Physiological quality of soybean seeds during storage as affected by insecticide treatment and initial lot vigorABSTRACT:
Seed treatment (ST) is the main method of initial protection to ensure proper establishment of the stand and seed health. However, phytotoxic effects can occur during storage, especially when certain groups of insecticides are used. The objective was to evaluate the influence of different insecticides applied in soybean ST on the physiological quality of seeds during storage, considering the initial vigor of the lot. The soybean cultivar Brasmax Zeus IPRO was used in a completely randomized design with a triple factorial scheme (4 × 2 × 3), consisting of four ST treatments, all with the same fungicide, varying only the insecticides (three neonicotinoids and one control without insecticide), two vigor levels (low and high), and three storage periods (0, 30, and 60 days after treatment). Physiological investigations included germination, germination rolled paper + vermiculite, and accelerated aging on paper and in substrate. The use of neonicotinoids insecticides in ST affects physiological quality, especially in low-vigor seed lots during storage. For this cultivar, the safe storage period was up to 30 days for high-vigor seeds. For low-vigor seeds, the treatment with these molecules should be carried out close to sowing.
Index Terms:
Glycine max (L.) Merrill.; neonicotinoids; phytotoxicity; seed safety; storability
RESUMO:
O tratamento de sementes (TS) é o principal método de proteção inicial para garantir adequado estabelecimento do estande e sanidade das sementes. Entretanto, efeitos fitotóxicos podem ocorrer durante o armazenamento, especialmente quando certos grupos de inseticidas são utilizados. Objetivou-se avaliar a influência de diferentes inseticidas aplicados no TS de soja sobre a qualidade fisiológica das sementes durante o armazenamento, considerando o vigor inicial do lote. Utilizou-se a cultivar de soja Brasmax Zeus IPRO, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com esquema fatorial triplo (4 × 2 × 3), composto por quatro tratamentos de TS, todos com o mesmo fungicida, variando apenas os inseticidas (três neonicotinoides e um controle sem inseticida), dois níveis de vigor (baixo e alto) e três períodos de armazenamento (0, 30 e 60 dias após o tratamento). As avaliações fisiológicas incluíram germinação, germinação em rolo de papel + vermiculita, envelhecimento acelerado em papel e em substrato. O uso de inseticidas no TS afeta a qualidade fisiológica, principalmente em lotes de baixo vigor durante o armazenamento. Para essa cultivar o período seguro de armazenamento foi de até 30 dias para sementes de alto vigor. Para sementes de baixo vigor, o tratamento com essas moléculas deve ser realizado o mais próximo possível da semeadura.
Termos para Indexação:
Glycine max (L.) Merrill.; neonicotinoides; fitotoxicidade; armazenamento seguro; armazenabilidade
INTRODUCTION
Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) is one of the most relevant legumes in the global agricultural scenario. The success of the crop intrinsically depends on the use of high-vigor seeds, which guarantee a fast, uniform emergence and a plant stand capable of expressing the maximum production potential of the genotype (Ebone et al., 2020). However, the initial quality of the seeds can be compromised by biotic factors, such as pests and fungal pathogens, which damage embryonic structures and reduce the viability of the lot (França et al., 2021).
To mitigate this damage, seed treatment (ST) has been consolidated as an indispensable practice, allowing the protection of seedlings against sucking and chewing insects in the early stages of development (Reis et al., 2023). Among the most used molecules, neonicotinoids stand out due to their broad spectrum of action and systemic mode of action. However, the application of insecticides, especially in complex mixtures and high slurry volumes, can induce phytotoxic effects that reduce seed vigor over time (Carvalho et al., 2020; Reis et al., 2026).
The magnitude of this phytotoxicity is influenced by abiotic factors, such as the time and conditions of storage. Studies indicate that prolonged storage of seeds treated with neonicotinoids can intensify physiological degradation, resulting in a lower percentage of normal seedlings and a reduction in initial growth (Bem Junior et al., 2020). In this context, understanding the seed safety and shelf-life of widely planted cultivars, such as Brasmax Zeus IPRO, is of vital importance for the seed sector. Maintaining physiological quality during storage ensures that investment in genetics and chemical treatment translates into effective yield in the field (Lemes and Catão, 2024; Manjari et al., 2026).
