Flowering behavior and production performance of pecan cultivars in southern BrazilAbstract:
Recent expansion of pecan cultivation in southern Brazil has demanded technical information to support the selection of cultivars adapted to its soil and climate conditions. This study aimed at determining flowering behavior and production performance of eight pecan cultivars under conditions in southern Brazil. The experiment was conducted on a farm in Santana do Livramento, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil, from 2020 to 2023. It had a completely randomized design with eight cultivars (‘Barton’, ‘Desirable’, ‘Elliot’, ‘Mohawk’, ‘Jackson’, ‘Shoshoni’, ‘Stuart’ and ‘Success’) and ten replications. Flowering behavior, yield per plant and kernel percentage were assessed. ‘Barton’, ‘Elliot’, ‘Mohawk’, ‘Shoshoni’ and ‘Success’ were classified into protandrous, whereas ‘Desirable’ and ‘Stuart’ were protogynous. ‘Barton’ and ‘Elliot’ exhibited shorter flowering cycles while ‘Desirable’, ‘Stuart’ and ‘Success’ showed longer cycles in the cycles under evaluation. The highest yields were recorded by ‘Elliot’ (7.48 kg) in 2021, ‘Barton’ (9.47 kg) in 2022 and both ‘Barton’ (8.33 kg) and ‘Elliot’ (8.08 kg) in 2022/2023. ‘Barton’ consistently showed the highest kernel percentages in all cycles while ‘Elliot’, ‘Jackson’ and ‘Shoshoni’ stood out in two cycles. Overall, mainly ‘Barton’ and ‘Elliot’ demonstrated high production performance under conditions in southern Brazil.
Index terms
Carya illinoinensis; flowering period; yield; percent kernel
Resumo:
A expansão recente do cultivo de noz-pecã no sul do Brasil demanda informações técnicas que subsidiem a escolha de cultivares adaptadas às condições edafoclimáticas regionais. Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar o comportamento de floração e o desempenho produtivo de oito cultivares de noz-pecã nas condições do sul do Brasil. O experimento foi conduzido em uma fazenda em Santana do Livramento, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, entre 2020 a 2023, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com oito cultivares (‘Barton’,‘Desirable’, ‘Elliot’,‘Mohawk’, ‘Jackson’, ‘Shoshoni’, ‘Stuart’ e ‘Success’) e dez repetições. Foram avaliados o comportamento de floração, produção por planta e porcentagem de amêndoa. As cultivares ‘Barton’, ‘Elliot’, ‘Mohawk’, ‘Shoshoni’ e ‘Success’ exibiramprotandria enquanto ‘Desirable’ e ‘Stuart’’ foram classificadas como protogínicas. ‘Barton’ e ‘Elliot’ exibiram um ciclo de floração mais curto enquanto ‘Desirable’, ‘Stuart’ e ‘Success’apresentaram um ciclo mais longo nos anos avaliados. As maiores produtividades foram registradas para‘Elliot’ (7,48 kg) em 2021, ‘Barton’ (9,47 kg) em 2022 e para ‘Barton’ (8,33kg) e ‘Elliot’ (8,08 kg) em 2023. ‘Barton’ destacou-se com os maiores percentuais de amêndoas nostrês ciclos, enquanto ‘Elliot’, ‘Jackson’ e ‘Shoshoni’ sobressaíram em duas safras. De modo geral, especialmente ‘Barton’ e ‘Elliot’ apresentaram desempenho produtivo superior para cultivo nas condições do sul do Brasil.
Termos para indexação
Carya illinoinensis; período de floração; produtividade; porcentagem de rendimento
Introduction
The largest pecan (Carya illinoinensis) producing state in Brazil is Rio Grande do Sul (RS), where the crop stretches over approximately seven thousand hectares, followed by Paraná (PR) and Santa Catarina (SC) (IBGE, 2024). Growing areas in Brazil, mainly in RS, have expanded lately due to soil and climate conditions and increase in consumption and in market value (CAMBARERI et al., 2023; DE MARCO et al., 2023).
