Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science

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Original Article • Braz. J. Poult. Sci. 27 (02) • 2025 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9061-2025-2064 linkcopy

Growth Performance and Economic Feasibility of Guarana By-products in Diets for Slow-growing Broilers^I

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

The study evaluated the inclusion of guarana by-products, guarana peel meal (GPEM), and guarana pulp meal (GPUM) in diets for slow-growing broilers to assess their impact on growth performance and economic feasibility. To evaluate the effects of guarana by-products, two experiments were conducted. In both experiments, 240 slow-growing male broilers of the Label Rouge strain were used. Both experiment 1 (testing GPEM) and experiment 2 (testing GPUM) were conducted using a completely randomized design, with treatments consisting of a control diet (without the inclusion of the tested product) and four levels of inclusion of the tested product (2.5%, 5.0%, 7.5%, and 10%) in the diets, each with four replicates of 12 birds. GPEM, with higher fiber content, improved feed efficiency and weight gain at higher inclusion levels (up to 10%), while GPUM, with higher energy content, showed optimal performance at intermediate levels (7.5%). Both by-products enhanced meat production and economic returns compared to the basal diet. The results suggest that GPEM is suitable for systems prioritizing feed efficiency and cost-effectiveness, while GPUM is better suited for phases requiring higher energy intake and weight gain. Additionally, the use of these agro-industrial residues promotes sustainability by integrating circular economy practices into poultry production. The findings highlight the potential of guarana by-products as alternative feed ingredients to improve productivity and reduce costs, particularly in regions with abundant availability of these residues.

Keywords:
Alternative food; Amazon; feed efficiency; Paullinia cupana; sustainability

Variables	Guarana peel meal	Guarana pulp meal
Dry matter, %	89.11	83.93
Crude protein, %	18.72	12.27
Fats, %	5.36	2.41
Minerals, %	5.33	1.01
Crude Fiber, %	44.04	29.17
Neutral detergent fiber, %	61.66	40.84
Acid detergent fiber, %	39.64	26.25
Soluble carbohydrates, %	26.55	55.14
Gross energy, kcal/kg	6,495.65	5,745.42
Metabolizable energy*, kcal/kg	2,258.64	2,828.56

Feedstuffs	Pre-initial (1 to 7 days)	Initial (8 to 28 days)					Final (29 to 56 days)
Feedstuffs	Pre-initial (1 to 7 days)	0	2.5	5	7.5	10	0	2.5	5	7.5	10
Corn 7,88%	58.07	58.07	54.68	51.06	47.45	43.83	63.34	62.88	59.99	56.37	52.75
Soybean meal 46%	38.32	38.35	38.69	39.06	39.44	39.82	32.53	30.64	30.89	31.27	31.64
Guarana peel meal	0.00	0.00	2.50	5.00	7.50	10.00	0.00	2.50	5.00	7.50	10.00
Limestone	0.93	0.82	0.82	0.81	0.80	0.79	1.02	1.02	0.76	0.75	0.74
Dicalcium phosphate	1.79	1.79	1.80	1.81	1.82	1.83	1.55	1.58	1.59	1.60	1.61
Common salt	0.30	0.10	0.27	0.27	0.27	0.28	0.53	0.34	0.28	0.28	0.28
Vit. Min. supplement	0.50¹	0.50¹	0.50¹	0.50¹	0.50¹	0.50¹	0.50²	0.50²	0.50²	0.50²	0.50²
DL-methionine 99%	0.10	0.10	0.11	0.12	0.12	0.13	0.03	0.04	0.05	0.55	0.06
Soybean oil	0.00	0.27	0.64	1.37	2.09	2.82	0.50	0.50	0.96	1.19	2.41
Total	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00
Nutrients	Guarantee levels³
Metabolizable energy, kcal/kg	3,000.00	3,100.00	3,100.00	3,100.00	3,100.00	3,100.00	3,200.00	3,200.00	3,200.00	3,200.00	3,200.00
Dry matter, %	87.88	87.88	87.76	87.66	87.56	87.46	87.89	87.66	87.49	87.39	87.29
Crude protein, %	22.50	21.00	21.00	21.00	21.00	21.00	19.50	19.50	19.50	19.50	19.50
Calcium, %	0.94	0.90	0.90	0.90	0.90	0.90	0.80	0.80	0.80	0.80	0.80
Available phosphorus, %	0.46	0.45	0.45	0.45	0.45	0.45	0.40	0.40	0.40	0.40	0.40
Sodium, %	0.15	0.19	0.15	0.15	0.15	0.15	0.25	0.18	0.15	0.15	0.15
Crude fiber, %	3.40	3.40	4.39	5.37	6.35	7.33	3.16	4.07	5.06	6.04	7.02
NDF, %	4.76	4.76	6.15	7.52	8.89	10.26	4.42	5.70	7.08	8.46	9.83
ADF, %	3.06	3.06	3.95	4.83	5.71	6.60	2.84	3.66	4.55	5.44	6.32
Total lysine, %	1.21	1.21	1.21	1.21	1.22	1.22	1.06	1.01	1.01	1.01	1.01
Total methionine, %	0.45	0.45	0.45	0.46	0.46	0.47	0.35	0.35	0.35	0.35	0.36
Total methionine + cystine, %	0.80	0.80	0.80	0.80	0.80	0.80	0.68	0.67	0.66	0.66	0.66
Total threonine, %	0.87	0.87	0.87	0.86	0.86	0.85	0.79	0.75	0.75	0.74	0.74
Total tryptophan, %	0.28	0.28	0.28	0.28	0.28	0.29	0.25	0.24	0.24	0.24	0.24