Although there are reports about the effects of chemical treatment on the physiological quality of soybean seeds, there are still insufficient studies that establish, with an applied focus, the seed safety and shelf-life window of seeds treated with different neonicotinoid insecticides as a function of the initial vigor of the lot (Lanferdini et al., 2017; Gastl Filho et al., 2022; Silva et al., 2023). There is a gap in the understanding of how initial lot vigor interacts with different insecticide mixtures during storage in high-performance genotypes. Thus, the inclusion of lots with contrasting levels of vigor (high and low) is relevant to test the resilience of treatment technologies in real field scenarios, where lot quality can vary significantly. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the influence of neonicotinoid insecticides on the physiological quality of treated and stored soybean seeds, as a function of initial lot vigor.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The analyses were carried out at the Central Seed Research Laboratory, and seed treatment was performed at the Seed Processing Unit, both located in the Department of Agriculture (DAG) of the Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design, with a 4 x 2 x 3 factorial scheme, with four seed treatment formulations varying only in the insecticide components, all seeds treated with the same fungicide [Control (without insecticide treatment), Thiamethoxam + Cyantraniliprole (Thiam + Cyan), Imidacloprid + Thiodicarb (Imida + Thiod) and Clothianidin + Fipronil (Clot + Fip)], two levels of seed vigor (high and low), and three storage periods (0, 30 and 60 days).
To carry out the experiment, two lots of soybean seeds of the cultivar Brasmax Zeus IPRO, 6.5 mm sieve, were classified according to vigor (Table 1), based on the accelerated aging test, following the criteria proposed by Matera et al. (2025), which establish vigor classes for soybean seeds as a function of the percentage of normal seedlings.
The treatment was carried out in a machine that simulates batch industrial seed treatment (IST) (Momesso Arktos L5K), calibrated at 20 Hz for 20 seconds. All seeds received a common base of fungicide [metalaxyl-M (20 g.L⁻¹), thiabendazole (150 g.L⁻¹) and fludioxonil (25 g.L⁻¹)] and polymer. The doses and volumes of slurry followed the technical recommendations for 100 kg of seeds (Table 2). After treatment, the seeds were packed in multiwall paper bags and stored in Biochemical Oxygen Demand (B.O.D.) chamber at 15 °C.
Physiological evaluations were performed at times 0, 30 and 60 days:
Germination test in rolled paper: For this test, 4 replications with 50 seeds were used for each treatment. Two sheets of paper were used for each replication, moistened with distilled water with a volume corresponding to 2.5 times the weight of the paper. After being set up, the rolls were stored in a germinator at a temperature of 25 °C ± 2 °C and the proper evaluations of normal seedlings were carried out after eight days, following the standards of the Rules for Seed Testing (Brasil, 2025).
Strong seedling test: For this test, 4 replications with 50 seeds were used for each treatment, following the same methodology used in the germination test in rolled paper. At five days, strong seedlings were evaluated and counted, considering those measuring more than 4 cm (Krzyzanowski et al., 2020).
Germination test in rolled paper with vermiculite (RP + V): For this test, 4 replications with 50 seeds were used for each treatment. Two sheets of paper were used for each replication, moistened with distilled water using a volume equivalent to 3 times the weight of the paper. Between the two sheets of paper, 100 mL of expanded vermiculite was added in one layer, moistened to a 1:1 water-to-vermiculite weight ratio, and the seeds were distributed over the vermiculite. After being set up, the rolls were stored in a germinator at a temperature of 25 °C ± 2 °C and the appropriate evaluations were carried out on the eighth day (Carvalho et al., 2024).
Accelerated aging test in rolled paper: Conducted in Gerbox® plastic boxes containing a suspended aluminum screen, by adding 40 mL of distilled water and distributing a single layer of seeds over the entire surface of the screen. Then, the boxes were kept in a B.O.D. chamber at 41 °C ± 2 °C for 48 hours (Marcos-Filho, 2020). After aging, the same methodology used in the germination test in rolled paper was applied (Brasil, 2025). Evaluations were carried out five days after sowing, and the results were expressed as percentage of normal seedlings germinated.