Although most pecan orchards traditionally concentrate in the central and northern regions of the state, cultivation has expanded into the southern region, also supported by production diversification as a long-term investment strategy (MARTINS et al., 2023).
However, little information on the behavior of pecan cultivars in this area of the state has hindered production expansion and improvement.
Pecan is a monoecious species with female (pistillate) and male (staminate) inflorescences in a plant and dichogamy, with different periods of pollen release and stigma receptivity.
Dichogamy may be either complete, when there is no overlapping of pollen release and stigma receptivity, or incomplete, when there is some overlapping (WELLS, 2017; DE MARCO et al., 2021; DE MARCO et al., 2023). There must be a producing cultivar and three/four pollinator cultivars to achieve synchronization in the flowering period and, consequently, in pollination (BILHARVA et al., 2018). Thus, pollinator cultivars need to release pollen in the period in which the main cultivar has receptive pistillate (female) inflorescences.
There are currently 34 pecan cultivars on the list issued by the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply (MAPA, 2024). They exhibit different characteristics, such as habits of branch growth, type of dichogamy, fruit shape, yield and fruit quality (HAMANN et al., 2018).
Crosa et al. (2020)stated that information on the crop in Brazil is incipient regarding aspects of production, the main cultivars, spacing and phytosanitary management practices.
Plant phenology shows the morphological phases that plants go through in their production cycle; they depend heavily on certain factors, such as their nutritional status, climate variables, geographic location and management conditions (ZHANG et al., 2015). Knowledge about phenology is an effective tool for plant management since it enables to identify, by means of observation of their morphological characters, the physiological moment in which they are associated with thermal needs of every cultivar (DE MARCO et al., 2021).
Expansion of pecan production in RS requires studies to provide technical information to guide selection of cultivars appropriate to the edaphoclimatic conditions found in the southern region. In this context, this study aimed to characterize flowering behavior and evaluate production performance of eight cultivars, so that resulting information may be used for supporting their recommendation for cultivation in this region in Brazil.
Material and methods
The experiment was carried out on a farm in Vila Palomas (30º49’38’’S; 55º20’57’’W), Santana do Livramento, RS, Brazil, in the 2020, 2021, 2022 and 2023 cycles.
The orchard was implanted in 2001, spacing was 9 m among rows and 6 m among plants, density was 185 plants ha-1. According to Köppen and Geiger (1928), the climate in the area is classified into Cfa. Mean temperature in Santana do Livramento, RS, is 18.1 °C while mean annual rainfall is 1532 mm (INMET, 2023).
The soil is classified into endoredoxic aluminic yellow argisol with low natural fertilization and certain acidity, which require regulators, fertilizers and management systems to achieve satisfactory income (STREK et al., 2018).
Cultivars ‘Barton’, ‘Desirable’, ‘Elliot’, ‘Jackson’, ‘Mohawk’, ‘Shoshoni’, ‘Stuart’ and ‘Success’ were used in the experiment which had a completely randomized design with eight cultivars and ten replicates.
Each cycle was analyzed separately. Data were analyzed separately by year, due to interannual variability of environmental conditions and alternating production (biennial bearing) characteristic of pecan trees. These factors may influence their response to treatments and result in interaction between years and treatments. Thus, assumptions of a joint analysis would not be reliable . Every replicate comprised a plant, totaling 80 plots.
All plants were subject to the same crop practices, such as fertilization, pruning, phytosanitary treatments and weed control, which were carried out in orchards by the producer. The use of a single plant per plot was carefully adopted due to high uniformity of the orchard and standardized management practices which were applied to all plots. Under these conditions, since individual plant variability is expected to be minimal, reliable assessment of flowering behavior and production performance is enabled to cultivars under investigation.
Data on mean daily temperature, mean rainfall and chill hours in the period of the experiment were collected by meteorological station A804 at INMET, in Santana do Livramento, RS, Brazil (Figure 1). Chill hours (temperatures equal or below 7.2°C) were counted from May to September. In 2020, there were 422 chill hours; in 2021, there were 386 chill hours; in 2022, there were 487 chill hours; and in 2023, there were 240 chill hours.
