Exploring the influence of abiotic factors on growth and phenology in <i>Gypsophila paniculata</i> L. ‘Overtime®’

Anaguano, Jessica Paulina Chillagana; Yumbla-Orbes, María; Garrido, Lenin Javier Ron; Guevara, Wellington Augusto Bastidas; Leyton, Javier M. Osorio

doi:10.1590/2447-536X.v32.e323068

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Article • Ornam. Hortic. 32 • 2026 • https://doi.org/10.1590/2447-536X.v32.e323068 linkcopy

Exploring the influence of abiotic factors on growth and phenology in Gypsophila paniculata L. ‘Overtime®’

Investigando a influência de fatores abióticos no crescimento e na fenologia de Gypsophila paniculata L. ‘Overtime®’

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

The aim of this research was to characterize the phenology and phenometric variables of Gypsophila paniculata L. ‘Overtime®’ in managed field conditions, as well as to determine the correlation between abiotic factors (mean temperature, relative humidity, vapor pressure deficit, growing degree days) and phenometric variables (stem length and diameter, number of nodes, internodes, leaves and shoots and dry matter) and to calculate growth rates absolute and relative. To collect field data, a randomized complete block design with six blocks was employed, each block contained four to five plants, which served as experimental units. The crop cycle of G. paniculata was evaluated from transplanting to the senescence phase, for a total duration of 132 days after transplanting. The developmental stages of the species were characterized in detail, with the commercial harvest stage reached at 91 days after transplanting during flowering, corresponding to a cumulative growing degree of 1255.1 °C day. A sigmoid growth pattern was observed throughout the successive phenological stages, with the maximum absolute growth rate occurring between 60 - 75 days after transplanting, during this period, exogenous factors were integrated, including supplemental artificial lighting and gibberellic acid treatment, to enhance growth and induce flowering. After 75 days after transplanting, the relative growth rate declines as assimilates shift toward flowering. Among the phenometric variables, only stem length was significantly affected by temperature, relative humidity, and vapor pressure deficit, indicating that these environmental factors modulate growth dynamics throughout the crop cycle. These findings provide new insights into the growth dynamics and developmental responses of the species and contribute to the refinement of agronomic management practices under variable environmental conditions.

Keywords:
Correlation; developing; dry matter; growth rate

Stages	Days after transplanting	Mean air temperature (°C)	Maximum air temperature (°C)	Minimum air temperature (°C)	ΔT (°C)	Relative humidity (%)	Vapor pressure deficit
Stages	Days after transplanting	Mean air temperature (°C)	Maximum air temperature (°C)	Minimum air temperature (°C)	ΔT (°C)	Relative humidity (%)	(kPa)
Stage 1	0	20.2	31.3	9.1	22.2	63.4	0.87
	7	20.9	31.7	10.2	21.5	70.7	0.72
	14	21.4	32.6	10.2	22.4	67.6	0.83
	21	22.7	34.2	11.2	23.0	73.2	0.74
Stage 2	28	21.2	32.0	10.4	21.6	68.5	0.79
	35	20.2	30.6	9.8	20.8	56.6	1.03
	42	21.5	33.2	9.8	23.4	60.9	1.00
	49	21.0	32.7	9.2	23.5	56.4	1.08
Stage 3	56	20.1	30.3	9.9	20.4	68.3	0.74
	63	20.4	30.7	10.1	20.6	73.7	0.63
	70	20.4	31.8	9.0	22.8	59.5	0.97
Stage 5	77	20.5	31.7	9.3	22.4	59.6	0.98
	84	19.8	31.8	7.9	23.9	62.1	0.88
	91	20.2	31.6	8.8	22.8	60.2	0.94
Stage 6	98	21.6	34.4	8.9	25.5	63.2	0.95
	105	22.6	35.6	9.5	26.1	69.0	0.85
	112	22.0	32.9	11.1	21.8	73.2	0.71
	119	21.6	32.3	10.9	21.4	76.9	0.59