Accelerated aging test in substrate: Conducted under the same aging conditions as described above (Gerbox® at 41 °C ± 2 °C for 48 h). After aging, four replications of 50 seeds per treatment were sown in plastic trays containing substrate composed of sand and soil in a 2:1 ratio, moistened to 60% of its retention capacity, keeping the trays in a plant growth chamber at 25 °C ± 2 °C under constant light (Rocha et al., 2025). The evaluations were carried out five days after sowing, and the results were expressed as percentage of normal seedlings emerged.
The data were subjected to analysis of variance (p < 0.05), and the means were compared by the Scott-Knott test (p < 0.05) using Sisvar® software (Ferreira, 2019).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In general, the response of soybean seeds to chemical treatment during storage was significantly dependent on the initial vigor of the lots and on the type of product used, revealing interaction between them. High-vigor seeds maintained physiological stability (germination > 93%) until 60 days, regardless of the treatment. In contrast, the low-vigor lot showed a significant reduction in germination at 30 days (Figure 1), aggravated by the Imida + Thiod treatment at 60 days (79%) of germination, a value that is below the marketing standard (80%) (Brasil, 2013). The phytotoxicity of Imidacloprid + Thiodicarb resulted in a drop of 12 percentage points (pp) relative to the control in the low-vigor lot, confirming that less vigorous seeds have a lower buffering capacity against chemical stress (Pereira et al., 2018).
Percentage of normal seedlings at 8 days in the germination test in rolled paper, in high-vigor and low-vigor soybean seeds, with different seed treatments (ST), over the storage period.
The use of vermiculite (RP+V) mitigated the phytotoxic effects, with germination greater than 90% in all treatments (Figure 2). This result corroborates that the phytotoxicity observed in the rolled paper germination test , in part, from the excessive concentration of products in the immediate contact zone of the primary root, an effect that is diluted in porous substrates (Rocha et al., 2020; Reis et al., 2025). However, the differentiation between lots persisted, showing that initial vigor is the main determinant of shelf-life, even under favorable test conditions, in which only the low-vigor lot showed a reduction in germination (Figure 3).
Percentage of normal seedlings by the germination test in rolled paper with vermiculite (at 8 days) in high-vigor and low-vigor soybean seeds, with different seed treatments.
Percentage of normal seedlings by the germination test in rolled paper with vermiculite (at 8 days) in high-vigor and low-vigor soybean seeds, with different storage times.
The evaluation of strong seedlings detected the effects between the treatments, pointing to differences between the active ingredients, even in lots of high vigor. A marked reduction in the percentage of strong seedlings was observed, especially in the Clot + Fip treatment, with a decrease of up to 30 pp relative to the control (Figure 4). This result indicates that, although germination has remained at acceptable levels in previous tests, there was significant impairment of the initial physiological performance, especially when using Clot + Fip treatment even in high-vigor lots.
Percentage of strong seedlings, by the germination test in rolled paper, in high-vigor and low-vigor soybean seeds, with different seed treatments, over the storage period.
As for storage, the percentage of strong seedlings in the high-vigor lot decreased only after 60 days of storage, whereas in the low-vigor lot, the decrease was already noticeable 30 days after storage (Figure 5). This effect can be explained by the interference of insecticides in the mobilization of reserves and respiratory metabolism. Fipronil, associated with clothianidin, has greater persistence and can prolong the exposure of the seed to chemical stress, affecting mitochondrial activity and the production of energy necessary for initial growth. This effect is particularly critical in low-vigor seeds, which have a lower capacity for detoxification and cell repair. Studies conducted by Bem Junior et al. (2020) and Rocha et al. (2025) demonstrate that the combination of products can intensify phytotoxicity, especially during storage.
Percentage of strong seedlings, by the germination test in rolled paper, in high-vigor and low-vigor soybean seeds, with different storage times.
