Mechanisms for enhancing reverse logistics of post-consumer packaging in different countries with applicability to Brazil

Mecanismos de potencialização da logística reversa de embalagens pós-consumo em diferentes países com aplicabilidade no Brasil

ABSTRACT

This article aimed to map and describe international best practices in reverse logistics for post-consumer packaging, focusing on the experiences of Canada, Germany, and Japan, while discussing its applicability to Brazil. The research was conducted through a systematic document review, using the Systematic Search Flow (SSF) methodology, with data collected from the official websites of local government agencies, management entities, and international associations related to the topic. The results show that the Canadian model, especially in the province of British Columbia, is structured with the full responsibility of the producer, operated by a single management entity, with remuneration based on real costs, performance contracts, and application of penalties in cases of non-compliance. In Germany, the Dual System imposes operational and financial responsibility on the private sector for the collection, sorting, and recycling of packaging. The German model stands out for its digital traceability, modulation of fees for recyclability, structured environmental education, and application of strict sanctions. In Japan, the system is based on shared responsibility with mandatory funding, differentiation of obligations according to the size of the company, mandatory environmental education from primary school onwards, modulation of fees for environmental performance, and strict regulation of disposable plastics. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that the partial and adapted replication of these good practices can aid in the current weaknesses of the Brazilian system, such as low institutional integration, the lack of national standardization, limited monitoring, and the lack of systematic internalization of environmental costs by producers.

Keywords:
reverse logistics; recycling credit; international experiences

RESUMO

Este artigo teve como objetivos mapear e descrever boas práticas internacionais em logística reversa de embalagens pós-consumo, com foco nas experiências do Canadá, Alemanha e Japão, e discutir sua aplicabilidade no Brasil. A pesquisa foi conduzida por meio de revisão documental sistemática, utilizando a metodologia systematic search flow, com coleta de dados em websites oficiais de órgãos governamentais, entidades gestoras e associações internacionais relacionadas ao tema. Os resultados demonstram que o modelo canadense, com destaque para a província de British Columbia, é estruturado pela responsabilidade total do produtor, operado por uma única entidade gestora, com remuneração baseada em custos reais, contratos de desempenho e aplicação de penalidades em casos de descumprimento. Na Alemanha, o sistema dual impõe ao setor privado a responsabilidade operacional e financeira pela coleta, triagem e reciclagem das embalagens. O modelo alemão destaca-se pela digitalização da rastreabilidade, modulação de taxas por reciclabilidade, educação ambiental estruturada e aplicação de sanções rigorosas. No Japão, o sistema baseia-se na responsabilidade compartilhada com financiamento obrigatório, diferenciação de obrigações conforme o porte das empresas, educação ambiental obrigatória desde o ensino básico, modulação de taxas por desempenho ambiental e regulamentação rigorosa para plásticos descartáveis. Com base nos resultados obtidos, concluiu-se que a replicação parcial e adaptada dessas boas práticas pode contribuir para superar as fragilidades atuais do sistema brasileiro, como a baixa integração institucional, a ausência de padronização nacional, a limitação da fiscalização e a falta de internalização sistemática dos custos ambientais pelos produtores.

Palavras-chave:
logística reversa; crédito de reciclagem; experiências internacionais

INTRODUCTION

The increasing generation of post-consumer packaging waste has posed significant challenges to the management of urban solid waste, especially in developing countries such as Brazil. This growth follows a trend observed by Landim et al. (2016), who attributed this increase to technological advances and the intensification of consumption habits in recent decades, factors that have boosted the production of goods and, consequently, the generation of packaging.

Although the Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (PNRS – Law No. 12,305/2010) represents an important regulatory framework by establishing shared responsibility and promoting instruments such as reverse logistics, the practical implementation of these guidelines still presents weaknesses (Guarnieri et al., 2020; Silva et al., 2023).

The main obstacles include the low recovery rate of recyclable materials, the fragmentation of initiatives across different spheres of the government, the lack of technological integration between information systems, and the lack of oversight and compliance with legal obligations by the productive sector. Furthermore, there is a strong dependence on the activities of waste picker cooperatives, often operating in informal contexts with limited operational capacity (Gutberlet et al., 2020; Marchi; Santana, 2022; Cruz et al., 2024).

