Functional performance indicators associated with hypertension in older people

Santos, Emille Silva; Santos, Lucas dos; Caires, Sabrina da Silva; Silva, Debora Jesus da; Souza, Yuri Silva de; Valença Neto, Paulo da Fonseca; Casotti, Cezar Augusto

doi:10.1590/fm.2023.36113

person Emille Silva Santos

participated in the project conception, study design, data collection, writing and critical review of the manuscript. carried out the analysis and interpretation of the results. All authors declare that there is no conflict of interest and approved the final version of the manuscript. In addition, they are responsible for all aspects of the work, including ensuring its accuracy and completeness

school Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), Jequié, BA, Brazil

0000-0001-9333-1965

person Lucas dos Santos *

participated in the project conception, study design, data collection, writing and critical review of the manuscript. carried out the analysis and interpretation of the results. All authors declare that there is no conflict of interest and approved the final version of the manuscript. In addition, they are responsible for all aspects of the work, including ensuring its accuracy and completeness

school Universidade Estadual do Tocantins (UNITINS), Augustinópolis, TO, Brazil

0000-0002-8195-8856

person Sabrina da Silva Caires

participated in the project conception, study design, data collection, writing and critical review of the manuscript. All authors declare that there is no conflict of interest and approved the final version of the manuscript. In addition, they are responsible for all aspects of the work, including ensuring its accuracy and completeness

school Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), Jequié, BA, Brazil

0000-0003-2263-8817

person Debora Jesus da Silva

participated in the project conception, study design, data collection, writing and critical review of the manuscript. All authors declare that there is no conflict of interest and approved the final version of the manuscript. In addition, they are responsible for all aspects of the work, including ensuring its accuracy and completeness

school Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), Jequié, BA, Brazil

0000-0001-8386-336X

person Yuri Silva de Souza

participated in the project conception, study design, data collection, writing and critical review of the manuscript. All authors declare that there is no conflict of interest and approved the final version of the manuscript. In addition, they are responsible for all aspects of the work, including ensuring its accuracy and completeness

school Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), Jequié, BA, Brazil

0000-0003-3829-0421

person Paulo da Fonseca Valença Neto

participated in the project conception, study design, data collection, writing and critical review of the manuscript. All authors declare that there is no conflict of interest and approved the final version of the manuscript. In addition, they are responsible for all aspects of the work, including ensuring its accuracy and completeness

school Ministério da Saúde (MS), Brasília, DF, Brazil

0000-0001-9777-5774

person Cezar Augusto Casotti

participated in the project conception, study design, data collection, writing and critical review of the manuscript. All authors declare that there is no conflict of interest and approved the final version of the manuscript. In addition, they are responsible for all aspects of the work, including ensuring its accuracy and completeness

school Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), Jequié, BA, Brazil

0000-0001-6636-8009

person* Correspondence:
lsantos.ed.f@gmail.com

Test	Objectives, instruments and procedures
Chair stand test	The chair stand test aims to measure the strength and resistance of the lower limbs. It was carried out using a stopwatch and a chair with a backrest (without arms) with a seat height of approximately 43 cm. The execution consisted in sitting down and standing up as many times as possible in 30 seconds.
Arm curl test	Arm curl test measures the strength and resistance of the upper limbs. In this test, a stopwatch, a chair with a backrest (without arms) and dumbbells (2.0 kg for women and 4.0 kg for men) were used. The test consisted in flexing the dominant arm as many times as possible, starting from a neutral position to a complete supine position in a period of 30 seconds.
Timed up and go	The timed up go test aims to assess mobility, agility and dynamic balance. For this purpose, a chair with a backrest (without arms) at a height of approximately 43 cm, a stopwatch, a measuring tape and a cone were used. At the evaluator’s command, the participant got up from the chair (they could push their thighs or the chair), walked as fast as possible for 1.22 m, walked around a cone, returned to the chair and sat down. The time in seconds for performing the test was recorded.
Sit and reach test	The sit and reach the feet test assesses the flexibility of the lower limbs and hamstring muscles. For its execution, a ruler of 45 cm was used and a chair without arms, with a backrest at a height of approximately 43 cm to the seat. For this, the participant started with the dominant leg extended, spine erect, head aligned with the spine and hand over hand. Thus, gradually, the older person tried to touch their toes, without flexing the knee. After the older adults reached their maximum points, the distance was measured with the ruler. The distance (cm) observed before reaching the fingertips was registered in a negative way (-) and that reached beyond, in a positive way (+).
Step in place test	The step in place test (stationary walking) was used to measure aerobic resistance. It counted the maximum number of knee lifts that the older people were able to perform in two minutes (without running). The minimum knee height, appropriate in the stride, was leveled at a midpoint between the patella and the anterior superior iliac spine.