Days after transplanting	Main Stage	Secondary Stage	GDD °C day	CGDD °C day	Description
7	1	17	92.4	92.4	Leaves: 14
	3	30			Stem: 1.53 cm - Diameter: 2.39 mm. Thin and flexible stems
	3	30			Stem nodes: 7 - Internodes: 6, reduced, barely visible.
14	1	17	97.5	189.9	Leaves: 14
14	3	30	97.5	189.9	Stem: 1.66 cm - Diameter: 2.39 mm
21	1	17	100.8	290.7	Leaves: 14
	2	21			Stem: 2.16 cm - Diameter: 2.39 mm
	3	30			Shoots: 1
28	1	18	109.6	400.3	Leaves: 16
	2	21			Stem: 2.46 cm - Diameter: 2.39 mm
	3	30			Shoots: 1
35	1	19	99.4	499.7	Leaves: 18
	2	22			Shoots: 2
	3	30			Stem: 5.45 cm - Diameter: 2.61 mm
	3	30			Stem nodes: 9 - Internodes: 8, elongation of internodes.
42	1	19	92.2	591.9	Leaves: 22
	2	24			Shoots: 4
	3	31			Stem: 11.17 cm - Diameter: 3.06 mm
	3	31			Stem nodes: 12 - Internodes 11
49	1	19	101.5	693.4	Leaves: 28
	2	27			Shoots: 7
	3	32			Stem: 22.43 cm - Diameter: 3.57 mm
	3	32			Shoot nodes: 15 - Internodes: 14
56	1	19	97.8	791.2	Leaves: 30
	2	29			Shoots: 10
	3	33			Stem: 39.54 cm - Diameter: 3.95 mm
	3	33			Shoot nodes: 18 - Internodes: 17
63	1	19	91.4	882.6	Leaves: 30
	2	29			Shoots: 12
	3	35			Stem: 57.85 cm - Diameter: 4.24 mm
	3	35			Shoot nodes: 21 - Internodes: 20
Removal of lateral shoots (De-shooting)
70	2	23	93.9	976.5	Shoot nodes: 21 - Internodes: 20	Shoots: 3
	3	37			Stem: 76.46 cm - Diameter: 5.46 mm
	3	37			Shoot nodes: 24 - Internodes: 23
	5	51			Floral organs: newly emerged panicles and dark green hue
77	3	38	94.0	1070.5	Stem: 92.15 cm - Diameter: 5.78 mm
	3	38			Shoot nodes: 27 - Internodes: 26
	5	55			Floral organs: Compact and closed panicles.
84	3	38	94.6	1165.1	Stem: 104.33 cm - Diameter: 6.19 mm
	3	38			Shoot nodes: 29 - Internodes: 28
	5	59			Floral organs: Fully developed panicles
91	3	39	89.9	1255.1	Stem: 109.73 cm - Diameter: 6.47 mm
	3	39			Shoot nodes: 31 - Internodes: 30
	6	60			Floral organs: 3 open flowers and 5 swollen flower buds on the panicle
98	3	39	92.4	1347.4	Stem: 111.11 cm - Diameter: 6.54 mm
98	6	63	92.4	1347.4	Floral organs: 10 swollen buds and 7 open flowers
105	3	39	102.2	1449.8	Stem: 111.11 cm - Diameter: 6.54 mm
	6	66			Floral organs: 20 swollen buds and 10 open flowers
					Floral organs: 20 swollen buds and 10 open flowers
112	3	39	108.9	1558.7	Stem: 111.11 cm - Diameter: 6.54 mm
112	6	69	108.9	1558.7	Floral organs: Full bloom
119	9	97	148.8	1707.5	Floral organs and senescent leaves.
126	9	97
133	9	97

Days after transplanting	Phase Description	CGDD/stage (°C day)	CGDD/total (°C day)
-	Seedlings	0	0
0 - 35	Vegetative	499.8	499.8
36 - 70	Elongation and induction to flowering	476.8	976.5
71 - 91	Emergence of the inflorescence	278.5	1255.1
92 - 119	Flowering	408.6	1663.7
120 - 132	Senescence	43.8	1707.5

Days after transplanting	Description	Total dry matter (g plant^-1)	Absolute growth rate (g day^-1)	Relative growth rate (g g^-1day^-1)
0	Seedlings	0.46	-	-
15	Vegetative phase	1.08	0.04	0.05
30	Vegetative phase	1.61	0.04	0.03
45	Elongation	5.31	0.26	0.09
60	Elongation	12.46	0.48	0.06
75	Floral initiation	20.59	0.54	0.03
90	Floral initiation	26.38	0.34	0.01
105	Bloom	28.97	0.17	0.01
120	Bloom	33.21	0.28	0.01
132	Senescence	34.06	0.07	0.00

Abiotic factors	Stem length
Abiotic factors	Stage 1	Stage 2	Stage 3	Stage 5	Stage 6
Average temperature (°C)	3.46**	-6.00*	0.19^ns	-1.17 ^ns	-2.69 ^ns
Minimum temperature (°C)	2.44 ^ns	-1.42 ^ns	-3.27**	1.86 ^ns	4.33**
Maximum temperature (°C)	3.19 ^ns	1.33 ^ns	4.19 ^ns	1.43 ^ns	5.33 ^ns
Relative humidity (%)	0.23 ^ns	-0.22 ^ns	0.49 ^ns	2.00**	2.86**
Vapor pressure déficit (kPa)	-9.41 ^ns	12.77 ^ns	-36.14**	-55.34**	-75.81**
CGDD (°C day)	-0.01^ns	-0.01^ns	-0.01^ns	-0.01^ns	-0.01^ns

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Sociedade Brasileira de Floricultura e Plantas Ornamentais Av. Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n, 36570-000 - Viçosa, Minas Gerais - Brasil, (32) 3379-4983, Tel: (32) 3379-4983 - Viçosa - MG - Brazil
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[TFN1] ΔT: Thermal delta = Maximum air temperature - Minimum air temperature

[TFN2] Leaf development (stage 1), lateral shoot formation (stage 2), longitudinal growth (stage 3), emergence of the inflorescence (stage 5), flowering (stage 6).