Risk of WMSDs in monofunctional and multifunctional workers in a Brazilian footwear company

Leite, Wilza Karla dos Santos; Silva, Luiz Bueno da; Souza, Erivaldo Lopes de; Fernandes, José Guilherme Barbosa; Colaço, Geraldo Alves

doi:10.1590/0103-6513.231817

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Research Article • Prod. 27 • 2017 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-6513.231817 linkcopy

Risk of WMSDs in monofunctional and multifunctional workers in a Brazilian footwear company

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

This study aimed to analyze the risk of musculoskeletal disorders in monofunctional and multifunctional workers in a footwear company. The sample comprised 114 workers in the shoe production sector. The method Occupational Repetitive Actions was used to assess the risk of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs). Proportional odds models were constructed, relating the risk of WMSDs to the type of work and the worker’s level of multifunctionality. For monofunctional workers, exposure to the higher risk was related to cycle time and the technical actions within their activities, whereas for multifunctional workers, it was related to the range of motion, use of gloves and precision needed in activities. For monofunctional workers, greater risks were associated with a short activity cycle, whereas for multifunctional workers, they were associated with complementary and organizational factors. Moreover, workers whose intracellular activities were less than 30% of the total appeared to be less exposed to the risk of WMSDs.

Keywords
Footwear industry; Monofunctional; Multifunctional; WMSDs

Risk level	Multifunctionality level
Risk level	1	2	3	4
Acceptable	P ₁₁	P ₁₂	P ₁₃	P ₁₄
Very low	P ₂₁	P ₂₂	P ₂₃	P ₂₄
Risk	P ₃₁	P ₃₂	P ₃₃	P ₃₄

OCRA	Risk level
Until 2.2	Acceptable risk
2.3-3.5	Very low risk
3.6-4.5	Slight risk
4.6-9.0	Medium risk
≥9.1	High risk

Brand	The type of shoes
A	Running, soccer, volleyball and handball.
B	Tennis, running, training, soccer, basketball, outdoor and casual.
C	Training (tech and gym) and casual (retro and trend).
D	Professional line of safety boots for the manufacturing sectors.
E	Casual boots, adventure boots, casual sneakers, adventure sneakers, sandals and shoes.
F	Rubber sandals.

Variables	MN	MT	p
Variables	n (%)	n (%)	p
Gender			0.5563
Male	37 (64.9)	36 (63.2)
Female	20 (35.1)	21 (36.8)
Age (years)			0.0038
18 to 20	5 (8.8)	11 (19.3)
21 to 25	13 (22.8)	15 (26.3)
26 to 30	13 (22.8)	12 (21.1)
31 to 35	6 (10.5)	14 (24.5)
36 to 40	12 (21.1)	5 (8.8)
Over 40	8 (14)	0 (0)
Education			0.6189
Incomplete primary	0 (0)	1 (1.8)
Complete primary	3 (5.3)	4 (7)
Incomplete secondary	3 (5.3)	2 (3.5)
Complete secondary	50 (87.7)	48 (84.2)
Incomplete higher	1 (1.8)	2 (3.5)
Complete higher	0 (0)	0 (0)

Variables	MN	MT	p
Variables	n (%)	n (%)	p
Time in company			0.0236
Up to 6 months	5 (8.8)	11 (19.3)
6 months –\| 1 year	1 (1.8)	0 (0)
1 year –\| 3 years	14 (24.6)	25 (43.9)
3 years –\| 6 years	19 (33.3)	11 (19.3)
6 years –\| 9 years	8 (14)	7 (12.3)
9 years –	10 (17.5)	3 (5.3)
Time in the sector			0.0788
Up to 6 months	9 (15.8)	16 (28.1)
6 months –\| 1 year	6 (10.5)	6 (10.5)
1 year –\| 3 years	15 (26.3)	20 (35.1)
3 years –\| 6 years	17 (29.8)	11 (19.3)
6 years –\| 9 years	2 (3.5)	3 (5.3)
9 years –	8 (14)	1 (1.8)
Time in function/functions			0.0640
Up to 6 months	12 (21.1)	21 (36.8)
6 months –\| 1 year	9 (15.8)	5 (8.8)
1 year –\| 3 years	17 (29.8)	18 (31.6)
3 years –\| 6 years	14 (24.6)	9 (15.8)
6 years –\| 9 years	1 (1.8)	4 (7)
9 years –	4 (7)	0 (0)

