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SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 is the body's active form of vitamin D and is also known as calcitriol. It has an effect on the body's immune system and is involved in the regulation of cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. METHODS: The effect of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 on the viability of human neuroblastoma human neuroblastoma cell line cells was investigated by 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide assay, the effect on migration was investigated by wound healing assay, and methyltransferase genes (DNA methyltransferase 3 alpha and DNA methyltransferase 3 beta) and phosphatase and tensin homolog gene expression levels were investigated by real time polymerase chain reaction method. RESULTS: As a result of the 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide assay, 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 IC50:265.6 nM was found. It was observed that 100 and 265.6 nM applied to human neuroblastoma cell line cells had an antiproliferative effect. In addition, DNA methyltransferase 3 alpha and DNA methyltransferase 3 beta genes, which are effective as methyltransferases, caused a change in expression levels (p<0.05), while phosphatase and tensin homolog expression levels did not change (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 showed antiproliferative, antimigratory activity on neuroblastoma human neuroblastoma cell line cells and decreased the expression levels of genes involved in methylation, which may be evidence of its anticancer effect.

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SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine a cut-off value for nuchal translucency in the prediction of composite adverse outcome in cystic hygroma cases. METHODS: This study was designed retrospectively in the perinatology department of a tertiary hospital. All fetuses followed up with a diagnosis of cystic hygroma between 2019 and 2023 were included in the study. Demographic characteristics, prenatal ultrasound findings, non-invasive screening test results, invasive diagnostic test results, clinical management, and postnatal outcomes were evaluated. A total of 34 patients diagnosed with cystic hygroma by prenatal ultrasonography were included in the study. The 50th percentile nuchal translucency value of cystic hygroma cases was 5.2 mm. Cystic hygroma cases were divided into two groups as nuchal translucency <5.2 mm and ≥5.2 mm. A receiver operator characteristics analysis was performed to determine an optimal cut-off value of nuchal translucency in the prediction of composite adverse outcome. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences between the groups for chromosomal/structural abnormalities and fetal losses. Chorionic villus sampling was performed in 28 patients, and amniocentesis was performed in one patient; five patients did not accept any invasive procedures. Nineteen cases had a chromosomal abnormality in chorionic villus sampling, while nine had a normal karyotype. The result of the amniocentesis was trisomy 18. A cut-off value of 4.03 mm was found for nuchal translucency in the prediction of composite adverse outcome (76.3% sensitivity, 66.7% specificity). CONCLUSIONS: Composite adverse outcome seems to be more common in cystic hygroma cases with an nuchal translucency ≥4.03 mm.

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SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between metabolic tumor heterogeneity indices in patients with driver mutation-positive non-small cell lung cancer, with a particular focus on the impact of heterogeneity indices on prognostic outcomes. METHODS: Patients diagnosed with metastatic small-cell lung cancer with driver mutations were included in this study. The relationship between the patients’ 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography parameters and heterogeneity indices and survival was examined. RESULTS: Heterogeneity index-1 values greater than 0.29 were associated with an increased likelihood of mortality (61.7% in the exitus group compared to 28% in the survivor group, p=0.006). Lower heterogeneity index-2 values were more prevalent among the exitus group, with a statistically significant difference observed between the groups (55.3% in the exitus group versus 24% in the survivor group, p=0.010). The mean overall survival time was longer in patients with low heterogeneity index-1 levels (p=0.006). The mean overall survival time was found to be similar between the heterogeneity index-2 level groups (p=0.672). CONCLUSION: 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography metabolic tumor heterogeneity indices are an important tool for predicting the prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer patients with driver mutations.

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SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the effect of carbetocin and oxytocin administration on the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage concerning the estimated amount of bleeding, the need for additional uterotonics, and alterations in hemoglobin levels in patients undergoing vaginal delivery. METHODS: A cohort investigation was carried out at a tertiary hospital from November 2020 to December 2023, comprising women who underwent vaginal delivery and exhibited at least one risk factor for atonic postpartum hemorrhage. The study included pregnant women at gestational ages between 37 and 40 weeks. Following vaginal delivery, the participants were randomly assigned to receive either five units of oxytocin or 100 μg of carbetocin intravenously. Postpartum blood loss was subsequently measured objectively in milliliters using a calibrated bag attached to a postpartum drape. RESULTS: The peripartum estimated bleeding volumes for the oxytocin and carbetocin groups were 461.41±65.41 cc and 446.35±68.18 cc, respectively (p=0.096). There was no statistically significant difference observed between the two groups in terms of hemoglobin decrease and additional uterotonic requirement (p=0.904 and p=0.348, respectively). CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that carbetocin was equally effective and safe compared to oxytocin in preventing postpartum hemorrhage among women undergoing vaginal delivery.