In this context, analyzing international experiences becomes a relevant strategy for identifying technical, operational, and regulatory solutions that can be adapted to the Brazilian reality. Several countries have advanced significantly in post-consumer packaging management through the adoption of models based on Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR), the creation of centralized management entities, the implementation of economic instruments, and the institutionalization of environmental education policies aimed to engage society (Kodama, 2017; Glackin; Greer, 2021; Hasan et al., 2024; Pereira et al., 2024).

Due to this scenario, this article aims to map and describe the good practices adopted by three countries: Canada, Germany and Japan, seeking to discuss its applicability in the Brazilian context based on these experiences.

METHODS

This research adopts a literature review approach, based on the Systematic Search Flow (SSF) methodology, developed by Ferenhof and Fernandes (2016). The collection process focused on secondary sources, with emphasis on documents classified as gray literature¹, obtained from digital platforms of entities related to the topic. Furthermore, the studies incorporated relevant scientific findings that deepen the understanding of the topic in question. The methodological steps developed throughout the research are detailed in the subsequent steps.

To define the scope of the study, countries from different continents were chosen, as specified in Table 1. These nations were selected based on the relevance and degree of maturity of their policies and practices aimed at the reverse logistics of post-consumer packaging and recycling systems. This selection criterion aims to provide a broader comparative analysis, contemplating different geographic contexts and internationally consolidated management models.

Table 1
Countries under study.

Continent	Countries
American	Canada
European	Germany
Asian	Japan

To define the time window, the research considered, in each country analyzed, the interval between the first publications related to the topic of reverse logistics of post-consumer packaging and the year 2025. This delimitation sought to provide a comprehensive understanding of the evolution of the initiatives, highlighting the paths taken until the consolidation of successful implementation and operation of the systems.

Regarding the physical scope, the investigation focused on post-consumer packaging in the following material categories: paper, cardboard, and long-life cartons; plastic; metal; and glass. Packaging classified as hazardous, as well as packaging that are already regulated through its particular reverse logistics systems, such as packaging for pesticides, cleaning products, and other similar items, are excluded from the study.

Research protocol

The initial stage of the SSF method, called "Research Protocol", was structured in five sequential phases:

• definition of the search strategy, with the selection of databases and the formulation of keyword combinations relevant to the topic;

• conducting searches in the selected databases;

• organization and control of the collected documents, through document management procedures, followed by categorization;

• application of standardization and screening criteria for the selection of relevant materials;

• consolidation of the final portfolio of documents that comprised the basis for research analysis.

Search strategy: selection of databases

The websites used as research sources were selected with a focus on identifying websites belonging to government agencies and associations or management entities directly involved in the reverse logistics of post-consumer packaging. This selection aimed to ensure the credibility, currency, and relevance of the information collected. A complete list of the selected entities and their respective website addresses is detailed in Table 2.

Table 2
Websites of government entities and associations/management entities, used as search bases.

American continent
CANADA	Government of Canada (https://www.canada.ca/en.html)
	RecycleBC (https://recyclebc.ca/)
European Union
GERMANY	Bundesministerium Fur Umwelt, Naturschutz, nukleare Sicherheit und Verbraucherschutz (https://www.bmuv.de/)
	Bundesministerium der Justiz (https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/verpackg/index.html)
	Der Grüne Punkt - Duales System Deutschland GmbH (https://www.gruener-punkt.de/de/)
	Zentrale Stelle Verpackungsregister (https://www.verpackungsregister.org/en/)
	VerpackG (https://verpackungsgesetz-info.de/en)
Asian continent
JAPAN	Japan Containers and Packaging Recycling Association (https://www.jcpra.or.jp/)

Search strategy: establishment of search criteria

To carry out the documentary search on the previously selected websites, keywords directly linked to the central object of the research were selected. These keywords were selected based on the main concepts, terminology, and approaches related to the reverse logistics of post-consumer packaging. The keywords, as well as their combinations and variations used in the research, are described in detail in Table 3.