The following evaluations were conducted: a) plant phenology, i. e., phenological phases were visually observed from the beginning of budbreak to pecan harvest, which was carried out in a branch per quadrant (north, south, east and west), totaling four branches per plant.
Phenological phases of pecan, based on the modified Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt und Chemische Industrie (BBCH) scale, are defined by 22 phases to follow plants (from BBCH00 to BBCH95).
Data on pollen release and stigma receptivity were collected every two days after the beginning of phenological phase BBCH54 (emergence of female and male reproductive structures) up to phenological phase BBCH69, which corresponds to the end of flowering, in agreement with the Pecan Phenological Scale, BBCH (De Marco et al., 2021); b) production per plant (kg. plant-1) was reached by weighing mass of fruit borne by every plant on a digital scale and results were expressed as kilogram (kg); and c) percent kernel: 1.5 kg pecan was separated to count how many nuts there are in a kg and then, 25 nuts of every sample were used for evaluating their quality, in agreement with the method proposed by Poletto et al. (2018). Percent kernel resulted from the relation between fruit total mass and kernel mass, expressed as percentage (%).
Results of production per plant and percent kernel were analyzed regarding their normality (the Shapiro-Wilk test) and homoscedasticity (the Hartley’s test); both variables met the assumptions. Afterwards, they were subject to the analysis of variance by the F-test, whose significant variables (p < 0.05) had their means compared by the Duncan’s test. These procedures were carried out by the Sisvar software program, version 5.6 (FERREIRA, 2014).
Indexes of climate variables collected by the meteorologic station A804 at INMET in Santana do Livramento, RS, Brazil, from 2020 to 2023.
Results and discussion
The dichogamy profile of pecan flowering shows variation among cultivars regarding the flowering behavior in the years under evaluation (Table 1). Desirable and Stuart were the only cultivars which exhibited protogenic dichogamy while ‘Barton’, ‘Elliot’, ‘Mohawk’, ‘Shoshoni’ and ‘Success’ were the cultivars that exhibited protandrous behavior.
De Marco et al. (2021) carried out a study in Cachoeira do Sul, RS, and showed that ‘Barton’ developed male structures (protandry) first, a fact that corroborates the result found in Santana do Livramento, RS, whereas it exhibited protogyny in Canguçu, RS.
‘Jackson’ exhibited fluctuation in its dichogamy behavior, i. e., emergence of male inflorescences (protandry) and/or female inflorescences (protogyny) varies among cycles.
These differences are related to the fact that pecan is a monoecious plant which also exhibits dichogamy, i. e., its periods of pollen release and stigma receptivity are different.
Types of dichogamy of pecan cultivars in 2021, 2022 and 2023 cycles in Santana do Livramento, RS, Brazil.
Dichogamy may vary among cultivars since either complete dichogamy, when there is no overlapping of pollen release and stigma receptivity, or incomplete dichogamy, when there is some overlapping, may happen (DE MARCO et al., 2021). Variation in the flowering period is also related to climate conditions found in every region and planting years. It results from the fact that the beginning of stigma receptivity takes place first, since it is controlled by a dominant gene, but climate conditions may affect expression of some genes of the plant and cause changes in flower behavior; thus, pecan cultivars exhibit protandrous behavior, rather than protogenic behavior, which are the cases of ‘Barton’, ‘Mohawk’ and ‘Shoshoni’ (WOOD, 2000).
Fluctuation in dichogamy of ‘Jackson’ suggests a high degree of phenological plasticity in response to annual environmental variation. In pecan, timing and overlapping of male and female flowering phases are strongly influenced by climatic factors, such as winter chilling accumulation and spring temperature patterns. Variations in these factors may not only alter the onset and length of pollen shed and stigma receptivity, but also lead to shifts between protandrous and protogynous tendencies across years. Plasticity may affect pollination dynamics and should be considered when planning cultivar combinations in orchards, particularly under conditions of climatic variability in southern Brazil.