In addition, the difference between seed lots in terms of longevity during storage occurs because low-vigor seeds have lower antioxidant capacity, which favors the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Excess ROS causes lipid peroxidation, damaging membranes and compromising cell integrity (Bailly, 2004; Silva et al., 2023). This process directly affects seedling development, resulting in less vigorous individuals.
In the accelerated aging test on paper (Figure 6), the effects of storage and treatments were more pronounced, especially in the low-vigor lot. All neonicotinoids had a negative effect compared to the control, but the treatment with Imida + Thiod showed a more pronounced reduction in germination even before storage.
Percentage of normal seedlings by the accelerated aging test on paper in high-vigor and low-vigor soybean seeds, with different seed treatments, over the storage period.
As for the high-vigor lot, a drop in germination was observed, making the sensitivity to chemical treatment with the insecticidal mixtures Thiam + Cyan and Imida + Thiod even more evident, causing drops of 12 and 11 pp, respectively, at 30 days. In turn, under Clot + Fip, the deterioration of vigor occurred at 60 days of storage, having the same performance as the other molecules.
Under conditions of low initial vigor, the seed is already deteriorating, intensifying processes such as degradation of membranes, denaturation of proteins and accumulation of toxic compounds. Under this condition, seeds treated with insecticides showed lower performance, indicating that the chemical treatment accelerates the loss of viability when associated with storage.
This behavior is related to increased respiratory rate and redox imbalance, which result in higher ROS production and lower efficiency of antioxidant systems (Marcos-Filho, 2020).
Similar results were observed in the accelerated aging in substrate (Figure 7), with greater differentiation between lots and between treatments. A greater number of emerged seedlings were observed with the use of Thiam + Cyan treatment. On the other hand, the mixtures of insecticides Imida + Thiod and Clot + Fip caused a reduction of 6 pp compared to the control within the high-vigor lot, highlighting the greater phytotoxic effect of these active ingredients.
Percentage of normal seedlings by the accelerated aging test in substrate, in high-vigor and low-vigor soybean seeds, with different seed treatments.
The cultivar Brasmax Zeus IPRO showed a different behavior during storage as a function of the initial vigor of the lots, revealing that seed longevity is strongly dependent on the initial physiological quality. The rapid reduction in the percentage of emerged seedlings in the low-vigor lot as early as 30 days (Figure 8), demonstrates that deterioration occurs early in seeds with lower structural integrity, while high-vigor seeds have higher initial stability, with a later decline.
Result of the decomposition of storage times within lots, by the accelerated aging test in substrate, in high-vigor and low-vigor soybean seeds, with different insecticide treatments, over the storage period.
The longevity of soybean seeds during storage does not depend exclusively on environmental conditions, such as temperature and humidity, but also on the physiological and genetic characteristics of the cultivar. Studies show that, even under moderate temperatures around 15 °C, considered suitable for seed storage, there is significant variation in the rate of deterioration between cultivars, associated with the ability to maintain cell integrity and the functioning of antioxidant systems (Marcos-Filho, 2020; Bailly, 2004; Ebone et al., 2020).
Collectively, these results confirm that the initial vigor of the lot is the main determining factor of the response of the seeds to chemical treatment during storage, but also demonstrate that the choice of treatment can significantly aggravate the deterioration, especially in low-vigor lots. From a practical point of view, this indicates that the storage of treated seeds should be avoided or reduced in lots of lower vigor and that the selection of products should consider the initial physiological quality of the seeds, aiming to minimize performance losses and ensure adequate seedling establishment in the field.
CONCLUSIONS
The mixture Imidacloprid + Thiodicarb showed the highest phytotoxic potential among the neonicotinoid treatments evaluated, reducing the physiological quality of the seeds, especially those from lots with low initial vigor and subjected to storage.
Seeds with high initial vigor are more tolerant to treatment with neonicotinoid insecticides and subsequent storage, and therefore are the recommended lots for industrial seed treatment operations.
The safe storage period for seeds of the Zeus IPRO cultivar treated with neonicotinoid insecticides, without affecting their physiological quality, for seeds from lots of high initial vigor, is 30 days with climate-controlled storage, except for the treatment with Imidacloprid + Thiodicarb, while for seeds of low initial vigor the treatment with these molecules should be carried out close to sowing.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors would like to thank the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES), the Minas Gerais Research Support Foundation (FAPEMIG) and Syngenta - Seedcare Institute for their support of this research, including scholarships and a research productivity grant (CNPq).
