Optical Fiber Head Sensors with Controlled Polarization for Flow Measurement in Pipelines

Sualehe, Ivenso da S. V.; Cardoso, Victor H. R.; Giraldi, Maria Thereza M. Rocco; Silva, Marcelo O.; Costa, João C. W. A.

doi:10.1590/2179-10742025v24i4293995

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Article • J. Microw. Optoelectron. Electromagn. Appl. 24 (4) • Dec 2025 • https://doi.org/10.1590/2179-10742025v24i4293995 linkcopy

Optical Fiber Head Sensors with Controlled Polarization for Flow Measurement in Pipelines

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

This experimental study discusses developing methodologies linked to optical fiber sensing (OFS), focused on structural health monitoring with sensors based on multimodal interference and the core diameter mismatch approach to monitor the flow of single and two-phase pipeline systems. Singlemode-multimode-singlemode (SMS), singlemode-nocore-singlemode (SNCS), singlemode-multimode-singlemode-multimode-singlemode (SMSMS), singlemode-multimode-erbium doped-multimode-singlemode (SMErDMS), and singlemode-multimode-dispersion compensation-multimode-singlemode (SMDCMS) were the five different heads sensors used in the sensor structure. Results showed that the polarization effect causes a spike in the sensitivity levels and alters the sensor's behavior with a polarizer among the optical source path. Sensitivity values of SMS sensor changed from 0.027 dBm/(h/m³) to 0.041 dBm/(h/m³) for the single-phase flow measurement tests; the SNCS structure's sensitivity changed from 0.093 dBm/(h/m³) to 0.221 dBm/(h/m³); and the SMSMS sensor's sensitivity changed from 0.862 dBm/(h/m³) to 1.122 dBm/(h/m³). The sensitivity values for the two-phase flow increased for the SMS from -0.126 dBm/(h/m³) to -0.288 dBm/(h/m³) and for the SMErDFMS from -0.028 dBm/(h/m³) to -0.929 dBm/(h/m³), respectively. All structures had a good acceptable coefficient of determination and the polarization mode maintained by a polarizer also to prevent random power coupling between the polarization modes and assisted in controlling the optical power.

Index Terms
Core Diameter Mismatch; Multimode Interference; Optical Fiber Sensors; Flow Measurement

Head Sensor	Non Polarized		Polarized
Head Sensor	Average Sensitivity (dB/(m³/h))	R²	Average Sensitivity (dB/(m³/h))	R²
SMS	0.027	0.99	0.041	0.99
SNCS	0.093	0.99	0.221	0.98
SMSMS	0.862	0.99	1.122	0.98
SMDCMS	-0.689	0.98	-3.788	0.99
SMErDMS	-0.041	0.98	-0.409	0.99

Head Sensor	Flow Condition	Average Sensitivity (This Research) [dBm/(h/m³)]	Sensitivity Improvement (Fold Change)	Reference Sensitivity Range [dBm/(h/m³)]	Literature Source
SMErDMS	Single-phase	From -0.041 to -0.409	~10x	~ -0.02 to -0.05	[¹], [⁶¹], [⁶²], [⁶³], [⁶⁴]
SMErDMS	Two-phase	From -0.028 to -0.929	~33x	~ -0.02 to -0.03	[¹], [⁶¹], [⁶²], [⁶³], [⁶⁴]
SMS	Single-phase	From 0.027 to 0.041	~1.5x	0.02 – 0.035	[³], [⁵], [⁴], [²]
SMS	Two-phase	From -0.126 to -0.288	~2.3x	-0.05 to -0.12	[³], [⁵], [⁴], [²]

Head Sensor	Flow Condition	Average Sensitivity (Non-polarized) [dBm/(h/m³)]	Average Sensitivity (Polarized) [dBm/(h/m³)]	Sensitivity Improvement (Polarized/ Non-polarized)	Typical Literature Sensitivity Range [dBm/(h/m³)]	Literature Source
SMS	Single-phase	0.027	0.041	~1.52x	0.02 – 0.05	[²], [³], [⁴], [⁵]
SNCS		0.093	0.221	~2.37x	0.05 – 0.1	[⁸] and [⁵⁹]
SMSMS		0.862	1.122	~1.30x	0.1 – 1.0	[⁶], [⁷], [⁶⁴]
SMDCSM		0.689	3.788	~5.50x	0.1 – 1.0	[⁶⁰]
SMErDMS		0.041	0.409	~10x	0.02 – 0.05	[¹], [⁶¹], [⁶²], [⁶³], [⁶⁴]

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