Temporal Analysis of the Mangrove Forest at the Mocajuba River Hydrographic Basin-Pará

Cavalcante, Juliane da Costa; Lima, Aline Maria Meiguins de; Silva, Jéssica Cristina Conte da; Holanda, Bruno Silva de; Almeida, Crislayne Azevedo

doi:10.1590/2179-8087-FLORAM-2020-0073

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE, Conservation of Nature • Floresta Ambient. 28 (2) • 2021 • https://doi.org/10.1590/2179-8087-FLORAM-2020-0073 linkcopy

Temporal Analysis of the Mangrove Forest at the Mocajuba River Hydrographic Basin-Pará

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Mangrove forests are ecosystems naturally susceptible to environmental stresses, such as rising sea level and coastal erosion. However, the anthropic stresses, such as real estate speculation, deforestation and water pollution, put at risk this environment’s stability, interfering with its balance. The present work’s aim is to perform a temporal analysis of the mangrove forest that is a part of the Mocajuba river hydrographic basin and its buffer zone, as well as identifying natural and anthropic stresses to which the mangroves are susceptible. It was verified that the mangrove forest areas presented a substantial reduction between 1984 and 1999, and a small loss between 1999 and 2018. Thus, in the mangrove forest buffer zone, the anthropized areas increased while the forest areas decreased, demonstrating the deforestation in these areas. It can be concluded that the mangrove forest in the study region present a regression.

Keywords:
Conservation units; spatial analysis; remote sensing

Classes	1984	1999	2018
Water	19.17 km²	21.55 km²	23.15 km²
Mangrove forest	62.98 km²	59.97 km²	59.95 km²
Forest formation	165.65 km²	171.42 km²	131.04 km²
Non-forest	38.74 km²	33.60 km²	72.40 km²
Total	286.54 km²