Feedstuffs	Pre-initial (1 to 7 days)	Initial (8 to 28 days)					Final (29 to 56 days)
Feedstuffs	Pre-initial (1 to 7 days)	0	2.5	5	7.5	10	0	2.5	5	7.5	10
Corn 7,88%	58.07	58.07	56.27	53.17	50.10	47.00	63.34	61.57	58.49	55.40	52.31
Soybean meal 46%	38.32	38.35	35.77	35.66	35.55	35.43	32.53	30.5	30.39	30.28	30.17
Guarana pulp meal	0.00	0.00	2.50	5.00	7.50	10.00	0.00	2.50	5.00	7.50	10.00
Limestone	0.93	0.82	0.83	0.82	0.81	0.81	1.02	0.76	0.75	0.75	0.74
Dicalcium phosphate	1.79	1.79	1.82	1.84	1.85	1.87	1.55	1.58	1.60	1.61	1.63
Common salt	0.30	0.10	0.27	0.28	0.28	0.28	0.53	0.28	0.28	0.28	0.29
Vit. Min. supplement	0.50¹	0.50¹	0.50¹	0.50¹	0.50¹	0.50¹	0.50²	0.50²	0.50²	0.50²	0.50²
DL-methionine 99%	0.10	0.10	0.14	0.15	0.16	0.18	0.03	0.05	0.06	0.07	0.08
Soybean oil	0.00	0.27	1.90	2.58	3.25	3.93	0.50	2.26	2.93	3.61	4.28
Total	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00
Nutrients	Guarantee levels³
Metabolizable energy, kcal/kg	3,000.00	3,100.00	3,100.00	3,100.00	3,100.00	3,100.00	3,200.00	3,200.00	3,200.00	3,200.00	3,200.00
Dry matter, %	87.88	87.88	87.86	87.67	87.58	87.50	87.89	87.76	87.59	87.42	87.35
Crude protein, %	22.50	21.00	21.00	21.00	21.00	21.00	19.50	19.50	19.50	19.50	19.50
Calcium, %	0.94	0.90	0.90	0.90	0.90	0.90	0.80	0.80	0.80	0.80	0.80
Available phosphorus, %	0.46	0.45	0.45	0.45	0.45	0.45	0.40	0.40	0.40	0.40	0.40
Sodium, %	0.15	0.19	0.15	0.15	0.15	0.15	0.25	0.15	0.15	0.15	0.15
Crude fiber, %	3.40	3.40	3.94	4.61	5.27	5.93	3.16	4.07	5.06	6.04	7.02
NDF, %	4.76	4.76	5.52	6.45	7.38	8.30	4.42	5.70	7.08	8.46	9.83
ADF, %	3.06	3.06	3.55	4.15	4.74	5.34	4.70	4.54	4.46	4.36	4.27
Total lysine, %	1.21	1.21	1.14	1.12	1.11	1.10	1.06	1,00	0,99	0,98	0,97
Total methionine, %	0.45	0.45	0.47	0.47	0.48	0.49	0.35	0,35	0,35	0,36	0,37
Total methionine + cystine, %	0.80	0.80	0.80	0.80	0.80	0.80	0.68	0,66	0,66	0,66	0,66
Total threonine, %	0.87	0.87	0.82	0.81	0.80	0.79	0.79	0,75	0,73	0,72	0,71
Total tryptophan, %	0.28	0.28	0.27	0.26	0.26	0.26	0.25	0,24	0,23	0,23	0,23