REFERENCES
-
BAILLY, C. Active oxygen species and antioxidants in seed biology. Seed Science Research, v.14, n.2, p.93-107, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1079/SSR2004159
» https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1079/SSR2004159 -
BEM JUNIOR, L.D.; FERRARI, J.L.; DARIO, G.; RAETANO, C.G. Impact of storage on the physiological quality of soybean seeds after treatment with fungicides and insecticides. Journal of Seed Science, v.42, e202042037, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1590/2317-1545v42236236
» https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/2317-1545v42236236 -
BRASIL. Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento. Regras para análise de sementes Brasília: MAPA, 2025. https://wikisda.agricultura.gov.br/pt-br/Laborat%C3%B3rios/Metodologia/Sementes/RAS_2025/Amostragem
» https://wikisda.agricultura.gov.br/pt-br/Laborat%C3%B3rios/Metodologia/Sementes/RAS_2025/Amostragem - BRASIL. Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento. Instrução normativa n. 45, de 17 de setembro de 2013 MAPA - Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento. Brasília, 2013.
-
CARVALHO, E.R.; ROCHA, D.K.; ANDRADE, D.B.; PIRES, R.M.O.; PENIDO, A.C.; REIS, L.V. Phytotoxicity in soybean seeds treated with phytosanitary products at different application times. Journal of Seed Science , v.42, e202042036, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1590/2317-1545v42237847
» https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/2317-1545v42237847 -
CARVALHO, E.R.; REIS, V.U.V.; ROCHA, D.K.; CARVALHO, M.L.M.; FERNANDES, N.; CAETANO, C.C. Validation of the methodology of the germination test using a rolled paper plus vermiculite for treated soybean seeds. Journal of Seed Science , v.46, e202446020, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1590/2317-1545v46282001
» https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/2317-1545v46282001 -
EBONE, L.A.; CAVERZAN, A.; TAGLIARI, A.; CHIOMENTO, J.L.T.; SILVEIRA, D.C.; CHAVARRIA, G. Soybean seed vigor: uniformity and growth as key factors to improve yield. Agronomy, v.10, n.4, p.545, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10040545
» https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10040545 -
FRANÇA, S.K.S.; SIQUEIRA, C.S.; GUIMARÃES, M.R.F.; MACHADO, J.C. Quantification and conceptual validation of the inoculum potential of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in soybean and bean seeds. Journal of Seed Science , v.43, e202143022, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1590/2317-1545v43236031
» https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/2317-1545v43236031 -
FERREIRA, D.F. SISVAR: A computer analysis system to fixed effects split plot type designs. Brazilian Journal of Biometrics, v.37, n.4, p.529-535, 2019. https://doi.org/10.28951/rbb.v37i4.450
» https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.28951/rbb.v37i4.450 -
GASTL FILHO, J.; NUNES, B.M.; DOMINGUES, C.M.; CAETANO, V.B.P.; SILVA, L.A.; TAVARES, G.I.S.; REZENDE, A.F.; FERREIRA, R.N.S.; FRANCO, V.C.; CARVALHO, R.Y. Efeito do tratamento químico sobre a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de soja submetidas ao armazenamento. Research, Society and Development, v.11, n.12, e402111234654, 2022. https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i12.34654
» https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i12.34654 - KRZYZANOWSKI, F.C.; FRANÇA-NETO, J.B.; GOMES-JUNIOR, F.G.; NAKAGAWA, J. Testes de vigor baseados em desempenho de plântulas In: KRZYZANOWSKI, F.C.; VIEIRA, R.D.; FRANÇA-NETO, J.B. (Eds.). Vigor de sementes: conceitos e testes Londrina: ABRATES, 2020 p.79-140.
