Comparison of Multiparameter Selection Processes for Potential Application of Titanium Alloys in Coronary Stents

Romero, Felipe Morales; Campanelli, Leonardo Contri; Reis, Danieli Aparecida Pereira

doi:10.1590/1980-5373-MR-2024-0234

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Articles • Mat. Res. 28 • 2025 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5373-MR-2024-0234 linkcopy

Comparison of Multiparameter Selection Processes for Potential Application of Titanium Alloys in Coronary Stents

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

This study presents a detailed analysis of the feasibility of Ti-15Mo alloy for coronary stents by independently applying the TOPSIS and RADAR multi-parameter selection methods independently and comparing the results obtained. The research focused on evaluating β-metastable titanium alloys for use in coronary stents, employing the TOPSIS and RADAR methods for a comprehensive and independent analysis. The independent application of these methods enabled for a robust and detailed comparison between different candidate materials, considering crucial criteria such as mechanical strength, biocompatibility, and cost-effectiveness. The results showed that the Ti-15Mo alloy excelled in terms of safety and mechanical performance in both methodologies, offering a combination of mechanical properties and biological compatibility suitable for this application. Compared to 316L stainless steel and Co-Cr L605, Ti-15Mo consistently outperformed across multiple criteria. This study positions Ti-15Mo as a promising candidate for coronary stents and emphasizes the effectiveness of combining TOPSIS and RADAR methodologies for comprehensive material selection in biomedical applications. The research underscores the importance of detailed and methodological evaluation to optimize the performance and safety of advanced biomedical devices.

Keywords:
Material Selection; TOPSIS; Biomaterials; Metastable Titanium; Ti-15Mo; Stents

Material	Young’s Modulus (GPa)	Fatigue Strength (MPa)	Tensile Strength (MPa)	Ductility	Ref.
316L stainless steel	190	300	586	10 - 40	¹²,¹³
Co-Cr L605	210	590	900 - 1800	10 - 50	¹²,¹⁴
Nitinol	21 - 69	400	895	60	¹²,¹⁵,¹⁶
Ti-6Al-4V ELI	110	500	930	10 -15	¹²,¹⁷
Ti-12Mo-6Zr-2Fe	74 - 85	525	1060 - 1100	18 - 22	¹²,¹⁷
Ti-13Nb-13Zr	79 - 84	500	970 - 1040	10 - 16	¹²,¹⁷
Ti-15Mo	78	546	800	22	¹²,¹⁷

Level	Classification
3	Non toxic
2	Slightly toxic
1	Moderately toxic
0	Toxic

Metal Alloy	Manufacturer	Format/Type	Value	Average Value
Stainless Steel 316L	Skyland Metal & Alloys Inc.	Tube	4.75	3.78
	Jain Steels Corporation	Rod	2.28
	SKM Alucom	Sheet	4.30
Co-Cr	Tokushu Kinzoku Excel Co.	Wire	10.00	49.50
Co-Cr	Xi'an Gangyan Special Alloy Co.	Sheet	89.00	49.50
Nitinol	Baoji Hanz Metal Material Co.	Wire	15.00	32.50
Nitinol	Changzhou Dlx Alloy Co.	Sheet	50.00	32.50

Pure Metal	Manufacturer/International Portal	Format/Type	Value	Average Value
Al	Metalary	Pure metal kg	2.64	3.15
	London Metal Exchange	Pure metal kg	2.44
	USGS	Pure metal kg	4.37
Fe	Metalary	Pure metal kg	0.09	0.09
Mo	Metalary	Pure metal kg	26.00	33.39
	London Metal Exchange	Pure metal kg	38.16
	USGS	Pure metal kg	36.00
Nb	Manhar Metal Supply Corporation	Sheet	230.02	171.90
	Chengdu Huarui Industrial Co.	Ingot	50.00-200.00
	Luoyang Combat W & Mo Mat. Co.	Rod	152.50-168.90
Ti	M. B. Metal India	Sheet	44.73	42.58
	Shanghai Hengtie Steel Trading Co.	Plate	20.00-50.00
	Luoyang Combat W & Mo Mat. Co.	Rod	42.00-54.00
V	Changsha Xinkang Adv. Materials Co.	Crystals	270.00	223.3
V	Chengdu Huarui Industrial Co.	Powder	300-500	223.3
Zr	USGS	Pure metal kg	8.00	8.00

Alloy	Considered Value (US$/kg)
316L stainless steel	3.78
Co-Cr L605	49.50
Nitinol	32.50
Ti-6Al-4V ELI	51.84
Ti-12Mo-6Zr-2Fe	38.55
Ti-13Nb-13Zr	54.89
Ti-15Mo	41.20

