Evaluation of thermal and mechanical properties of ZnSO4-B2O3-P2O5-Ho2O3 glass-ceramics

Alqarni, Areej S.; Bulus, Ibrahim

doi:10.21577/0100-4042.20250075

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Article • Quím. Nova 48 (2) • 2025 • https://doi.org/10.21577/0100-4042.20250075 linkcopy

Evaluation of thermal and mechanical properties of ZnSO₄-B₂O₃-P₂O₅-Ho₂O₃ glass-ceramics

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

In this study, a novel glass-ceramic (GC) obtained from ZnSO₄-B₂O₃-P₂O₅-Ho₂O₃ composition, coded as H0.0, H0.5 and H0.8, was synthesized via molten-solidified approach. The effect of varying content of Ho₂O₃ from 0.5 to 0.8 mol% on thermal and mechanical properties of the prepared GC were experimentally and theoretically scrutinized. The attained results showed that inclusion of Ho₂O₃ content amplified crystallite size from 42.3 to 50.5 mm. Besides, the values of elastic moduli (Youngs’s, bulk, shear and longitudinal) computed via Makishima-Mackenzie’s (MM) model were slightly augmented. Finally, the decent value of thermal stability (> 150 °C) and high fracture toughness of > 20000 MPa mm¹/² achieved for the newly fabricated GC may be applicable in protective covers of portable electronics.

Keywords:
ZnSO₄-B₂O₃-P₂O₅-Ho₂O₃ glass-ceramic; holmium ion effect; thermal properties; mechanical properties

Sample code	Composition / mol%				Density / (g cm^-3)
Sample code	ZnSO₄	B₂O₃	P₂O₅	Ho₂O₃	Density / (g cm^-3)
H0.0	30	30	40	0.0	2.79
H0.5	30	30	39.5	0.5	2.85
H0.8	30	30	39.2	0.8	2.89

Characteristics temperature (± 1 °C)	Our produced borophosphate GC			Reported data
	Our produced borophosphate GC			Phosphate-based		Borate-based
	H0.0	H0.5	H0.8	Ferraa et al.²⁵	Goj et al.²⁶	Subhashini et al.²⁷	Shaaban et al.²⁸
T_g1	280	227	215	-	-	54	-
T_g2	424	478	521	577	763	421	401
T_x	621	651	636	760	-	487	-
T_c	656	683	677	721	853	-	455
T_m	749	766	763	893	1063	545	-
T_m-T_c	93	83	86	-	-	-	47
S	232	205	156	144	-	64	54
H_R	2.50	2.47	1.81	9.73	0.47	-	6.33
K_W	0.31	0.27	0.20	-	-	-	-
K_LL	0.56	0.55	0.53	-	-	-	-
γ_m	1.09	1.08	0.98	-	-	-	-

Hardness parameter	Units	Present borophosphate GC			Reported data on other system
Hardness parameter	Units	H0.0	H0.5	H0.8	Ozturk et al.³⁷	Cook³⁸	Seidel et al.³⁹	Dittmer et al.⁴⁰
H_V	GPa	3.89	3.83	3.85	2.04	2.94	8.80	0.89
K_IC	MPa mm¹/²	26640	30380	36960	18.56	308.04	1.90	1.12
BI	mm-1/²	0.15	0.13	0.10				0.79
E	GPa	318.13	313.92	315.56	167.29	283.92	87.00	73.18
Y	GPa	1.30	1.28	1.28	0.68	1.56		0.29

Elastic parameter	Units	Present borophosphate GC			Reported data
		Present borophosphate GC			Phosphate-based		Borate-based
		H0.0	H0.5	H0.8	Umar et al.⁴²	Shaaban et al.⁴³	Umar et al.⁴²	Sidek et al.⁴⁴
E	GPa	87.13	88.43	89.20	39.00	178.40	38.93	39.55
K	GPa	38.50	39.38	39.69	27.00	14.41	42.10	28.47
G	GPa	38.77	39.18	39.38	17.00	73.90	14.46	16.62
L	GPa	67.66	69.07	70.00	49.00	199.80	61.38	50.63
μ		0.12	0.13	0.13	-	0.21	0.34	0.27
H	GPa	0.11	0.11	0.11	-	-	1.49	3.07
d		4.02	3.94	3.89	2.63	-	-	2.34
f_e		0.26	0.25	0.26	-	-	-	-

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Sociedade Brasileira de Química Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), CP6154, 13083-0970 - Campinas - SP - Brazil
E-mail: quimicanova@sbq.org.br

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