-
LANFERDINI, D.; RADKE, A.K.; MENEGHELLO, G.E. Vigor e tempo de armazenamento de sementes de soja com tratamento industrial. Enciclopédia Biosfera, v.14 n.26, p.797, 2017. https://www.conhecer.org.br/enciclop/2017b/agrar/vigor%20e%20tempo.pdf
» https://www.conhecer.org.br/enciclop/2017b/agrar/vigor%20e%20tempo.pdf -
LEMES, E.M.; CATÃO, H.C.R.M. Soybean seed coat cracks and green seeds-Predisposing conditions, identification and management. Seeds, v.3, n.1, p.133-148, 2024. https://doi.org/10.3390/seeds3010011
» https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/seeds3010011 -
MANJARI, T.; JAYASURYA, J.V.; MAODISWARI, V.J.; PRASANNA, B.; KAVYA, B.; AMBIKA, S.; MANOJKUMAR, Y. Soybean storage and preservation: a comprehensive review of post-harvest challenges, technologies, and global perspectives. Journal of Stored Products Research, v.116, 102910, 2026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2025.102910
» https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2025.102910 - MARCOS-FILHO, J. Teste de envelhecimento acelerado In: KRZYZANOWSKI, F.C.; VIEIRA, R.D.; FRANÇA-NETO, J.B. (Eds.). Vigor de sementes: conceitos e testes . Londrina: ABRATES , 2020 p.185-246.
-
MATERA, T.C.; KRZYZANOWSKI, F.C.; BRACCINI, A.L.; SCAPIM, C.A. Classification of vigor levels for soybean seeds using the accelerated aging test. Journal of Seed Science , v.47, e202547004, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1590/2317-1545v47287098
» https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/2317-1545v47287098 -
PEREIRA, L.C.; GARCIA M.M.; BRACCINI, A.L.; FERRI, G.C.; SUZUKAWA, A.K.; MARTELI, D.C.V.; MATERA, T.C.; PEREIRA, R.C.; CORREIA L.V. Physiological potential of soybean seeds over storage after industrial treatment. Journal of Seed Science , v.40, n.3, p.272-280, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1590/2317-1545v40n3185104
» https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/2317-1545v40n3185104 -
REIS, L.V.; CARVALHO, E.R.; REIS, V.U.V.; NARDELLI, A.C.P.; ANDRADE, D.B.; JUNIOR, A.O. Treatment technologies for soybean seeds: Dose effectiveness, mechanical damage and seed coating. Ciência e Agrotecnologia, v.47, e013622, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-7054202347013622
» https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-7054202347013622 -
REIS, V.U.V.; CARVALHO, E.R.; MACIEL, D.C.; TAVARES, G.I.S.; MEDEIROS, J.C.; BRITO, R.B.; PEREIRA, J.E.J. Benefits of using vermiculite in the soybean seed germination testing. Discover Plants, v.2, p.165, 2025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s44372-025-00248-7
» https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s44372-025-00248-7 -
REIS, V.U.V.; CARVALHO, E.R.; KHANDAY, I. Seed treatment technologies: Effects on physical, functional, and physiological seed quality. Plant Science: An International Journal of Experimental Plant Biology, v.365, 113013, 2026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2026.113013
» https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2026.113013 -
ROCHA, D.K.; CARVALHO, E.R.; PIRES, R.M.O.; SANTOS, H.O.; PENIDO, A.C.; ANDRADE, D.B. Does the substrate affect the germination of soybean seeds treated with phytosanitary products? Ciência e Agrotecnologia , v.44, e020119, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-7054202044020119
» https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-7054202044020119 -
ROCHA, D.K.; REIS, V.U.V.; CARVALHO, E.R.; NARDELLI, A.C.P.; MORAIS, G.M.; REIS, L.V. How do the components used in chemical seed treatment affect physiological quality over the storage period? Bragantia, v.84, e202345026, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4499.20240131
» https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4499.20240131 -
SILVA, M.F.; SOARES, J.M.; XAVIER, W.A.; SILVA F.C.S.; SILVA, F.L.; SILVA L.J. The role of the biochemical composition of soybean seeds in the tolerance to deterioration under natural and artificial aging. Heliyon, v.9, n.12, e21628, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21628
» https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21628
Additional data will be made available by the authors upon reasonable request.
