Bioactive Films Based on Arrowroot Starch, Passion Fruit Peel Pectin, and Rosemary Essential Oil: Structural and Functional Characterization for Food Packaging Applications

Duarte, Cybelle R.; Grisi, Cristiani V. B.; Duarte, Aline V.; Araújo, Maria Nicheilly P.; Silva, Ivo Diego de L.; Vinhas, Gloria Maria; Almeida, Yeda M. B. de

doi:10.1590/1980-5373-MR-2025-0429

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Articles • Mat. Res. 29 • 2026 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5373-MR-2025-0429 linkcopy

Bioactive Films Based on Arrowroot Starch, Passion Fruit Peel Pectin, and Rosemary Essential Oil: Structural and Functional Characterization for Food Packaging Applications

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Biodegradable polymeric films with natural active compounds offer a sustainable approach to improving food safety and self-life. This study developed bioactive films using arrowroot starch (AS) and pectin extract (PE) from yellow passion fruit peel via solution casting. Sucrose (SU) and rosemary essential oil (REO) were incorporated to enhance functional properties. Films were characterized by optical, mechanical, barrier, antioxidant, and antimicrobial proprieties. PE acted as a plasticizer and increased antioxidant potential due to its high phenolic content, confirmed by DPPH and FRAP assays. REO exhibited moderate antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, mainly attributed to α-pinene. Although water vapor permeability of formulation F2 (0.5% REO, 1.4% SU) doubled compared to control, transparency, color, and tensile strength remained stable. F2 also showed a 5.23% increase in DPPH inhibition. These findings highlight the potential of films developed as active, sustainable packaging materials.

Keywords:
Active packaging; antioxidant and antimicrobial properties; arrowroot starch; passion fruit peel pectin; rosemary essential oil; natural polymers

Authorship

person Cybelle R. Duarte

person Cristiani V. B. Grisi *

schoolUniversidade Federal da Paraíba, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Cidade Universitária, 58050-585, João Pessoa, PB, Brasil.Universidade Federal da ParaíbaBrasilJoão Pessoa, PB, BrasilUniversidade Federal da Paraíba, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Cidade Universitária, 58050-585, João Pessoa, PB, Brasil.

0000-0003-3365-1814

person Aline V. Duarte

schoolUniversidade Federal de São Carlos, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Engenharia de Materiais, Rodovia Washington Luiz, Km 235, 13.565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brasil.Universidade Federal de São CarlosBrasilSão Carlos, SP, BrasilUniversidade Federal de São Carlos, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Engenharia de Materiais, Rodovia Washington Luiz, Km 235, 13.565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brasil.

person Maria Nicheilly P. Araújo

person Ivo Diego de L. Silva

0000-0001-7441-2305

person Gloria Maria Vinhas

schoolUniversidade Federal de Pernambuco, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência de Materiais, A. Jornalista Aníbal Fernandes, s/n, 50740-560, Recife, PE, Brasil.Universidade Federal de PernambucoBrasilRecife, PE, BrasilUniversidade Federal de Pernambuco, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência de Materiais, A. Jornalista Aníbal Fernandes, s/n, 50740-560, Recife, PE, Brasil.schoolUniversidade Federal de Pernambuco, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Av. Jornalista Aníbal Fernandes, s/n, 50740-560, Recife, PE, Brasil.Universidade Federal de PernambucoBrasilRecife, PE, BrasilUniversidade Federal de Pernambuco, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Av. Jornalista Aníbal Fernandes, s/n, 50740-560, Recife, PE, Brasil.

person Yeda M. B. de Almeida

person*e-mail:
crisgrisi.gere@gmail.com

Associate Editor:

Elisabete Frollini.

Editor-in-Chief:

Luiz Antonio Pessan.

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência de Materiais, A. Jornalista Aníbal Fernandes, s/n, 50740-560, Recife, PE, Brasil.Universidade Federal de PernambucoBrasilRecife, PE, BrasilUniversidade Federal de Pernambuco, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência de Materiais, A. Jornalista Aníbal Fernandes, s/n, 50740-560, Recife, PE, Brasil.

Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Cidade Universitária, 58050-585, João Pessoa, PB, Brasil.Universidade Federal da ParaíbaBrasilJoão Pessoa, PB, BrasilUniversidade Federal da Paraíba, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Cidade Universitária, 58050-585, João Pessoa, PB, Brasil.

Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Engenharia de Materiais, Rodovia Washington Luiz, Km 235, 13.565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brasil.Universidade Federal de São CarlosBrasilSão Carlos, SP, BrasilUniversidade Federal de São Carlos, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Engenharia de Materiais, Rodovia Washington Luiz, Km 235, 13.565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brasil.

Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Av. Jornalista Aníbal Fernandes, s/n, 50740-560, Recife, PE, Brasil.Universidade Federal de PernambucoBrasilRecife, PE, BrasilUniversidade Federal de Pernambuco, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Av. Jornalista Aníbal Fernandes, s/n, 50740-560, Recife, PE, Brasil.