Variables (% response)	n (%)
Sex (100%)
Male	87 (41.60)
Female	122 (58.40)
Age group (100%)
60-69 years	87 (41.60)
70-79 years	86 (41.10)
≥ 80 years	36 (17.20)
Skin color (97.1%)
White	31 (15.30)
Not white	172 (84.70)
Education (97.6%)
Yes	79 (38.70)
No	125 (61.30)
Income (93.8%)
≤ 1 minimum wage	26 (86.70)
> 1 minimum wage	170 (13.30)
Uses tobaco (100%)
No	190 (99.99)
Yes	19 (9.10)
Uses alcohol (100%)
No	163 (78.00)
Yes	46 (22.00)
Nutritional status (99.5%)
Low weight	49 (23.60)
Adequate	80 (38.50)
Overweight	79 (38.00)
Level of physical activity (100%)
Sufficient	101 (48.30)
Insufficient	108 (51.70)
Sedentary behavior (100%)
Normal	152 (72.72)
Elevated	57 (27.28)
Occurrence of falls (98.1%)
No	175 (85.40)
Yes	30 (14.60)
Diabetes mellitus (100%)
No	173 (82.80)
Yes	36 (17.20)
Self-perception of health (98.1%)
Excellent/very good	105 (51.20)
Regular/poor	100 (48.20)
Hypertension
No	86 (41.10)
Yes	123 (58.90)

Variables	Men				Variables	Women

	%	NH (n = 42)	H (n = 45)	p-value		%	NH (n = 44)	H (n = 78)	p-value
Height (m)	98.85	1.63 (0.06)	1.63 (0.06)	0.866	Height (m)^@	100	1.50 (0.06)	1.50 (0.06)	0.910
Weight (kg)	100	62.57 (10.26)	68.38 (9.54)	0.007	Weight (kg)^#	100	57.75 (14.19)	61.40 (20.30)	0.001
BMI (kg/m²)	98.85	23.53 (3.58)	25.74 (3.01)	0.003	BMI (kg/m²)^@	100	23.97 (4.68)	27.79 (5.48)	<0.001

Variables	Men				Variables	Women

	%	NH (n = 42)	H (n = 45)	p-value		%	NH (n = 44)	H (n = 78)	p-value
HGS (kgf)	98.85	33.57 (6.54)	32.81 (7.54)	0.620	HGS (kgf)^@	99.20	22.23 (4.95)	21.28 (4.87)	0.303
CST (tsu)^#	93.10	12.00 (3.00)	12.00 (4.00)	0.212	CST (tsu)^#	92.60	10.00 (4.00)	9.00 (3.00)	0.135
ACT (curls)^#	87.43	13.00 (6.00)	12.00 (4.00)	0.361	ACT (curls)^#	90.20	11.00 (5.00)	10.00 (6.00)	0.572
TUG (s)^#	96.55	5.93 (1.50)	6.50 (2.35)	0.029	TUG (s)^#	95.90	6.47 (2.28)	7.78 (3.32)	0.002
SRT (cm)	91.95	-5.51 (11.48)	-8.83 (12.25)	0.216	SRT (cm)^@	90.20	0.99 (10.57)	-2.25 (13.34)	0.191
SPT (steps)^#	86.20	89.00 (19.00)	77.00 (2.00)	0.020	SPT (steps)^@	87.70	74.00 (18.00)	63.00 (22.00)	0.011

Variables	Men			Variables	Women

	Adjusted PR	(IC95%)	p-value		Adjusted PR	(IC95%)	p-value
HGS (kgf)^a	0.99	(0.97-1.02)	0.934	HGS (kgf)^b	0.98	(0.95-1.01)	0.216
CST (tsu)^b	0.77	(0.51-1.14)	0.508	CST (tsu)^a	0.97	(0.94-1.01)	0.312
ACT (curls)^a	0.97	(0.93-1.01)	0.159	ACT (curls)^c	1.01	(0.96-1.03)	0.953
TUG (s)^a	1.11	(1.03-1.20)	0.008	TUG (s)^d	1.07	(1.04-1.12)	<0.001
SRT (cm)^b	0.99	(0.98-1.01)	0.697	SRT (cm)^c	1.01	(0.99-1.01)	0.913
SPT (steps)^a	0.98	(0.97-0.99)	0.014	SPT (steps)^c	0.98	(0.97-0.99)	0.004

[TFN1] Note: % = percentage of responses; NH = non-hypertensives; H = hypertensives; BMI = body mass index. ^@Mean and standard deviation; ^#Median and interquartile interval. Values in bold indicate p < 0.05.