Prevalence of bovine tuberculosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Bezerra Neto, Pirajá S.; Medeiros, Giovanni B.; Morais, Davidianne A.; Limeira, Clécio H.; Higino, Severino S.S.; Araújo, Flábio R.; Azevedo, Sérgio S.; Alves, Clebert J.

doi:10.1590/1678-5150-PVB-7390

Original Article | Livestock Diseases • Pesq. Vet. Bras. 44 • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-5150-PVB-7390 linkcopy

Prevalence of bovine tuberculosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Prevalência da tuberculose bovina: uma revisão sistemática e meta-análise

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Bovine tuberculosis is a zoonotic disease with global distribution. This study aimed to describe its prevalence in cattle through a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies conducted all around the world. The research consisted of a systematic literature review following the precepts of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology. Cross-sectional studies that described the prevalence of the disease using the diagnostic method through an intradermal test with bovine and avian purified protein derivative (PPD) were selected. Identifying articles was performed in the PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Of the total number of studies found (n=1,839), 60 met all criteria and were included in this review. The overall prevalence was 3.27% (2.11-5.05%) for animals and 18.09% (11.20-27.90%) for herds. Analysis of risk factors for tuberculosis in cattle was found or performed in 50 studies. The heterogeneity identified among the works included was expected, given the differences in research design, year of publication, and the number of animals sampled. It is necessary to evaluate the insertion of new ante mortem diagnostic tests into control and eradication programs, which, combined with allergic tests, may identify the largest number of animals that presented an actual positive for the disease.