Figures | Tables | Formulas

Figures (4)
Tables (5)
Formulas (3)

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Figure 1 Halos of inhibition observed for Rosemary Essential Oil (REO). Diameter of inhibition halo in mm (mean±SD).

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Figure 2 Antioxidant activity of films by DPPH radical-scavenging ability and Iron reducing capacity (FRAP). Different letters in the columns indicate statistical difference by Duncan's test (P<0.05). F1 (0.50%REO - 0.00%sucrose); F2 (0.50% REO - 1.40% sucrose); F3 (1.50% REO - 0.00% sucrose); F4 (1.50% REO - 1.40% sucrose); F5 (1.00% REO - 0.70% sucrose); F6 (1.00% REO - 0.70% sucrose); F7 (0.00% REO - 0.00% sucrose). Rosemary Essential Oil (REO).

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Figure 3 Medium infrared spectra.

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Figure 4 Analysis of the main components. PC1 versus PC2 scores plot for films with sucrose (a) and without sucrose, (b) compared to the control film (F7), loadings plot to the clustering in the first component for films with sucrose (c) and without sucrose (e), loadings plot to the clustering in the second component for films with sucrose (d) and without sucrose (f). F1 (0.50% REO - 0.00% sucrose); F2 (0.50% REO - 1.40% sucrose); F3 (1.50% REO - 0.00% sucrose); F4 (1.50% REO - 1.40% sucrose); F5 (1.00% REO - 0.70% sucrose); F6 (1.00% REO - 0.70% sucrose); F7 (0.00% REO - 0.00% sucrose). Rosemary Essential Oil (REO).

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Table 1 Independent variables and their respective levels used in the factorial design 2² with duplicate at center point.

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Table 2 Chemical composition of Rosemary Essential Oil (REO).

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Table 3 Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of Rosemary Essential Oil (REO) and Pectin Extract (PE).

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Table 4 The parameters of color and transparency in films.

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Table 5 The physical properties of films.

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(1)

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(2)

Thumbnail

(3)

imageFigure 1 Halos of inhibition observed for Rosemary Essential Oil (REO). Diameter of inhibition halo in mm (mean±SD). open_in_new

imageFigure 2 Antioxidant activity of films by DPPH radical-scavenging ability and Iron reducing capacity (FRAP). Different letters in the columns indicate statistical difference by Duncan's test (P<0.05). F1 (0.50%REO - 0.00%sucrose); F2 (0.50% REO - 1.40% sucrose); F3 (1.50% REO - 0.00% sucrose); F4 (1.50% REO - 1.40% sucrose); F5 (1.00% REO - 0.70% sucrose); F6 (1.00% REO - 0.70% sucrose); F7 (0.00% REO - 0.00% sucrose). Rosemary Essential Oil (REO). open_in_new

imageFigure 3 Medium infrared spectra. open_in_new

imageFigure 4 Analysis of the main components. PC1 versus PC2 scores plot for films with sucrose (a) and without sucrose, (b) compared to the control film (F7), loadings plot to the clustering in the first component for films with sucrose (c) and without sucrose (e), loadings plot to the clustering in the second component for films with sucrose (d) and without sucrose (f). F1 (0.50% REO - 0.00% sucrose); F2 (0.50% REO - 1.40% sucrose); F3 (1.50% REO - 0.00% sucrose); F4 (1.50% REO - 1.40% sucrose); F5 (1.00% REO - 0.70% sucrose); F6 (1.00% REO - 0.70% sucrose); F7 (0.00% REO - 0.00% sucrose). Rosemary Essential Oil (REO). open_in_new

table_chartTable 1 Independent variables and their respective levels used in the factorial design 2² with duplicate at center point.

Formulations	Levels		Composition of the film-forming solution
Formulations	REO(%)	Sucrose (%)	REO (%) / (g)	Sucrose (%) / (g)	AS (%) / (g)	PE (%) / (g)
F1	-1	-1	0.50/ 1.00	0.00	4/8.00	95.5/191.00
F2	-1	1	0.50/1.00	1.40/2.80	4/8.00	94.1/188.20
F3	1	-1	1.50/3.00	0.00	4/8.00	94.5/189.00
F4	1	1	1.50/3.00	1.40/2.80	4/8.00	93.1/186.20
F5	0	0	1.00/2.00	0.70/1.40	4/8.00	94.3/188.60
F6	0	0	1.00/2.00	0.70/1.40	4/8.00	94.3/188.60
F7	-----------------------------------------------------------				8.00		192.00

Rosemary Essential Oil (REO); Arrowroot Starch (AS); Pectin Extract (PE).

table_chartTable 2 Chemical composition of Rosemary Essential Oil (REO).

Compound	Relative Percentage (%)
*Monoterpenes*
á-Pinene	26.53
Camphene	9.04
D-Limonene	3.64
o-Cymene	2.61
*Monoterpenoids*
Camphor	20.32
1.8 Cineol	19.36
Endo-Borneol	4.60
á-Terpineol	2.55
*Sesquiterpenes*
Caryophyllene	2.21
Others	9.14

table_chartTable 3 Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of Rosemary Essential Oil (REO) and Pectin Extract (PE).