The period of pollen release and stigma receptivity (BBCH65) ranged from October 17th to November 8th, 2020 (Figure 2). It also took place on October 19th and on November 11th, 2021 (Figure 3) and from October 16th to November 6th, 2022 (Figure 4). Pollen is released when anthers are open and it is transported by the wind, i. e., pecan pollination is anemophilic (WELLS, 2017).
In this study, mean temperatures were 19.6 Cº, 19.4 Cº and 20.1 Cº while accumulated rainfall was 100.8 mm, 72.2 mm and 67.8 mm in 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively (Figure 1). These temperatures show decrease in the flowering period due to their increase and decrease in water supply resulting from rainfall, as observed in both 2021 and 2022 cycles. Therefore, hot and dry periods with strong winds may bring forward and shorten pollen release, whereas cold and humid periods may postpone and extend it (PENG et al., 2015; HAN et al., 2018). Rainfall is quite important when pollination takes place since it may interfere and decrease pollination quality (MARTINS et al., 2019).
The dichogamous behavior and flowering period of pecan trees are strongly influenced by climatic conditions, especially temperature, precipitation and accumulation of chill hours in winter. As a deciduous species in temperate climates, pecan depends on adequate chilling accumulation to overcome dormancy and achieve uniform synchronization of budding and flowering.
Winters with few chill hours may result in uneven budding, staggered emission of male and female inflorescences and, consequently, greater irregularity in overlapping of pollen release periods and stigma receptivity. Unevenness may compromise pollination efficiency and negatively affect fruit set and final yield.
Average temperature in spring plays a central role in the rate of phenological development.
High temperatures tend to accelerate floral differentiation, anticipate anthesis and shorten the flowering period; thus, the effective pollination window decreases.
On the other hand, mild temperatures prolong the flowering period and extend the overlapping period among compatible cultivars, a fact which may favor fertilization. In this study, small variations in average temperature among cycles were sufficient to alter the length of the period between the beginning of pollen release and the end of stigma receptivity. It highlighted crop sensitivity to thermal fluctuations.
In this study, throughout the evaluation of the flowering period (BBCH54) in 2020, ‘Desirable’ (protogenic) and ‘Mohawk’ (protandrous) exhibited a precocious flowering cycle, which started on October 17th, whereas ‘Jackson’ had a late cycle, which started on October 24th. The longest cycle was exhibited by ‘Stuart’ (21 days) while the shortest one was exhibited by ‘Barton’ (15 days). In 2021, ‘Jackson’ was precocious, since its flowering cycle started on October 19th whereas ‘Barton’, ‘Desirable’ and ‘Stuart’, whose cycles started on October 27th, were late. ‘Success’ exhibited a long flowering cycle (19 days) while ‘Elliot’ had a short one (11 days). In 2022, ‘Desirable” was precocious because its flowering cycle started on October 15th and ‘Barton’ was late since it started on October 27th. ‘Stuart’ exhibited the longest cycle (19 days) and ‘Barton’ had the shortest one (10 days).
‘Barton’ received pollen from ‘Desirable’, ‘Elliot’, ‘Jackson’, ‘Mohawk’, ‘Stuart’ and “Success’ in 2020 (Figure 2). In 2021, ‘Barton’ had the possibility of receiving pollen from all pollinator cultivars (Figure 3). In 2022, ‘Barton’ was pollinized by all pollinator cultivars, except ‘Elliot’ (Figure 4). According to Borda et al. (2020), overlapping of flowering in all cultivars may ensure cross pollination and, consequently, the possibility of high percent kernel and quality. ‘Barton’ has been used as the main cultivar (around 90%) in orchards in RS, SC and PR, three states in southern Brazil (MARTINS et al., 2023).
Spring temperature regulates the speed of floral development: high values tend to anticipate and shorten flowering while mild temperatures prolong this period and favor greater overlapping among compatible cultivars. Rainfall also exerts an important influence. Excessive rainfall in the flowering period may reduce pollen dispersal and viability while very dry periods with strong winds may bring forward and shorten its release. These climatic variations among cycles contribute to changes in flowering length and help explain part of the production oscillation throughout years under evaluation. It highlights the importance of considering regional climatic conditions in the choice of cultivars and in orchard planning.