INDEX TERMS:
Mycobacterium bovis; tuberculosis; prevalence; systematic review

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References	Country	Continent	Prevalence for animals			Prevalence for herds			Associated risk factor
References	Country	Continent	Number of animals tested	Number of positive animals	Prevalence % (CI 95%)	Number of herds tested	Number of positive herds	Prevalence % (CI 95%)	Associated risk factor
Abubakar et al. (2013)	Nigeria	Africa	967	139	14.37 (12.22-16.75)				Age
Akinseye et al. (2017)	Nigeria	Africa	515	60	11.65 (9.01-14.74)	45	21	46.67 (31.66-62.13)	Age, sex, herd size
Almaw et al. (2021)	Ethiopia	Africa	5,675	1,776	31.29 (30.08-32.51)	299	180	60.20 (54.40-65.79)	Herd size, age, cases of bovine tuberculosis on the property, breed
Asante-Poku et al. (2014)	Ghana	Africa	685	17	2.48 (1.45-3.94)				Age, herd size, agricultural practices, pasture sharing, other species
Awah-Ndukum et al. (2012)	Cameroon	Africa	2,853	121	4.24 (3.5-5.05)	61	38	62.30 (48.96-74.39)	Age, sex, herd size
Barbieri et al. (2016)	Brazil	South America	31,832	188	0.59 (0.51-0.68)	2,182	93	4.26 (3.45-5.20)	Herd size, acquisition of animals, type of exploitation
Bahiense et al. (2016)	Brazil	South America	18,810	24	0.13 (0.08-0.19)	1,305	19	1.46 (0.88-2.26)	Age, herd size, type of exploitation
Bedard et al. (1993)	Malawi	Africa	3,481	134	3.85 (3.24-4.54)
Bonsu et al. (2000)	Ghana	Africa	1,200	166	13.83 (11.93-15.92)
Boukary et al. (2011)	Niger	Africa	393	14	3.56 (1.96-5.91)				Animals presenting cough
Dejene et al. (2016)	Ethiopia	Africa	2,550	140	5.49 (4.64-6.45)	102	47	46.08 (36.16-56.23)	Herd size, other species, type of exploitation
Dias et al. (2016)	Brazil	South America	2,723	55	2.02 (1.53-2.62)	1,743	169	9.70 (8.35-11.18)	Type of exploitation, herd size, milking type, pasture sharing
Dinka & Duressa (2011)	Ethiopia	Africa	625	76	12.16 (9.70-14.98)				Age, race
Duguma et al. (2016)	Ethiopia	Africa	554	21	3.79 (2.36-5.74)				Age, origin of animals
Durnez et al. (2009)	Tanzania	Africa	728	18	2.47 (1.47-3.88)	49	7	14.29 (5.94-27.24)	Herd size, pasture sharing, water source
Ferreira Neto et al. (2020)	Brazil	South America	11,926	1	0.008 (0.0002-0.047)	757	1	0.132 (0.003-0.73)
Fetene & Kebede (2009)	Ethiopia	Africa	1207	117	9.69 (8.08-11.50)	75	41	54.67 (42.75-66.21)
Firdessa et al. (2012)	Ethiopia	Africa	2,956	886	29.97 (28.32-31.66)	88	44	50.00 (39.15-60.85)	Age, property size
Galvis et al. (2016)	Brazil	South America	7,699	72	0.94 (0.73-1.18)	637	48	7.54 (5.61-9.87)	Herd size, type of milking
Ghebremariam et al. (2016)	Eritrea	Africa	15,354	1,736	11.31 (10.81-11.82)	3,149	545	17.31 (16.00-18.68)	Climate differences, proximity to dairy farms
Ghebremariam et al. (2018)	Eritrea	Africa	1,077	13	1.21 (0.64-2.06)	413	13	3.15 (1.69-5.32)	Water source
Guedes et al. (2016)	Brazil	South America	17,121	19	0.11 (0.07-0.17)	938	12	1.28 (0.66-2.22)	Technified dairy farm
Gumi et al. (2011)	Ethiopia	Africa	473	26	5.50 (3.62-7.95)	31	13	41.95 (24.55-60.92)	Age, water source
Gumi et al. (2012)	Ethiopia	Africa	421	10	2.38 (1.15-4.33)	28	4	14.29 (4.03-32.67)
Habitu et al. (2018)	Ethiopia	Africa	1,357	59	4.35 (3.33-5.57)	310	50	16.13 (12.21-20.71)	Other species, acquisition of animals
Hamed et al. (2021)	Egypt	Africa	5,323	89	1.67 (1.34-2.05)	16	11	68.75 (41.33-88.98)	Cases of bovine tuberculosis on the property and neighboring properties, management, other species, purchase of new animals, herd size
Ibrahim et al. (2010)	Nigeria	Africa	922	10	1.09 (0.52-1.99)	22	10	45.46 (24.39-67.79)	Herd size, share of breeding animals
Inangolet et al. (2008)	Uganda	Africa	1,470	19	1.29 (0.78-2.01)
Islam et al. (2020)	Bangladesh	Asia	1,865	210	11.26 (9.86-12.78)	79	36	45.57 (34.31-57.17)	Age, sex, property size
Islam et al. (2021)	Bangladesh	Asia	510	37	7.26 (5.16-9.86)				Herd size, other species, animal presenting cough
Javed et al. (2011)	Pakistan	Asia	1,751	133	7.60 (6.40-8.94)	11	11	100.00 (71.51-100.00)	Age, other species