Sample	TPC (mg of GAE/g of sample)	DPPH (% inhibition)	FRAP (mmol Fe₂SO₄/g of sample)
REO	33.12±1.53	38.11±0.62	6.24±0.23
PE	230.09± 29.08	70.83± 1.82	53.20± 1.95

Values expressed in mean (n = 3) ± standard deviation.

table_chartTable 4 The parameters of color and transparency in films.

Formulation (%REO - % Sucrose)	Color parameters				Transparency (log(%T)/mm)
Formulation (%REO - % Sucrose)	L^* (luminosity)	a^* (green-red)	b^* (blue-yellow)	ÄE	Transparency (log(%T)/mm)
F1 (0.50% - 0.00%)	82.01 (80.72–83.30)^c	2.65 (2.08–3.22)^a	27.61 (25.99–29.23)^a.b	29.06 (27.03–31.07)^a.b	14.74 (13.50–15.98)^a.b
F2 (0.50% - 1.40%)	86.99 (85.63–88.35)^a	0.70 (0.10–1.30)^c	23.47 (21.76–25.18)^c	22.92 (20.77–25.05)^c	15.42 (14.12–16.72)^a.b
F3 (1.50% - 0.00%)	82.87 (81.47–84.27)^b.c	2.18 (1.57–2.80)^a.b	29.00 (27.24–30.76)^a	29.74 (27.60–31.87)^a.b	16.71 (15.37–18.05)^a
F4 (1.50% - 1.40%)	84.47 (83.04–85.90)^a.b	1.37 (0.74–1.99)^b.c	25.36 (23.56–27.16)^b.c	25.72 (23.47–27.97)^b.c	12.60 (11.24–13.96)^c
F5 (1.00% - 0.70%)	82.80 (81.34–84.26)^b.c	2.18 (1.54–2.82)^a.b	30.25 (28.42–32.08)^a	30.90 (28.61–33.19)^a	13.68 (12.30–15.06)^b.c
F6 (1.00% - 0.70%)	85.17 (83.69–86.65)^a.b	1.25 (0.60–1.90)^b.c	26.90 (25.05–28.75)^a.b	26.80 (24.49–29.13)^a.b	12.88 (11.49–14.27)^b.c
F7 (0.00% - 0.00%)	86.73 (85.25–88.21)^a	0.57 (−0.08–1.22)^c	24.43 (22.58–26.28)^b.c	23.90 (21.58–26.22)^c	14.94 (13.55–16.33)^a.b

Values expressed in mean (n = 3) accompanied by IC95%. The means followed by the same letter on the same column do not differ statistically from each other by the Duncan Test at the level of 5% probability (p < 0.05). Rosemary Essential Oil (REO).

table_chartTable 5 The physical properties of films.

Formulation (% REO - %Sucrose)	Moisture content (%)	WVP (10^-8 g/h•m•Pa)	TS (MPa)	å (%)
F1 (0.50% - 0.00%)	14.56 (11.89 – 17.23) ^a	4.86 (4.01–5.70)^a	4.50 (4.34–4.67)^d	70.78 (69.45–72.11)^e
F2 (0.50% - 1.40%)	12.18 (7.54 – 16.83) ^a	5.07 (4.18–5.96)^a	9.17 (9.00–9.34)^a	68.76 (67.36–70.16)^e
F3 (1.50% - 0.00%)	12.71 (7.74 – 17.67) ^a	5.37 (4.45–6.28)^a	7.86 (7.68–8.03)^b	57.31 (55.87–58.75)^f
F4 (1.50% - 1.40%)	17.24 (14.53 – 19.94) ^b	4.69 (3.76–5.62)^a	4.40 (4.22–4.58)^d	77.24 (75.77–78.71)^d
F5 (1.00% - 0.70%)	18.68 (15.81 – 21.55) ^b	4.07 (3.13–5.01)^a.b	5.76 (5.58–5.94)^c	89.75 (88.26–91.24)^b
F6 (1.00% - 0.70%)	19.54 (18.99 - 20.08) ^c	4.32 (3.37–5.27)^a.b	5.54 (5.36–5.72)^c	82.64 (81.13–84.15)^c
F7 (0.00% - 0.00%)	17.11 (12.80 – 21.43) ^b	2.56 (1.62–3.51) ^b	9.42 (9.24–9.61)^a	104.66 (103.16–106.18)^a

Values expressed in mean (n = 3) accompanied by IC95%. The means followed by the same letter on the same column do not differ statistically from each other by the Duncan Test at the level of 5% probability (p < 0.05). Rosemary Essential Oil (REO); Water Vapor Permeability (WVP); Tensile Strength (TS); percentage elongation (ε) at break.

(1)

T r a n s p a r e n c y = \frac{\log (% T)}{b}

(2)

Δ E = {[{(Δ L^{*})}^{2} + {(Δ a^{*})}^{2} + {(Δ b^{*})}^{2}]}^{1 / 2}

(3)

W V P = \frac{(\frac{Ci}{A}) . X}{Ps . (RH 1 - RH 2)}

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