	Flora composition and structure (secondary data)	Environmental stresses (secondary data)	Anthropic stresses (secondary data)	Actions and advices
MARAPANIM	Main tree species: Rhizophora mangle, Avicennia germinans and Laguncularia racemosa. Spartina brasiliensis in accretion zones (LOUBRY; PROST, 2013; PROST et al., 2013).	Erosion processes (sea tide currents); mangroves buried by sandbanks; biological threats on the vegetation (plagues) (Hyblaea) (PROST et al., 2013).	Artisanal fishing; urbanization (PROST et al., 2013)	Artisanal fishing inspection to respect species’ reproduction period; inspection and police authority in the installment of urban structures that do not comply with legislation.
MARAPANIM	Height: 10 - 15 m; diameter: 10 - 45 cm (Rhyzophora mangle); Height: 10 - 20 m; diameter: 40 cm (Avicennia germinas); Height: 8.5 - 13 m; diameter: 9 cm (Laguncularia racemosa) (SALES et al., 2009).		Artisanal fishing; urbanization (PROST et al., 2013)
SÃO CAETANO DE ODIVELAS	Prevailing species found: Avicennia germinans L. in 59.6% and Rhizophora mangle L in 32.06%. Less prevailing species: Avicennia schaueriana Staff and Leech; Laguncularia racemosa Gaertn (PROST et al., 2013).	Erosion processes (sea tide currents); mangroves buried by sandbanks; biological threats on the vegetation (plagues) (Hyblaea) (PROST et al., 2013).	Real estate speculation and solid waste littering (PINHEIRO, 2014).	Restraints on the implementation of real estate developments at Permanent Preservation Areas (mangrove forests and riparian vegetation); inspection and establishment of a waste collection system to serve the local population.
SÃO CAETANO DE ODIVELAS	Diameter: 17.5 - 22.5 cm (Rhyzophora mangle), considered younger forest; Diameter: 17.5 - 32.5 cm (Rhyzophora mangle), considered stable forest (RIBEIRO JÚNIOR, 2017).
SÃO JOÃO DA PONTA	Rhyzophora sp. (red mangrove), Avicennia sp. (black mangrove), Laguncularia sp. (white mangrove) and Acrostichum sp. (mangrove fern) (FRANÇA et al., 2016).	Erosion processes (FRANÇA et al., 2016).	Extractive activities, crops, small livestock herds (FRANÇA et al., 2016).	Environmental education focused on the local population to encourage sustainable agriculture.
CURUÇÁ	Rhizophora mangle, Avicennia germinans and Laguncularia racemosa (ALMEIDA, 1996).	Erosion processes (sea tide currents) (LIMA et al., 2014).	Real estate speculation, solid waste littering, inordinate constructions, invasion of mangrove forest for shrimp farming, deforestation of riparian vegetation near rivers who feed the mangrove forest (PINHEIRO, 2014).	Restraints and inspection on the implementation of real estate developments so they comply with environmental legislation; police authority on areas with inordinate settlements at the mangrove forest and riparian vegetation.
SOURE	Rhizophora mangle, Rhizophora racemosa Avicennia germinans (CARVALHO; JARDIM, 2017).	Rising sea level, advancing dunes over the mangrove forest (CARVALHO; JARDIM, 2019).	Predatory techniques and intensive shellfish capture; mangrove forest cut for wood (CARVALHO; JARDIM, 2019).	Inspection to respect aquatic species’ reproduction period; environmental education to encourage sustainable agriculture.
SOURE	Height: 11.6 m; diameter: 23.27 cm (CARVALHO; JARDIM, 2017).
SALINÓPOLIS	Rhizophora mangle, Avicennia germinans and Laguncularia racemosa (CARVALHO; JARDIM, 2017).	Rising sea level; coastal erosion; changes in temperature in dry and wet seasons (MENDES, et al., 2013 CARVALHO; JARDIM, 2019).	Solid waste littering, sewage disposal, deforestation, intensive shellfish capture, real estate speculation, tourism, roads construction and housing allotments at the Biological Reserve (CARVALHO; JARDIM, 2019; MENDES, et al., 2013).	Inspection of domestic sewage treatment and solid waste destination to comply with environmental legislation, environmental studies to implement projects focused on social and environmental impacts mitigation.
SALINÓPOLIS	Height: 10.8 m; diameter: 21.45 cm (CARVALHO; JARDIM, 2017).
ALGODOAL	Rhizophora mangle (75%), Avicennia germinans (23%) and Laguncularia racemosa Gaertn (2%) (CARVALHO; JARDIM, 2017; BASTOS; LOBATO, 1996).	Shoreline erosion (recession of 150 to 200 m over the decade) (MENDES et al., 2013)	Solid waste littering, sewage disposal, deforestation, intensive shellfish capture and sand extraction for construction sites (CARVALHO; JARDIM, 2019; MENDES et al., 2013).	Inspection to identify sewage disposal; respect aquatic species’ reproduction period; identification of illegal activities.
ALGODOAL	Height: 9.5 m; diameter: 21.60 cm (CARVALHO; JARDIM, 2017).
BRAGANÇA	Rhizophora mangle and Avicennia germinans (SEIXAS et al., 2006).	Shoreline erosion (recession of 50 m observed in one year 1998/1999); changes on the coastal vegetation due to sand banks advancing over mangrove forests (SOUZA FILHO 2013).	Road construction; disruption of drainage networks where roads serve as barriers for the sea tides flow; inordinate occupation of beaches; solid waste littering (SOUZA FILHO 2013).	Environmental studies to implement projects focused on mitigation of social and environmental impacts; protection of mangrove forests and riparian vegetation by banning new anthropic settlements; inspection of domestic sewage treatment and solid waste destination to comply with environmental legislation.
	- Height: 8.6 - 11.3 m; diameter: 10 - 45 cm (Rhyzophora mangle).
	- Height: 10.5 - 11.9 m; diameter: 40 cm (Avicennia germinas) (SEIXAS et al., 2006).

	1984	1999	2018
Total mangrove forest (km ²)	62.98	59.97	59.95
	1984 - 1999	1999 - 2018	1984 - 2018
Unaltered mangrove forest (km ²)	59.51	57.53	58.56
Regression (km ²)	3.475	2.44	4.42
Mangrove forest to Water	1.9	1.94	3.6
Mangrove forest to Forest formation	1.56	0.48	0.8
Mangrove forest to Non-forest	0.015	0.02	0.02
Expansion (km ²)	0.46	2.42	1.39
Water to Mangrove forest	0.12	0.48	0.28
Forest formation to Mangrove forest	0.3	1.93	1.05
Non-forest to Mangrove forest	0.04	0.01	0.06

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