The analysis of variance showed statistical differences in production per plant and percent kernel among cultivars. Significance was 5% by the F test and such difference highlights the occurrence of variability among genotypes (Table 2).
‘Elliot’ exhibited the highest production per plant in 2021, but it did not differ statistically from ‘Barton’, ‘Shoshoni’ and ‘Desirable’ (Table 3). In 2022, ‘Barton’, ‘Elliot’ and ‘Success’ stood out with the highest production volumes, while the lowest values were observed in ‘Jackson’, ‘Shoshoni’ and ‘Stuart’ cultivars. In the 2023 cycle, ‘Barton’ (8.33 kg) and ‘Elliot’ (8.08 kg) maintained the highest production and did not differ from each other while ‘Stuart’ showed the lowest performance (4.89 kg). Considering the average of the three cycles, ‘Barton’ (8.11 kg) and ‘Elliot’ (7.90 kg) reached the highest mean production in the cycles under evaluation. In contrast, ‘Jackson’ and ‘Stuart’ exhibited the lowest overall averages.
Coefficients of variation (CV) ranged from 17.38% to 21.45% and indicated moderate experimental variability, acceptable in field trials with perennial fruit trees. In general, results show that ‘Barton’ and ‘Elliot’ had the highest production in the years evaluated by this study under the edaphoclimatic conditions found in southern RS.
In 2022, ‘Barton’ exhibited the highest production but it did not differ from ‘Elliot’ and ‘Success’. In 2023, both ‘Barton’ and ‘Elliot’ reached the highest values of production per plant. In this study, minimum production was 3.85 kg per plant while maximum production was 9.47 kg per plant in the three cycles under evaluation (Table 3).
Vidal and Pintos (2013) stated that there was no homogeneity in production per plant in pecan grown in Uruguay since minimum was 3.6 kg and maximum was 18.7 kg.
Regarding production per plant in this study, the mean of the three cycles under investigation showed that both ‘Barton’ and ‘Elliot’ stood out. Results corroborate the ones found by Casagranda et al. (2023) who analyzed six cycles and highlighted ‘Barton’ due to its high production values.
Vidal and Pintos (2013) reported that mean production per plant in Uruguay was 8.8 kg. In a study conducted by Hellwig et al.(2026), who evaluated production of cultivars ‘Barton’, ‘Success’, ‘Pitol 1’ and ‘Shawnee’ in the 2020/2021 and 2021/2022 cycles, year-to-year variation in performance was observed. In the first cycle, ‘Barton’ was the most productive cultivar, followed by ‘Success’. In the subsequent cycle, ‘Pitol 1’ and ‘Success’ achieved higher yields, by comparison with ‘Barton’ and ‘Shawnee’.
When considering the average of both cycles, ‘Barton’, ‘Pitol 1’ and ‘Success’ showed productivity levels which were consistent with the Brazilian average, whereas ‘Shawnee’ exhibited lower performance.
Diverse results in production cycles were found by Lima et al. (2025), i. e., pecan production varied among years and cultivars.
In the 2018/19 and 2019/20 cycles, two distinct groups were identified for production per plant and yield, whereas greater variability was observed in 2020/21, with formation of three groups. In the first cycle, ‘Desirable’ and ‘Success’ showed the highest values; in the second, ‘Desirable’, ‘Shawnee’ and ‘Elliot’ stood out. In 2020/21, ‘Elliot’ achieved the highest yield, followed by ‘Barton’ and ‘Shawnee’ while ‘Desirable’, ‘Success’, ‘Mohawk’ and ‘Farley’ comprised the lowest-performing group. In another study conducted with four cultivars – ‘Barton’, ‘Imperial’, ‘Pitol 1’ and ‘Pitol 2’ – in southwestern Paraná, ‘Barton’, ‘Imperial’ and ‘Pitol 1’ stood out in terms of production, in sequence (NAVA et al., 2026).