Stage	Variables²	Guarana peel meal levels, %				p-value ³		CV⁴, %	COR⁵	MM⁶	R²
Stage	Variables²	0.00	2.5	5.00	7.5	10.00
Starter	FI	1.43^b	1.48^b	1.69^a	1.71^a	1.74^a	<0.01	7.52	0.47	Y = 1.44 + 0.034x	0.96
	WG	0.87^b	0.94^b	0.98^ab	1.01^a	1.06^a	<0.01	2.33	0.42	Y = 0.882 + 0.018x	0.94
	FE	1.64	1.57	1.72	1.69	1.64	0.10	8.28	-	-	-
Final	FI	2.95^a	3.01^a	2.98a	3.01^a	2.63^b	0.05	12.64	-0.08	Y = 2.9269 + 0.0681x - 0.0094x²	0.95
	WG	1.03^b	1.04^b	1.01^b	1.03^b	1.16^a	0.05	10.69	0.20	Y = 1.004 + 0.01x	0.92
	FE	2.86^a	2.89^a	2.95^a	2.92^a	2.27^b	0.05	4.59	-0.36	Y = 2.8049 + 0.1197x - 0.0166x²	0.93
General	FI	4.38	4.49	4.67	4.72	4.37	0.09	5.35	-	-	-
	WG	1.90^b	1.98^b	1.99^b	2.04^ab	2.22^a	<0.01	4.69	0.29	Y = 1.886 + 0.028x	0.89
	FE	2.31^a	2.27^a	2.35^a	2.31^a	1.97^b	<0.01	4.58	-0.34	y = 2.262 + 0.058x - 0.0083x²	0.91

Variables²	Guarana peel meal levels, %				p-value ³		CV⁴, %	COR⁵	MM⁶	R²
Variables²	0.00	2.5	5.00	7.5	10.00
PRE-INI, R$/kg	3.09	3.11	3.14	3.18	3.21	-	-	-	-	-
PRE-FIN, R$/kg	2.97	2.90	2.91	2.94	2.97	-	-	-	-	-
PEI	169.91^b	204.82^a	204.74^a	207.05^a	208.47^a	<0.01	6.19	0.76	Y = 173.9 + 10.556x - 0.7382x²	0.86
FC, R$	132.95^b	135.05^b	141.61^a	144.86^a	135.71^b	0.03	5.45	0.48	Y = 131.28 + 3.5629x - 0.295x²	0.71
PRODKG, kg	22.92^c	23.76^b	23.88^b	24.60^b	26.76^a	<0.01	7.23	0.92	Y = 22.68 + 0.3408x	0.85
PCKG, R$/kg	5.80^a	5.68^b	5.93^a	5.89^a	5.07^c	0.03	8.24	-0.56	Y = 5.6826 + 0.1431x - 0.0193x²	0.73
PRODSM, kg/m²	5.73^c	5.94^b	5.97^b	6.15^a	6.69^a	<0.01	7.23	0.92	Y = 5.67 + 0.0852x	0.85
PCPSM, R$/m²	33.24^b	33.76^b	35.40^a	36.21^a	33.93^b	0.03	5.45	0.48	Y = 32.823 + 0.8881x - 0.0735x²	0.71
REV, R$	160.44^c	166.32^c	167.16^c	172.20^b	187.32^a	<0.01	7.23	0.92	Y = 158.76 + 2.3856x	0,85
PRO, R$	27.49^b	31.27^b	25.55^b	27.34^b	51.61^a	0.01	5.25	0.64	Y = 30.717 - 3.7693x + 0.5542x²	0.78
PI,	17.13^b	18.80^b	15.28^b	15.88^b	27.55^a	0,03	4,86	0.56	Y = 18.79 - 2.0398x + 0.2757x²	0.73
BE, kg	18.99	19.29	20.23	20.69	19.39	0.51	5.45	-	-	-

