Biofilm dysbiosis and caries activity: a surface or an individual issue?

EV, Laís Daniela; POLONI, Joice Faria; DAMÉ-TEIXEIRA, Nailê; ARTHUR, Rodrigo Alex; CORRALO, Daniela Jorge; HENZ, Sandra Liana; DO, Thuy; MALTZ, Marisa; PAROLO, Clarissa Cavalcanti Fatturi

doi:10.1590/1678-7757-2023-0214

person Laís Daniela EV

Data curation (Equal) · Formal analysis (Equal) · Investigation (Equal) · Writing – original draft (Equal) · Writing – review & editing (Equal)

schoolUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Faculdade de Odontologia, Departamento de Odontologia Preventiva e Social, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.

0000-0002-6353-526X

person Joice Faria POLONI

Data curation (Equal) · Formal analysis (Equal) · Software (Equal) · Writing – review & editing (Equal)

schoolInstituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia – Ciências Forense, Pontifica Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Porto Alegre, Brasil.school

0000-0002-3896-6404

person Nailê DAMÉ-TEIXEIRA

Conceptualization (Equal) · Data curation (Equal) · Methodology (Equal) · Writing – original draft (Equal) · Writing – review & editing (Equal)

schoolUniversidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Odontologia, Brasília, DF, Brasil.

0000-0002-0490-0036

person Rodrigo Alex ARTHUR

Conceptualization (Equal) · Formal analysis (Equal) · Methodology (Equal) · Writing – review & editing (Equal)

schoolUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Faculdade de Odontologia, Departamento de Odontologia Preventiva e Social, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.

0000-0001-8107-413X

person Daniela Jorge CORRALO

Data curation (Equal) · Investigation (Equal) · Methodology (Equal) · Resources (Equal) · Supervision (Equal)

schoolUniversidade de Passo Fundo, Escola de Odontologia, Departamento de Odontologia, RS, Passo Fundo, Brasil.

0000-0003-3034-1730

person Sandra Liana HENZ

Data curation (Equal) · Investigation (Equal) · Methodology (Equal) · Writing – review & editing (Equal)

schoolUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Faculdade de Odontologia, Departamento de Odontologia Preventiva e Social, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.

0000-0003-4567-1978

person Thuy DO

Conceptualization (Equal) · Data curation (Equal) · Investigation (Equal) · Methodology (Equal) · Resources (Equal) · Supervision (Equal)

schoolUniversity of Leeds, School of Dentistry, Division of Oral Biology, Leeds, UK.

0000-0003-2141-2082

person Marisa MALTZ

Conceptualization (Equal) · Funding acquisition (Equal) · Methodology (Equal) · Project administration (Equal) · Resources (Equal) · Supervision (Equal)

schoolUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Faculdade de Odontologia, Departamento de Odontologia Preventiva e Social, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.

0000-0002-4482-1922

person Clarissa Cavalcanti Fatturi PAROLO

Conceptualization (Equal) · Data curation (Equal) · Formal analysis (Equal) · Investigation (Equal) · Methodology (Equal) · Resources (Equal) · Writing – original draft (Equal)

schoolUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Faculdade de Odontologia, Departamento de Odontologia Preventiva e Social, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.

0000-0001-6477-4521

Corresponding address: Clarissa Fatturi Parolo. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - Faculdade de Odontologia - Departmento de Odontologia Preventiva e Social - Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2492 - Porto Alegre - RS - Brasil. Phone: +555133085193. e-mail:
fatturiparolo@yahoo.com

Editor: Ana Carolina Magalhães

Associate Editor: Annette Wiegand

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures (4)
Tables (1)

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Figure 2 Euclidean distance plot. Green shades represent patients (patient 1 (P1); patient 2 (P2); patient 3 (P3); patient 4 (P4); and patient 5 (P5)). Purple shades represent tooth surface clinical condition (active non-cavitated surfaces – CAa; arrested non-cavitated surfaces – CAi; and sound surfaces - CAs)