Kader et al. (2023)	India	Asia	360	38	10.55 (7.57-14.19)	36	18	50 (32.92-67.07)	Age
Katale et al. (2013)	Tanzania	Africa	1,100	26	2.36 (1.55-3.44)	32	16	50.00 (31.89-68.11)	Age, herd size
Kazoora et al. (2014)	Uganda	Africa	525	11	2.10 (1.05-3.72)	63	9	14.29 (6.75-25.39)	Water source, acquisition of animals
Kazwala et al. (2001)	Tanzania	Africa	5,936	781	13.16 (12.31-14.04)	239	122	51.05 (44.52-57.55)	Age, sex
Kemal et al. (2019)	Ethiopia	Africa	315	64	20.32 (16.01-25.19)	43	22	51.16 (35.47-66.70)	Management
Khattak et al. (2016)	Pakistan	Asia	368	17	4.62 (2.71-7.29)				Age, herd size
Lima et al. (2016)	Brazil	South America	5,728	28	0.49 (0.32-0.71)	906	22	2.43 (1.53-3.65)	Herd size, pasture share, number of milking sessions
Lima et al. (2022)	Brazil	South America	74	1	1.35 (0.03-7.30)	10	1	10 (0.25-44.50)
Mekonnen et al. (2019)	Ethiopia	Africa	2,754	142	5.16 (4.36-6.05)	174	39	22.41 (16.45-29.34)	Herd size, acquisition of animals, management
Moiane et al. (2014)	Mozambique	Africa	1,136	450	39.61 (36.76-42.53)				Age
Muma et al. (2013)	Zambia	Africa	459	22	4.79 (3.03-7.17)				Moisture
Munyeme et al. (2009)	Zambia	Africa	944	52	5.51 (4.14-7.16)				Age, other species
Mwakapuja et al. (2013)	Tanzania	Africa	1,288	48	3.73 (2.76-4.91)
Néspoli et al. (2016)	Brazil	South America	28,878	23	0.08 (0.05-0.12)	1,133	12	1.06 (0.55-1.84)	Type of Exploitation
Proaño-Perez et al. (2009)	Ecuador	South America	2,022	143	7.07 (5.99-8.28)	20	11	55.00 (31.53-76.94)	Age, other species, herd size
Queiroz et al. (2016)	Brazil	South America	9,895	74	0.75 (0.59-0.94)	1,067	31	2.91 (1.98-4.10)	Age, type of exploitation, herd size
Regassa et al. (2010)	Ethiopia	Africa	413	48	11.62 (8.70-15.11)	39	19	48.72 (32.42-65.22)	Age, management
Ribeiro et al. (2016)	Brazil	South America	2,019	1	0.05 (0.0013-0.28)	278	1	0.36 (0.01-1.99)
Rocha et al. (2016)	Brazil	South America	18,659	71	0.38 (0.30-0.48)	900	29	3.22 (2.17-4.60)	Number of milkings, technical dairy farm
Rodrigues et al. (2022)	Brazil	South America	17,210	82	0.47 (0.37-0.59)	1,757	46	2.61 (1.92-3.47)	Property size, type of exploitation and whey feeding
Shitaye et al. (2006)	Ethiopia	Africa	2,098	443	21.12 (19.39-22.93)	85	41	48.24 (37.26-59.34)
Silva et al. (2016)	Brazil	South America	16,045	63	0.39 (0.30-0.50)	1,419	33	2.33 (1.61-3.25)	Type of exploitation, size of property, type of milking
Swai & Schoonman (2012)	Tanzania	Africa	642	8	1.25 (0.54-2.44)	130	6	4.62 (1.71-9.78)	Property location
Tigre et al. (2012)	Ethiopia	Africa	384	82	21.35 (17.36-25.80)	35	17	48.57 (31.38-66.01)	Soil treatment, herd size
Tschopp et al. (2009)	Ethiopia	Africa	2,216	94	4.24 (3.44-5.16)	73	49	67.12 (55.13-77.67)	Acquisition of animals, other species
Tsegaye et al. (2010)	Ethiopia	Africa	1,132	386	34.10 (31.34-36.94)	56	30	53.57 (39.74-67.01)	Age, herd size
Tora et al. (2022)	Ethiopia	Africa	221	18	8.14 (4.89-12.56)	70			Age
Tulu et al. (2021)	Ethiopia	Africa	654	257	39.30 (35.53-43.16)	65	38	58.46 (45.57-70.56)	Breed, nutrition, management
Vendrame et al. (2016)	Brazil	South America	19,640	26	0.13 (0.09-0.19)	904	21	2.32 (1.44-3.53)	Acquisition of animals

	Number of studies	Sampling	Number of positives	Combined prevalence (CI 95%)	Heterogeneity
	Number of studies	Sampling	Number of positives	Combined prevalence (CI 95%)	p	I ²
Overall combined prevalence	60	288,138	9,885	3.27% (2.11-5.05%)	< 0.01	99.60%
Continent
Africa	39	73,003	8,579	6.86% (4.86-9.61%)	< 0.01	99.3%
South America	16	210,281	871	0.36% (0.18-0.75%)	< 0.01	98.8%
Asia	5	4,854	435	8.19% (6.16-10.80%)	< 0.01	85.0%

	Number of studies	Sampling	Number of positives	Combined prevalence (CI 95%)	Heterogeneity
	Number of studies	Sampling	Number of positives	Combined prevalence (CI 95%)	p	I ²
Overall combined prevalence	45	21,804	2,046	18.09% (11.20-27.90%)	< 0.01	98.30%
Continent
Africa	26	5,722	1,432	37.01% (27.74-47.33%)	< 0.01	96.7%
South America	16	15,956	549	2.99% (1.57-5.6%)	< 0.01	95.3%
Asia	3	126	65	48.3% (39.38-57.33%)	< 0.01	61.5%