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SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The negative consequences of the widespread use of the Internet for health-related information have recently become a topic of research. Recently, the impact of internet information-seeking on anxiety has been defined as cyberchondria, and a standardized scoring system has been developed to document it. However, the significance of this scoring system in gynecologic oncology has not yet been established. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of human papillomavirus 16/18 positivity on the level of cyberchondria in women with human papillomavirus positivity undergoing colposcopy. METHODS: The study included 333 women with human papillomavirus 16/18 and other high-risk human papillomavirus positivity who underwent colposcopy in the gynecologic oncology clinic. Participants were divided into two groups: human papillomavirus 16/18 positive (Group 1, n=201) and other high-risk human papillomavirus positive (Group 2, n=132). Both groups were administered the short form of the Cyberchondria Severity Scale (CSS-12). Demographic and clinical findings and cyberchondria scores were compared between the groups. RESULTS: The median ages of the study groups were 36 (26–59) and 40 (25–63) years, respectively (p=0.004). Both groups had similar body mass index, parity, menopausal status, and educational levels (p>0.05). When comparing the four subscales and the total score, the excessiveness (11 [3–15] vs. 9 [3–15], p<0.001, respectively) and the total CSS-12 score (31 [12–55] vs. 28 [12–49], p=0.002, respectively) were statistically significantly different between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: In women with human papillomavirus 16/18 positivity undergoing colposcopy, cyberchondria levels were found to be significantly higher. Specifically, excessive information-seeking behavior significantly contributed to this elevated level of cyberchondria.

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SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between the serum C-reactive protein/albumin ratio and homocysteine/high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol ratio with microvascular angina and assess their predictive value. METHODS: A total of 70 patients diagnosed with microvascular angina comprised the observation group, while 68 patients with normal or minimal (<50%) coronary stenosis and normal coronary blood flow formed the control group. Serum C-reactive protein, albumin, homocysteine, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and other indexes were measured, and C-reactive protein/albumin and homocysteine/high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol ratios were calculated. Logistic regression, Pearson's correlation, and receiver operating characteristic analyses were conducted to identify independent risk factors for microvascular angina. RESULTS: Significant differences in C-reactive protein, C-reactive protein/albumin, homocysteine, and homocysteine/high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels were found between the microvascular angina and control groups (p<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that C-reactive protein, C-reactive protein/albumin, homocysteine, and homocysteine/high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol were independent risk factors for microvascular angina, with the risk increasing alongside elevated C-reactive protein/albumin and homocysteine/high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels. The receiver operating characteristic analysis demonstrated that C-reactive protein/albumin, homocysteine/high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and their combined use were predictive of microvascular angina, with the combined area under the curve value exceeding that of individual markers. CONCLUSIONS: Elevated C-reactive protein/albumin and homocysteine/high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol offer predictive value for microvascular angina diagnosis, with the combination providing superior diagnostic accuracy over individual indicators, supporting early microvascular angina identification.

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SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between the levels of health literacy and healthy lifestyle behaviors in women with preeclampsia. This research was planned as a descriptive relational study. METHODS: The data were collected from 251 pregnant women with preeclampsia who were admitted to a training and research hospital between February and July 2024. The Patient Information Form, Health Literacy Scale, and Healthy Lifestyle Behaviours in Pregnancy Scale were used for data collection. RESULTS: The mean Health Literacy Scale total score of the women was 76.25±14.48, and the mean Healthy Lifestyle Behaviours in Pregnancy Scale total score was 110.17±17.57. A moderate positive correlation was found between the mean total scores of the scales (r=0.365, p<0.05). CONCLUSION: As health literacy levels increased among women diagnosed with preeclampsia, the level of healthy lifestyle behaviors also increased. It would be beneficial to integrate the topic of health literacy into prenatal care and pregnancy preparation classes.

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SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of nursing students’ health literacy level on their epilepsy knowledge and attitude. METHODS: Descriptive and cross-sectional study data were collected using a descriptive characteristics form, Epilepsy Knowledge Scale, Epilepsy Attitude Scale, and European Health Literacy Scale-Turkish adaptation. RESULTS: The mean Epilepsy Knowledge Scale and Epilepsy Attitude Scale scores were moderate, and the mean European Health Literacy Scale-Turkish adaptation score was adequate. The health literacy level significantly explained participants’ epilepsy knowledge. CONCLUSIONS: Epilepsy knowledge levels among nurses are intermediate, which reveals the fact that the nursing education curriculum should be revised. It is suggested that courses on health literacy impacting the level of knowledge and attitude toward epilepsy be added to the nursing education curriculum.

