-hour movement guidelines before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023;20(9):5737. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20095737 PMid:37174254.
» https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20095737 -
30 Ribeiro CCA, Abad CCC, Barros RV, Barros Neto TL. Nível de flexibilidade obtida pelo teste de sentar e alcançar a partir de estudo realizado na Grande São Paulo. Rev Bras Cineantropom Desempenho Hum. 2010;12(6):415-21. https://doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2010v12n6p415
» https://doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2010v12n6p415 - 31 Bompa TO. Treinamento ideal. 9. ed. Barueri: Manole; 2022.
-
32 Duarte Alberto AA, Figueira AJ Jr. Prevalência de inatividade física em adolescentes e sua associação com variáveis socioculturais. Pensar Prát. 2016;19(4). https://doi.org/10.5216/rpp.v19i4.35317
» https://doi.org/10.5216/rpp.v19i4.35317 -
33 Skattebo Ø, Martin‐Rincon M, Rud B, Nielsen J, Hegg LHN, Kleive AV, et al. Determinants of maximal oxygen uptake in highly trained females and males: a mechanistic study of sex differences using advanced invasive methods. J Physiol. 2025;JP289218:JP289218. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP289218 PMid:40974561.
» https://doi.org/10.1113/JP289218 -
34 Mirwald RL, Baxter-Jones ADG, Bailey DA, Beunen GP. An assessment of maturity from anthropometric measurements. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002;34(4):689-94. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200204000-00020 PMid:11932580.
» https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200204000-00020 -
35 Moore SA, Mckay HA, Macdonald H, Nettlefold L, Baxter-Jones ADG, Cameron N, et al. Enhancing a Somatic Maturity Prediction Model. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2015;47(8):1755-64. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000588 PMid:25423445.
» https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000588 - 36 Tanner JM. Growth at adolescence: with a general consideration of the effects of hereditary and environmental factors upon growth and maturation from birth to maturity. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1962.
Edited by
-
Scientific Editor:
Diego Augusto Santos Silva