Body region	MN	MT	p
Body region	n (%)	n (%)	p
Dorsal
Cervical	11 (19.3)	2 (3.5)	0.0155
Left upper back	8 (14)	15 (26.3)	0.1605
Right upper back	7 (12.3)	15 (26.3)	0.0952
Left middle back	8 (14)	9 (15.8)	0.9999...
Right middle back	10 (17.5)	9 (15.8)	0.9999...
Left lower back	13 (22.8)	12 (21.1)	0.9999...
Right lower back Upper limbs	13 (22.8)	12 (21.1)	0.9999...
Left shoulder	24 (42.1)	21 (36.8)	0.9999...
Right shoulder	27 (47.4)	23 (40.4)	0.7018
Left arm	6 (10.5)	4 (7)	0.5715
Right arm	7 (12.3)	5 (8.8)	0.7424
Left elbow	3 (5.3)	2 (3.5)	0.7616
Right elbow	7 (12.3)	7 (12.3)	0.9999...
Left wrist	10 (17.5)	10 (17.5)	0.9999...
Right wrist	10 (17.5)	13 (22.8)	0.6413
Left hand	14 (24.6)	13 (22.8)	0.9999...
Right hand	12 (21.1)	13 (22.8)	0.9999...
Lower limbs
Left hip	1 (1.8)	2 (3.5)	0.9999...
Right hip	1 (1.8)	2 (3.5)	0.9999...
Left thigh	9 (15.8)	7 (12.3)	0.7883
Right thigh	6 (10.5)	7 (12.3)	0.9999...
Left knee	4 (7)	1 (1.8)	0.3638
Right knee	4 (7)	2 (3.5)	0.6790
Left leg	20 (35.1)	10 (17.5)	0.0545
Right leg	21 (36.8)	11 (19.3)	0.0597
Left foot	30 (52.6)	13 (22.8)	0.0018
Right foot	29 (50.9)	12 (21.1)	0.0016

Plant	Sector	Functions performed
Preparation
	A	PVC Injection
	B	Preparation of crude rubber
	C	Sole pressing
	D	Preparation of rubber sandals
	E	Manufacture of rubber boots
Assembly
	F	Assembly of soles and outsoles
	G	Assembly of cemented shoes
	H	Assembly of vulcanized shoes
	I	Assembly of waterproof shoes
	J	Shoe sewing
	K	Assembly of rubber sandals
	L	Shoe finishing and packing

Variable	p	*Odds ratio*
Cycle time	0.0075	0.92
Number of actions per cycle performed by the left upper limb	0.0044	1.21

Variable	p	*Odds ratio*
Weighted mean OCRA index for the left upper limb	0.0076	1.22x10²

The variable	p	*Odds ratio*
Abduction of left shoulder	0.0002	8.53
Flexion/abduction of left shoulder	0.0066	3.55
Supination of left forearm	0.0141	2.31
Pronation of right forearm	<0.0001	0.15
Flexion of left wrist	0.0315	2.52
Right radial or ulnar deviation	0.0079	2.62
Use of gloves on left hand	0.0002	0.09
Precision required by right hand	0.0218	5.75

Variable	p	*Odds ratio*
First multifunctionality level	0.0431	6.76x10^-2
Weighted mean OCRA index for the left upper limb	<0.0001	6.13
Mean number of actions per cycle performed by the right upper limb	0.0010	1.35

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Associação Brasileira de Engenharia de Produção CNPJ: 30.115.422/0001-73, Avenida Cassiano Ricardo, Nº 601, Residencial Aquarius, CEP: 12.246-870, http://portal.abepro.org.br/ - São José dos Campos - SP - Brazil
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[1] Source: Research data (2016).

[TFN1] ^*
Work-related musculoskeletal disorders.