	Scenario 1		Scenario 2		Scenario 3
	TOPSIS	RADAR	TOPSIS	RADAR	TOPSIS	RADAR
Young’s Modulus	0.10	0.3	0.15	0.6	0.10	0.50
Fatigue Strength	0.20	0.65	0.25	0.6	0.20	1
Tensile Strength	0.15	0.5	0.15	1	0.15	0.75
Ductility	0.15	0.5	0.25	1	0.15	0.75
Cytotoxicity	0.10	Grade 3	0.10	Grade 3	0.30	Grade 3
Cost	0.30	1	0.10	0.4	0.10	0.5

Materials	Cytotoxicity classification	Young’s Modulus (GPa)	Fatigue Strength (MPa)	Tensile Strength (MPa)	Ductility	Cost (US$/kg)
316L stainless steel	1	190	300	586	25	3.78
Co-Cr L605	1	210	590	1350	30	49.50
Nitinol	2	45	400	895	60	32.50
Ti-6Al-4V ELI	0	110	500	930	12.5	51.84
Ti-12Mo-6Zr-2Fe	3	79	525	1080	20	38.55
Ti-13Nb-13Zr	3	81	500	1005	13	54.89
Ti-15Mo	3	78	546	800	22	41.20

Materials	Cytotoxicity classification	Young’s Modulus (GPa)	Fatigue Strength (MPa)	Tensile Strength (MPa)	Ductility	Cost (US$/kg)
316L stainless steel	0.07692	0.23929	0.08926	0.08817	0.13699	0.01387
Co-Cr L605	0.07692	0.26448	0.17554	0.20313	0.16438	0.18181
Nitinol	0.15385	0.05668	0.11901	0.13467	0.32877	0.11937
Ti-6Al-4V ELI	0.00000	0.13854	0.14877	0.13993	0.06849	0.19041
Ti-12Mo-6Zr-2Fe	0.23077	0.10013	0.15620	0.16250	0.10959	0.14159
Ti-13NB-13Zr	0.23077	0.10264	0.14877	0.15122	0.07123	0.20162
Ti-15Mo	0.23077	0.09824	0.16245	0.12037	0.12055	0.15133

Materials	Cytotoxicity classification	Young’s Modulus (GPa)	Fatigue Strength (MPa)	Tensile Strength (MPa)	Ductility	Cost (US$/kg)
316L stainless steel	0.26	0.23929	0.08926	0.08817	0.13699	0.65606
Co-Cr L605	0.26	0.26448	0.17554	0.20313	0.16438	0.05010
Nitinol	0.70	0.05668	0.11901	0.13467	0.32877	0.07630
Ti-6Al-4V ELI	0.00	0.13854	0.14877	0.13993	0.06849	0.04784
Ti-12Mo-6Zr-2Fe	0.93	0.10013	0.15620	0.16250	0.10959	0.06433
Ti-13NB-13Zr	0.93	0.10264	0.14877	0.15122	0.07123	0.04518
Ti-15Mo	0.93	0.09824	0.16245	0.12037	0.12055	0.06019

wij	0.10	0.10	0.20	0.15	0.15	0.30
Materials	Cytotoxicity classification	Young’s Modulus (GPa)	Fatigue Strength (MPa)	Tensile Strength (MPa)	Ductility	Cost (US$/kg)
316L stainless steel	0.00769	0.02393	0.01785	0.01323	0.02055	0.00416
Co-Cr L605	0.00769	0.02645	0.03511	0.03047	0.02466	0.05454
Nitinol	0.01538	0.00567	0.02380	0.02020	0.04932	0.03581
Ti-6Al-4V ELI	0.00000	0.01385	0.02975	0.02099	0.01027	0.05712
Ti-12Mo-6Zr-2Fe	0.02308	0.01001	0.03124	0.02438	0.01644	0.04248
Ti-13NB-13Zr	0.02308	0.01026	0.02975	0.02268	0.01068	0.06049
Ti-15Mo	0.02308	0.00982	0.03249	0.01806	0.01808	0.04540
vij+	0.02308	0.02645	0.03511	0.03047	0.04932	0.00416
vij-	0.00000	0.00567	0.01785	0.01323	0.01027	0.06049