Table 3
Keywords Description.

Keywords	Combinações de palavras-chave
Packaging	Post-consumer packaging Packaging recycling Reverse packaging logistics Packaging Certificates Packaging management entity
Post-consumer
Recycling
Reverse logistics
Certificates
Polluter pays
Managing entity
EPR
Shared Responsibility
Payment for Environmental Services
Packaging Recovery Notes (PRN)
Deposit Return Scheme (DRS)

Querying databases: collection and selection of documents

Based on the nine selected websites, a targeted search was conducted, focusing on specific areas dedicated to publications and institutional content. At this stage, previously established combinations of terms were applied to locate materials directly related to the research topic. As a result,, 72 documents were identified that met the preliminary requirements defined for the initial screening phase.

Document management: organization of the bibliographic portfolio and categorization

After the collection stage, the documents were consolidated into a Microsoft Excel® spreadsheet, where their titles were systematically recorded to optimize information control and organization. A preliminary analysis stage was then conducted, in which the materials were grouped according to thematic affinity and technical content, in accordance with Campos' (2004) methodological approach. As a result, the documents were distributed into three broad analytical categories: EPR; (DRS); and Packaging Recovery Notes (PRN).

Standardization and selection of documents: research criteria and coding

A set of research criteria was established for document selection, as follows:

1. Does the document address issues and themes directly related to the research?;

2. Does the document present elements capable of assisting discussions on the topic?

Subsequently, the data underwent a coding process, where different aspects (analysis dimensions) were defined for each document (Campos, 2004) as follows: Economic, Environmental, Technique, Social and Legal.

Composition of documents portfolio

A cursory reading was performed, combined with a pragmatic and impartial selection process, in which only documents that fully met the previously established criteria were retained. This careful procedure ensured the identification and retention of the most relevant materials, resulting in the final portfolio, which consisted of 13 documents aligned with the research objective.

Data analysis and synthesis

In the final step of this method, each selected document was analyzed in its entirety, enabling an in-depth understanding of its content and thus constituting a solid foundation for discussions and analyses. Finally, all the data and analysis were consolidated into an article.

Figure 1 shows a flowchart of the SSF method and the results obtained.

Figure 1
Systematic flowchart of the Method SSF.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

American continent: Canada

Canada adopts EPR for the reverse logistics of post-consumer packaging through a decentralized approach, in which provincial and territorial governments are responsible for regulation, target-setting, and oversight. This autonomy results in varying models across provinces. British Columbia stands out as an example of best practices, with a solid regulatory framework and high recovery rates (Government of Canada, 2016).

British Columbia (BC)

The province of British Columbia, Canada, is considered an international benchmark in post-consumer packaging management. It has adopted a EPR model based on the principle of full responsibility, whereby producers fully assume the costs of the packaging life cycle, with no remittances to the government unlike the Brazilian model, where management is centralized in a single entity called Recycle BC. Table 4 presents a summary of Recycle BC's obligations, recovery targets, and fines in the event of non-compliance. (British Columbia, 2003; 2004; Recycle BC, 2023).

Table 4
Key aspects of British Columbia reverse packaging logistics.

Country Province	Model	Entity / Operator	Coverage	Recycling rates	Penalties
Canada British Columbia	EPR model based on the principle of full (since 2014)	Recycle BC Non-profit organization funded by contributions from companies required by law, which coordinates all stages of the recycling chain—collection, sorting, and recycling of post-consumer packaging Authorized by the provincial Ministry of Environment and Climate Change Strategy (MECCS)	Mandatory coverage of ≥ 75% of the population; maintaining recovery goals; and maintaining transparent governance	Targets by material: glass 98%; flexible plastics 22% (with 28% achieved in 2021) Targets met for two consecutive years can be revised to new levels	Fines ranging from CAD2,000 to CAD200,000 per day, in addition to possible compulsory audits and exclusion from the program in cases of repeat offenses

The system's operationalization also stands out for the professionalization of the people responsible for collection and sorting services, with operator compensation based on technical and economic criteria. Costs are calculated based on real-cost studies, considering variables such as collected volume, logistics distance, material contamination, and sorting unit efficiency (Recycle BC, 2023). The most recent report (2024) indicates that the EPR system in British Columbia already reaches over 98% of the population, through modalities such as curbside collection, multi-family residences, and voluntary drop-off points. Despite the high operating costs, resulting from broad coverage and the use of advanced technologies such as automated sorting and smart tracking, the model is effective (Recycle BC, 2024).