Percent kernel is a fundamental criterion for evaluating pecan quality and a determinant factor to define cultivars that may be managed and explored in a certain region. The higher the percent kernel, the higher is its gain since kernel fills more while it develops; thus, fruit quality improves. Variation in percent kernel was found among cultivars and cycles, i. e., variation in means among cultivars ranged from 46% to 52%. These results corroborate the ones found by Bilharva et al. (2018) who reported indexes from 43.77% to 51.40% in pecan grown in southern Brazil and the ones reported by Poletto et al. (2020) who observed mean percent kernel of 47.9% and values between 38% and 59%. Regarding percent kernel, Nava et al. (2026) found no differences among cultivars; the average kernel yield of cultivars under evaluation was 47.8%.
Martins et al.(2023) reported percent kernel from 43% to 55.70%; variation in values depended on the technological level applied to the orchard.
Table 3 shows results of the three cycles under evaluation. CVs ranged from 2.86% to 7.06%, indicating low experimental variability.
A low CV indicates little residual variation in relation to the mean, demonstrating that differences observed among treatments or cultivars are consistent and little influenced by external factors. According to Ramalho et al. (2012), low CV values reflect greater efficiency of the experimental design and greater reliability in the comparison among genotypes.
Percent kernel resulting from ‘Barton’ pecans was the highest index, followed by ‘Elliot’, ‘Jackson’ and ‘Shoshoni’ in two cycles.
This variable shows whether nuts are well-filled and have thin shells (MARTINS et al., 2023). These authors stated that not only tree management and use of a technological level in the pecan orchard, but also genetic characteristics of cultivars, influence percent kernel. This fact was observed in this study, i. e., characteristics of cultivars lead to good percent kernel, which is important to the industry to determine the price paid for a kg of nuts.
The best choice is a cultivar that reaches at least 50% of kernel, or above it (HAMANN et al., 2018).
Pecan cultivars under evaluation showed differences in flowering behavior, yield performance and percent kernel under the edaphoclimatic conditions in southern RS. ‘Barton’ and ‘Elliot’ stood out not only for their high and consistent production across years, but also for favorable kernel percentages, indicating strong adaptability and suitability for cultivation in the region.
‘Desirable’ and ‘Stuart’, characterized by protogynous flowering, may contribute strategically as pollinizers while other cultivars, such as ‘Jackson’, demonstrated phenological plasticity in response to annual climatic variation.
Results reinforce the importance of selecting cultivar combinations with adequate flowering overlapping to ensure efficient cross-pollination, mainly under variable climatic conditions. Additionally, identification of cultivars with stable yield and high kernel percentage provides valuable technical information for orchard planning, management decisions and long-term investment strategies.
Conclusions
Under the edaphoclimatic conditions found in Santana do Livramento, RS, ‘Barton’, ‘Elliot’, ‘Mohawk’, ‘Shoshoni’ and ‘Success’ exhibited protandrous flowering while ‘Desirable’ was the most precocious and ‘Barton’ was the latest cultivar in the years under evaluation.
‘Barton’ and ‘Elliot’ showed short flowering periods whereas ‘Desirable’, ‘Stuart’ and ‘Success’ exhibited long ones.
‘Barton’ and ‘Elliot’ cultivars showed the highest production per plant in the three cycles under study and, together with ‘Shoshoni’ and ‘Jackson’, showed high kernel percentages across cycles.
Results highlight that ‘Barton’ and ‘Elliot’ are the most suitable cultivars for cultivation in southern RS and reinforce the importance of selecting cultivars with complementary flowering patterns to optimize cross-pollination and orchard performance under regional climatic conditions.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) for the fellowship granted to the Post-graduate Program in Agronomy (FAEM/UFPel) to carry out the activities.
DATA AVAILABILITY
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, Barreto, C.F., upon reasonable request.
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Edited by
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Scientific Editor
Alexandre Pio Viana
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Associate Editor
Alexandre Pio Viana
Data citations
MAPA- Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento. Cultivares registradas. Brasília,2024. Disponível em: https://sistemas.agricultura.gov.br/snpc/cultivarweb/cultivares_registradas.php. Acesso em: 21 set. 2024.