Materials	Di+	Di-	Ci+	Classification
316L stainless steel	0.04081	0.06059	0.59750	1º
Co-Cr L605	0.05816	0.03645	0.38523	4º
Nitinol	0.04155	0.04954	0.54387	2º
Ti-6Al-4V ELI	0.07168	0.01674	0.18932	7º
Ti-12Mo-6Zr-2Fe	0.05358	0.03489	0.39435	3º
Ti-13Nb-13Zr	0.07082	0.02802	0.28345	6º
Ti-15Mo	0.05580	0.03280	0.37024	5º

w_ij	Grade 3	0.30	0.65	0.50	0.50	1
Materials	Cytotoxicity classification	Young’s Modulus (GPa)	Fatigue Strength (MPa)	Tensile Strength (MPa)	Ductility	Cost (US$/kg)
316L stainless steel	0.26	0.07179	0.05802	0.04409	0.06849	0.65606
Co-Cr L605	0.26	0.07935	0.11410	0.10156	0.08219	0.05010
Nitinol	0.70	0.01700	0.07736	0.06733	0.16438	0.07630
Ti-6Al-4V ELI	0.00	0.04156	0.09670	0.06997	0.03425	0.04784
Ti-12Mo-6Zr-2Fe	0.93	0.03004	0.10153	0.08125	0.05479	0.06433
Ti-13NB-13Zr	0.93	0.03079	0.09670	0.07561	0.03562	0.04518
Ti-15Mo	0.93	0.02947	0.10559	0.06019	0.06027	0.06019

Materials	Graph Area	Previous Classification	Punitive Coefficient	Area x Coefficient	Final Classification
316L stainless steel	0.09679	1º	0.26	0.0251	1º
Co-Cr L605	0.03527	2º	0.26	0.0091	6º
Nitinol	0.02989	3º	0.70	0.0209	2º
Ti-6Al-4V ELI	0.01598	6º	0.00	0.0000	7º
Ti-12Mo-6Zr-2Fe	0.02017	4º	0.93	0.0188	3º
Ti-13NB-13Zr	0.01520	7º	0.93	0.0142	5º
Ti-15Mo	0.01759	5º	0.93	0.0164	4º

wij	0.10	0.15	0.25	0.15	0.25	0.10
Materials	Cytotoxicity classification	Young’s Modulus (GPa)	Fatigue Strength (MPa)	Tensile Strength (MPa)	Ductility	Cost (US$/kg)
316L stainless steel	0.00769	0.03589	0.02231	0.01323	0.03425	0.00139
Co-Cr L605	0.00769	0.03967	0.04389	0.03047	0.04110	0.01818
Nitinol	0.01538	0.00850	0.02975	0.02020	0.08219	0.01194
Ti-6Al-4V ELI	0.00000	0.02078	0.03719	0.02099	0.01712	0.01904
Ti-12Mo-6Zr-2Fe	0.02308	0.01502	0.03905	0.02438	0.02740	0.01416
Ti-13Nb-13Zr	0.02308	0.01540	0.03719	0.02268	0.01781	0.02016
Ti-15Mo	0.02308	0.01474	0.04061	0.01806	0.03014	0.01513
vij+	0.02308	0.03967	0.04389	0.03047	0.08219	0.00139
vij-	0.00000	0.00850	0.02231	0.01323	0.01712	0.02016

Materials	Di+	Di-	Ci+	Classification
316L stainless steel	0.05755	0.03815	0.39862	3º
Co-Cr L605	0.04699	0.04870	0.50898	2º
Nitinol	0.03804	0.06813	0.64170	1ºº
Ti-6Al-4V ELI	0.07463	0.02082	0.21816	7º
Ti-12Mo-6Zr-2Fe	0.06192	0.03348	0.35096	5º
Ti-13Nb-13Zr	0.07206	0.02985	0.29294	6º
Ti-15Mo	0.06071	0.03353	0.35580	4º

wij	Grade 3	0.60	0.60	1	1	0.40
Materials	Cytotoxicity classification	Young’s Modulus (GPa)	Fatigue Strength (MPa)	Tensile Strength (MPa)	Ductility	Cost (US$/kg)
316L stainless steel	0.26	0.14358	0.05356	0.08817	0.13699	0.26242
Co-Cr L605	0.26	0.15869	0.10533	0.20313	0.16438	0.02004
Nitinol	0.70	0.03401	0.07141	0.13467	0.32877	0.03052
Ti-6Al-4V ELI	0.00	0.08312	0.08926	0.13993	0.06849	0.01914
Ti-12Mo-6Zr-2Fe	0.93	0.06008	0.09372	0.16250	0.10959	0.02573
Ti-13NB-13Zr	0.93	0.06159	0.08926	0.15122	0.07123	0.01807
Ti-15Mo	0.93	0.05894	0.09747	0.12037	0.12055	0.02408