Stage	Variables²	Guarana peel meal levels, %				p-value ³		CV⁴, %	COR⁵	MM⁶	R²
Stage	Variables²	0.00	2.5	5.00	7.5	10.00
Starter	FI	1.30^c	1.51^b	1.52^b	1.63^a	1.50^b	0.04	10.72	0.47	Y = 1.3051 + 0.0871x - 0.0066x²	0.89
	WG	0.50^c	0.75^b	0.78^ab	0.82^a	0.74^b	<0.01	8.31	0.60	Y = 0.5151 + 0.0963x - 0.0074x²	0.95
	FE	2.61^a	1.99^b	1.94^b	2.00^b	2.02^b	<0.01	14.93	-0.53	Y = 2.5446 - 0.2057x + 0.0159x²	0.87
Final	FI	2.83^b	2.95^b	3.10^a	3.16^a	3.04^ab	<0.01	5.17	0.59	Y = 2.8086 + 0.0903x - 0.0065x²	0.93
	WG	1.13	1.20	1.19	1.19	1.05	0.10	8.34	-	-	-
	FE	2.49^c	2.45^c	2.59^b	2.65^b	2.90^a	0.02	8.62	0.65	Y = 2.412 + 0.0408x	0.82
General	FI	4.13^c	4.46^b	4.63^b	4.80^a	4.55^b	<0.01	6.44	0.57	Y = 4.1123 + 0.1798x - 0.0133x²	0.95
	WG	1.64^c	1.96^a	1.98^a	2.01^a	1.80^b	<0.01	9.42	0.30	Y = 1.654 + 0.1348x - 0.012x²	0.95
	FE	2.52^a	2.27^c	2.33^b	2.38^b	2.53^a	<0.01	5.67	0.13	Y = 2.276 + 0.2908x - 0.0488x²	0.82

Variables²	Guarana peel meal levels, %				p-value ³		CV⁴, %	COR⁵	MM⁶	R²
Variables²	0.00	2.5	5.00	7.5	10.00
PRE-INI, R$/kg	3,16	3,18	3,20	3,24	3,25	-	-	-	-	-
PRE-FIN, R$/kg	3,04	3,06	3,08	3,10	3,12	-	-	-	-	-
PEI	186.55^b	214.01^a	187.38^b	184.17^b	164.62^c	0.02	12.12	-0.47	Y = 192 + 5.1206x - 0.8069x²	0.72
FC, R$	153.96^c	167.25^bc	174.60^b	182.84^a	173.69^b	<0.01	7.06	0.66	Y = 153.17 + 7.2294x - 0.5027x²	0.95
PRODKG, kg	19.70^c	23.59^a	23.85^a	24.22^a	21.65^b	<0.01	9.42	0.30	Y = 19.866 + 1.6452x - 0.1464x²	0.95
PCKG, R$/kg	7.82^ab	7.08^c	7.32^bc	7.56^b	8.04^a	<0.01	5.87	0.29	Y = 7.7286 - 0.2421x + 0.0279x²	0.87
PRODSM, kg/m²	4.92^c	5.89^a	5.96^a	6.05^a	5.41^b	<0.01	9.42	0.30	Y = 4.9609 + 0.4113x - 0.0366x²	0.95
PCPSM, R$/m²	38.49^c	41.81^bc	43.65^b	45.70^a	43.42^b	<0.01	7.06	0.66	Y = 38.294 + 1.806x - 0.1256x²	0.95
REV, R$	162.78^c	188.76^a	190.82^a	193.78^a	173.20^b	0.01	9.12	0.22	Y = 163.52 + 11.574x - 1.0539x²	0.96
PRO, R$	8.81^b	21.50^a	16.21^ab	10.94^b	-0.48^c	0.03	9.51	-0.39	Y = 10.338 + 4.343x - 0.5509x²	0.91
PI,	4.92^b	11.38^a	8.46^a	5.47^b	-0.57^c	0.02	9.75	-0.42	Y = 5.7286 + 2.1895x - 0.2865x²	0.92
BE, kg	19.24^c	20.90^bc	21.82^b	22.85^a	21.71^b	<0.01	7.06	0.66	Y = 19.142 + 0.903x - 0.0627x²	0.95

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