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SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: Agouti-related peptide, secreted by the terminals of agouti-related peptide neurons in the hypothalamus and released into the systemic circulation, has been implicated in regulating food intake, obesity, and the development of insulin resistance. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate serum agouti-related peptide levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. METHODS: This cross-sectional, case–control study included 88 women with polycystic ovary syndrome and 88 age- and body mass index-matched controls. Serum agouti-related peptide levels were quantified using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. First, serum agouti-related peptide levels were compared between the control and polycystic ovary syndrome groups, followed by comparisons between the subgroups. RESULTS: The median serum agouti-related peptide level was 331.1 ng/L in the polycystic ovary syndrome group and 362 ng/L in the control group (p=0.994). Both the polycystic ovary syndrome and control groups were further stratified by body mass index into normal weight and overweight subgroups. Serum agouti-related peptide levels were similar across all the four subgroups (p=0.717). Additionally, the polycystic ovary syndrome group was divided into five subgroups based on polycystic ovary syndrome phenotype and compared with the control group regarding serum agouti-related peptide levels. Serum agouti-related peptide levels were comparable across the five subgroups (p=0.267). CONCLUSIONS: Serum agouti-related peptide levels were comparable between the polycystic ovary syndrome and non-polycystic ovary syndrome groups and in the subgroup analyses. Although the sample size was insufficient to draw definitive conclusions, the results suggest that serum agouti-related peptide levels are unlikely to play a significant role in the pathophysiology of polycystic ovary syndrome or be directly influenced by the condition.

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SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The failure to conceive following 12 months of unprotected intercourse is referred to as infertility. About 35% of the instances include women and 30% involve men. AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate the gene polymorphisms FASL-844C/T and FAS-670A/G in the promoter region to evaluate susceptibility to male infertility. METHODS: We have investigated single-nucleotide polymorphisms of FAS-670A/G gene and FASL-844C/T gene in 100 subjects. A total of 50 male patients with infertility constituted the infertility group and another group consisting of 50 apparently healthy individuals comprised the control group. RESULTS: The prevalence rate of FAS-670A/G gene polymorphism was statistically significant among both azoospermia and oligospermia subgroups, the homozygous mutant genotype GG (p=0.014 and p=0.043), and mutant allele G (p=0.001 and p=0.004), respectively. Also, FASL-844C/T gene polymorphism was statistically significant among both azoospermia and oligospermia subgroups, the homozygous mutant genotype TT (p=0.032 and p=0.032), and mutant allele T (p=0.007 and p=0.002), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: FAS homozygous mutant genotype (GG) and FASL homozygous mutant genotype (TT) act as etiologic factors in male infertility.

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SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: Stroke-associated pneumonia is a common complication of acute cerebral infarction, worsening prognosis and prolonging hospitalization. Early detection and timely intervention are critical to improving outcomes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a multi-criteria decision analysis-based intervention in preventing stroke-associated pneumonia and examine the role of chest computed tomography in guiding early interventions. METHODS: A total of 77 patients with acute cerebral infarction were divided into a control group (n=38) receiving standard care and an intervention group (n=39) receiving an multi-criteria decision analysis-guided bundled intervention. Chest computed tomography identified early pulmonary infections, and interventions such as anti-infective and respiratory support were adjusted accordingly. Stroke-associated pneumonia incidence, hospital stay, and functional recovery were compared, and multivariate logistic regression analysis identified independent stroke-associated pneumonia risk factors. RESULTS: The intervention group showed a statistically significantly lower stroke-associated pneumonia incidence (12.8 vs. 31.6%, p=0.034), shorter hospital stays (14.1 vs. 16.8 days, p=0.027), and better improvements in Barthel Index for Activities of Daily Living (50.3 vs. 35.7, p=0.005) and Glasgow Coma Scale scores (14.1 vs. 12.7, p=0.041). Independent stroke-associated pneumonia risk factors included age (OR 1.03, 95%CI 1.01–1.06, p=0.029), Glasgow Coma Scale score (OR 0.83, 95%CI 0.73–0.94, p=0.014), and smoking history (OR 2.11, 95%CI 1.08–4.02, p=0.031). The intervention statistically significantly reduced stroke-associated pneumonia risk (OR 0.39, 95%CI 0.17–0.92, p=0.032). CONCLUSION: Multi-criteria decision analysis-guided interventions, supported by chest computed tomography for early detection, significantly reduce stroke-associated pneumonia incidence, improve recovery, and shorten hospital stays in acute cerebral infarction patients. Chest computed tomography is crucial for optimizing early interventions and treatment strategies.