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Figure 3 Venn diagram depicting the overlap between the differential expressed genes of the three different biofilm collected tooth surfaces (CAa – non-cavitated caries lesions surfaces; CAi – arrested non-cavitated lesions surfaces; CAs – sound tooth surfaces). Fig 3a represents genes up-regulated in CAa related to CAi (blue – 13 genes) and related to CAs (yellow – 19 genes); Fig 3b represents genes up-regulated in CAi related to CAa (blue – 15 genes) and related to CAs (yellow – 21 genes); Fig 3c represent genes up-regulated in CAs related to CAa (blue – 11 genes), related to CAi (yellow – 9 genes). Intersections between blue and yellow diagrams mean common differentially expressed genes between the comparisons

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Figure 4 Heatmap representing all genes up-regulated in one or more conditions and patient origin. Genes are grouped by bioprocess. P1 (patient 1); P2 (patient 2); P3 (patient 3); P4 (patient 4);P5 (patient 5). Conditions: CAa (non-cavitated caries lesions surfaces of caries-active patients); CAi (arrested non-cavitated lesions surfaces of caries-active patients); CAs (sound tooth surfaces of caries-active patients). Blue indicates negative correlation and red indicates positive correlation

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Figure 1 Variability in microbial composition among conditions (Fig.1a), and patients (Fig.1b) (R factoextra). The PCA plot Fig. 1.a separates samples according to caries status. The PCA plot Fig. 1.b separates samples according to subjects. Fig. 1a: Red represents biofilm samples from active non-cavitated caries lesions (CAa); green corresponds to arrested non-cavitated caries lesions (CAi), and blue to sound tooth surfaces (CAs). Fig. 1b: Red corresponds to all samples of CA1 patient (P1); olive green corresponds to all samples of CA2 patient (P2); green corresponds to all samples of CA3 patient (P3); blue corresponds to all samples of CA4 patient (P4), and purple corresponds to all samples of CA5 patient (P5). Ellipses represent 95% confidence interval

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Table 1 Sociodemographic description of the samples

	P1	P2	P3	P4	P5	Mean (Std. deviation)	Median (percentile 25; 75%)
Sex	Male	Female	Female	Female	Female
Age	32	12	60	14	31	29.8 (19.27)	31 (14; 32)
DMF-T (Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth)	19	20	24	12	16	18.20 (4.50)	19 (16; 20)
DMF-S (Decayed, Missing, and Filled Surfaces)	21	31	83	39	46	44.00 (23.70)	39 (31; 46)
PI (Plaque Index)	25%	27%	5.4%	26,10%	34.5%	23.60 (10.84)
GBI (Gingival Bleeding index)	1%	9.6%	3.6%	3%	18%	7.04 (6.92)
Sucrose consumption between meals	1	1.5	1	1.5		1.25 (0.29)	1 (1; 1)
Self-reported Frequency of Oral Hygiene per day	2	2	3	4	6	3.4 (1.67)	3 (2; 4)
Professional Fluoride	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes
Cavitated lesions	No	No	No	Yes	No
Surface of collection
Active lesions	Buccal (18, 17, 27, 38, 46, 48)	Occlusal (17, 27, 37)	Buccal (23)	Occlusal (14, 15, 35, 34)	Occlusal (28, 38, 35, 48)
Inactive lesions	Buccal (13, 14, 16)	Buccal, Approximal (15,14,12,11, 21, 22, 24, 25)	Distal (45)	Occlusal (24, 25, 26)	Occlusal (17,15,25,37, 36,47)
Sound surfaces	Buccal (21,11,33,32, 31,41,42,43)	Approximal, Lingual (36, 46, 47)	Buccal (13)	Approximal (32, 31, 41, 42)	Approximal (33, 32, 31, 41, 42, 43)

Biofilm dysbiosis and caries activity: a surface or an individual issue?*

Biofilm dysbiosis and caries activity: a surface or an individual issue?^*