Materials	Graph Area	Previous Classification	Punitive Coefficient	Area x Coefficient	Final Classification
316L stainless steel	0.09331	1º	0.26	0.02419	5º
Co-Cr L605	0.07416	2º	0.26	0.01922	6º
Nitinol	0.06409	3º	0.70	0.04479	1º
Ti-6Al-4V ELI	0.03081	6º	0.00	0.00000	7º
Ti-12Mo-6Zr-2Fe	0.04093	4º	0.93	0.03818	2º
Ti-13Nb-13Zr	0.03059	7º	0.93	0.02854	4°
Ti-15Mo	0.03453	5º	0.93	0.03221	3º

wij	0.30	0.10	0.20	0.15	0.15	0.10
Materials	Cytotoxicity classification	Young’s Modulus (GPa)	Fatigue Strength (MPa)	Tensile Strength (MPa)	Ductility	Cost (US$/kg)
316L stainless steel	0.02308	0.02393	0.01785	0.01323	0.02055	0.00139
Co-Cr L605	0.02308	0.02645	0.03511	0.03047	0.02466	0.01818
Nitinol	0.04615	0.00567	0.02380	0.02020	0.04932	0.01194
Ti-6Al-4V ELI	0.00000	0.01385	0.02975	0.02099	0.01027	0.01904
Ti-12Mo-6Zr-2Fe	0.06923	0.01001	0.03124	0.02438	0.01644	0.01416
Ti-13Nb-13Zr	0.06923	0.01026	0.02975	0.02268	0.01068	0.02016
Ti-15Mo	0.06923	0.00982	0.03249	0.01806	0.01808	0.01513
vij+	0.06923	0.02645	0.03511	0.03047	0.04932	0.00139
vij-	0.00000	0.00567	0.01785	0.01323	0.01027	0.02016

Materials	Di+	Di-	Ci+	Classification
316L stainless steel	0.05966	0.03639	0.37886	6º
Co-Cr L605	0.05496	0.04208	0.43362	5º
Nitinol	0.03618	0.06169	0.63034	3º
Ti-6Al-4V ELI	0.08310	0.01644	0.16514	7º
Ti-12Mo-6Zr-2Fe	0.03958	0.07204	0.64542	1º
Ti-13Nb-13Zr	0.04686	0.07103	0.60250	4º
Ti-15Mo	0.04002	0.07165	0.64162	2º

wij	Grade 3	0.5	1	0.75	0.751	0.50
Materials	Cytotoxicity classification	Young’s Modulus (GPa)	Fatigue Strength (MPa)	Tensile Strength (MPa)	Ductility	Cost (US$/kg)
316L stainless steel	0.26	0.11965	0.08926	0.06613	0.10274	0.32803
Co-Cr L605	0.26	0.13224	0.17554	0.15235	0.12329	0.02505
Nitinol	0.70	0.02834	0.11901	0.10100	0.24658	0.03815
Ti-6Al-4V ELI	0.00	0.06927	0.14877	0.10495	0.05137	0.02392
Ti-12Mo-6Zr-2Fe	0.93	0.05006	0.15620	0.12188	0.08219	0.03216
Ti-13Nb-13Zr	0.93	0.05132	0.14877	0.11341	0.05342	0.02259
Ti-15Mo	0.93	0.04912	0.16245	0.09028	0.09041	0.03010

Materials	Graph Area	Previous Classification	Punitive Coefficient	Area x Coefficient	Final Classification
316L stainless steel	0.09161	1º	0.26	0.02374	5
Co-Cr L605	0.07146	2º	0.26	0.01852	6
Nitinol	0.04830	3	0.70	0.03375	2
Ti-6Al-4V ELI	0.03252	6	0.00	0.00000	7
Ti-12Mo-6Zr-2Fe	0.03912	4	0.93	0.03649	1
Ti-13Nb-13Zr	0.03132	7	0.93	0.02922	4
Ti-15Mo	0.03329	5	0.93	0.03106	3

Material	Scenario 1		Scenario 2		Scenario 3
Material	TOPSIS	RADAR	TOPSIS	RADAR	TOPSIS	RADAR
316L stainless steel	1º	1º	3º	5º	6º	5º
Co-Cr L605	4º	6º	2º	6º	5º	6º
Nitinol	2º	2º	1º	1º	3º	1º
Ti-6Al-4V ELI	7º	7º	7º	7º	7º	7º
Ti-12Mo-6Zr-2Fe	3º	3º	5º	2º	1º	2º
Ti-13NB-13Zr	6º	5º	6º	4º	4º	4º
Ti-15Mo	5º	4º	4º	3º	2º	3º

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Selected Properties	Young’s Modulus
	Fatigue Strength
	Tensile Strength
	Ductility
	Cytotoxicity
	Cost
Possible alloys for the application	316L stainless steel
	Co-Cr L605
	Nitinol
	Ti-6Al-4V ELI
	Ti-12Mo-6Zr-2Fe
	Ti-13Nb-13Zr
	Ti-15Mo