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SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The diagnosis and prognosis of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy are established through clinical evidence and laboratory, imaging, and electrophysiological assessments of the nervous system. Netrin-1 was the first axon guidance molecule identified as a critical component of embryonic development in vertebrates and has a solid chemotropic function for angiogenesis, morphogenesis, cell migration, and axonal guidance. It was hypothesized that Netrin-1 will differ at different hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy stages. METHODS: This study included 75 hospitalized hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy newborns and 48 healthy newborns born at the same hospital and followed up only by their mothers. Demographic, laboratory, and Netrin-1 data were evaluated for all hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy stages. RESULTS: Serum Netrin-1 concentrations were significantly greater in patients with moderate and severe hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy who underwent therapeutic hypothermia than in controls and patients with severe hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. However, serum Netrin-1 concentrations were not significantly greater in patients with mild hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy than in controls. In 75 hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy patients, correlations of Netrin-1 with lactate, uric acid, and lactate dehydrogenase were statistically significant (p=0.0001, 0.008, and 0.043, respectively). CONCLUSION: Netrin-1 significantly increased in moderate and severe patients. Therefore, this marker could be a biomarker for staging hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and therapeutic hypothermia and predicting the prognosis of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy patients.

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SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between cervical spine degeneration and stroke-related parameters in patients with ischemic stroke. METHODS: The records of the patients with ischemic stroke who had undergone cervical magnetic resonance imaging between October 2013 and 2023 were extracted retrospectively and assessed for eligibility. Age- and sex-matched controls were included for comparative analysis. Disease characteristics (side of stroke, localization, stroke volume, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, and affected circulation), presence of cardiac pathology and vascular risk factors, degree of carotid artery stenosis, and inflammatory markers of the patient group were recorded. Computerized measurements and evaluation of some study variables, including Pfirrmann classification, Modic changes, intervertebral disc protrusion, and intervertebral disc height, using magnetic resonance imaging scan were performed for all participants. RESULTS: A total of 290 patients with ischemic stroke who had undergone cervical magnetic resonance imaging examination were evaluated for eligibility. After applying the exclusion criteria, 45 patients remained (patient group). The median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score and stroke volume of the patients were 4 (3) and 1.07 (7.11) mm3, respectively. The Pfirrmann classification also differed between groups (p<0.001). Modic degeneration distribution did not differ between the study groups. CONCLUSION: The current study confirmed that patients with acute ischemic stroke revealed higher disc degeneration and increased disc protrusion in the cervical spine. Similar underlying mechanisms in stroke and cervical disc degeneration may play a role in these results. This point should be further studied in order to come up with a clear conclusion.

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SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of substance P in pruritus in patients with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. METHODS: This prospective case–control study was conducted on 50 intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy patients and 30 gestational age-matched healthy pregnant women. The groups were compared in terms of serum substance P concentrations, and the correlation between these concentrations and self-reported itching was evaluated in patients with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. RESULTS: Serum substance P concentrations were higher in patients with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy than in the control group (960 vs. 611 ng/L; p=0.001). In intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy patients, there was a statistically significant positive correlation between the serum substance P concentration and both the Pruritus Severity Scale score (r=605, p<0.001) and the visual analog scale score for pruritus (r=483, p<0.001). On multivariable linear regression analysis, only the presence of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (pruritus) was statistically significantly associated with an increase in the serum substance P concentration (95%CI 145.06–558.16 ng/L; p=0.001). CONCLUSION: The concentration of substance P is increased in patients with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy and is correlated with the severity of the pruritus. While the precise role of elevated substance P levels in the etiology of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy remains uncertain, it may contribute to the pathogenesis of pruritus through central and peripheral effects.

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SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic accuracy of immature granulocyte count and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in acute appendicitis against traditional markers like white blood cell count and C-reactive protein. METHODS: A total of 169 appendicitis patients (appendicitis group) and 169 controls with nonspecific abdominal pain (control group) were compared in a retrospective case–control study at a single-center tertiary hospital. The analysis included demographic and laboratory data, such as immature granulocyte count, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, white blood cell, and C-reactive protein. The diagnostic accuracy of the biomarkers was assessed using receiver operating characteristic analysis. RESULTS: Compared to the control group, patients in the appendicitis group showed statistically significantly higher white blood cell, neutrophil, C-reactive protein, immature granulocyte count, immature granulocyte percentage, and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio levels (p<0.001 for all). The diagnostic accuracy was highest for C-reactive protein (area under the curve: 0.994, sensitivity and specificity: 95.9%), followed by neutrophil counts (area under the curve: 0.868) and white blood cell (area under the curve: 0.862). Good diagnostic performance was observed for immature granulocyte count (area under the curve: 0.807) and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (area under the curve: 0.829). CONCLUSIONS: Immature granulocyte count and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio show a significant elevation in acute appendicitis, proving useful additions to traditional diagnostic tests. C-reactive protein is the most reliable indicator; however, immature granulocyte and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio may prove useful in ambiguous situations, potentially decreasing dependence on imaging techniques. Prospective studies are warranted to validate these findings and explore their prognostic value in complicated appendicitis.

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SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of education on adolescents’ knowledge of menstrual characteristics and treatment-seeking behaviors. METHODS: This quasi-experimental study was conducted on a total of 509 adolescents. Before and after the education, data were collected with structured questionnaire forms at 3-month intervals. The average age of the adolescents who participated in our study was 15.75±1.28 years. RESULTS: It was found that the treatment-seeking behavior of adolescents who stated that they had heavy and very heavy menstrual bleeding increased significantly after the education. Except for the duration and perception of menstrual bleeding and the number of days of heavy menstruation, those who reported that their menstrual bleeding deviated from normal in all other cases were significantly more likely to consult a physician. CONCLUSION: It was determined that the education given to adolescents increased their awareness of the menstrual characteristics and treatment-seeking behaviors of those who reported heavy and very heavy menstrual bleeding.

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SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: Uncontrolled activation of immune cells, such as lymphocytes and macrophages, can result in heightened inflammatory cytokine production, leading to oxidative stress and cell death in various organs, including the brain and testes. The systemic effects of COVID-19 are not limited to the respiratory system and can also affect other organs. The aim of this study was to focus on the possible effects of COVID-19 infection on the testicles in male patients. METHODS: Ultrasound images of 50 patients who were shown to have COVID-19 infection by polymerase chain reaction method and 50 healthy volunteers who did not have any complaints and were polymerase chain reaction negative were evaluated retrospectively. While forming the patient and control groups, people who smoked or had diseases such as varicocele, which caused testicular parenchyma to be affected, were excluded from the study. Tissue histogram analysis was performed on the images obtained, including the entire testicular parenchyma, and radiomics were obtained. The Mann-Whitney U test and independent samples t-test were used to compare parametric and non-parametric results in independent groups. RESULTS: The average age of the patient group and control group was 32.13±7.3 years and 31.23±7.9 years, respectively, and no statistically significant difference was detected (p>0.05). When testicular volumes in the patient and control groups were compared, no statistically significant difference was detected (p=0.58). Statistically significant differences were found between the two groups in the radiomics examined using skewness of histogram, zone-size non-uniformity of gray-level size-zone matrix, information measure of correlation of gray-level co-occurrence matrix, run percentage of gray-level run-length matrix, high gray-level run emphasis of gray-level run-length matrix, and kurtosis of histogram (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in other parameters. CONCLUSION: Ultrasound histogram analysis may be useful in showing heterogeneity, which is an indicator of the impact on the testicular parenchyma in people with COVID-19 infection. Thus, in addition to other clinical findings and laboratory parameters, ultrasound histogram analysis may be helpful in demonstrating testicular parenchymal involvement in the follow-up of patients after COVID-19.

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SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of umbilical cord clamping time and milking on blood parameters in preterm neonates. METHODS: A literature search was conducted between July and September 2024 in four databases. The search was performed using MeSH-based keywords. RESULTS: In this study, the results of 14 studies covering a total of 1,609 preterm neonates were analyzed. Follow-up after intervention showed no statistically significant difference in hemoglobin (standardized mean difference=0.22, 95%CI 0.04–0.48, Z=1.65, p=0.10) and bilirubin (standardized mean difference=0.22, 95%CI 0.30–0.74, Z=0.82, p=0.41) between the groups. There was a statistically significant difference in ferritin (standardized mean difference=0.73, 95%CI 0.30–1.15, Z=3.37, p=0.00008) and hematocrit (standardized mean difference=0.30, 95%CI 0.05–0.54, Z=2.41, p=0.02) values, and the effect size was positive. According to the subgroup analysis of the combined results of the studies, it was seen that there was no statistically significant difference in the adverse health outcomes in preterms (OR 0.92, 95%CI 0.74–1.15, Z=0.72, p=0.47). CONCLUSION: From the analysis, it can be observed that late cord clamping and cord milking can prevent premature anemia by increasing hematocrit and ferritin formation in preterm newborns.