Transparency is ensured through the annual publication of audited reports, with detailed performance indicators, recovered volumes, financial aspects, and tracking of the final destination of the packaging. The program also conducts ongoing environmental education campaigns and actions to reduce contamination of recyclable materials (Recycle BC, 2023). Compliance with obligations is monitored by a system of administrative and financial sanctions, provided for in the Environmental Management Act and the Recycling Regulation, with fines as shown in Table 4 (British Columbia, 2004; Recycle BC, 2023).

Another innovative aspect of the British Columbia model is the application of tax modulation in favor of eco-design, which encourages producers to increase the use of recyclable materials, linking the financial contribution to the degree of recyclability of the packaging, that is, the more recyclable, the lower the fee (Recycle BC, 2023).

Another highlight is the territorial inclusion policy, enabled by the concept of "sidewalk equivalence," which establishes technical criteria to serve small or unincorporated communities. Requirements include a minimum population of 5,000 inhabitants, a residential density of at least 0.42 households per hectare, proximity between housing units, and the prior existence of a local selective collection program with at least two years of operation (Recycle BC, 2023). Furthermore, the model allows for partnerships with local governments, enabling municipalities to undertake collection, with full reimbursement of costs from Recycle BC (Recycle BC, 2023).

Due to the results presented, the good practices identified in the British Columbia model were categorized and systematized, as presented in Table 5, serving as a reference for analyzing its applicability to the Brazilian context.

Table 5
Best practices adopted in Canada that can enhance the reverse logistics of post-consumer packaging in the Brazilian context.

Good practices	Description	Nature	Justification	Application in Brazil
Decentralized management	Delegation of the implementation and operation of the reverse logistics system to the provinces	Environmental Social Economic Technical Legal	It allows regulatory flexibility, better adaptation to local realities and greater protagonism for regional governments	Encouragement of the formation of regional consortia, based on national guidelines and technical and financial support from the federal sphere
EPR	Environmental policy model that transfers to the producer the financial and/or operational responsibility for the management of post-consumer packaging	Environmental Social Economic Technical Legal	It makes producers directly responsible for managing post-consumer packaging, internalizing environmental costs in the production chain, making those who place products on the market economically responsible, promoting eco-design, reverse logistics and the reuse of materials.	Implementation of the EPR, with clear, specific and measurable obligations for producers, requiring the internalization of environmental costs in the production chain
Professionalization of collection and sorting, with technically and economically validated remuneration	Execution of collection and sorting services by formalized providers, with technical remuneration and performance contracts	Social Economic Technical	Ensures greater operational efficiency, quality of services and legal security	Implementation of a national model of remuneration based on real costs for waste picker cooperatives, promoting the formal recognition of the activity as a profession and their performance as contracted providers with defined goals and contracts
Entity is solely responsible for the management of the entire process, including collection, as well as minimum criteria for action	Centralization of management in a single entity responsible for the entire chain (collection, sorting, disposal), under minimum criteria established in regulations	Economic Technical	It ensures the standardization of processes, greater transparency and simplification of inspection	Creation of a national or chain entity (paper, plastic, etc.) with minimum criteria established in regulation
Sanctions and penalties for non-compliance	Infractions and fines proportional to non-compliance with legal obligations	Legal	Ensures regulatory compliance and encourages appropriate post-consumer packaging management practices through financial penalties	Incorporation into Brazilian law of greater oversight and application of fines proportional to the severity of the infractions
Criteria for serving small locations	Implementation of reverse logistics services in remote locations, based on previously established technical criteria, which ensure operational and economic viability	Environmental Social Economic Technical	Avoids the exclusion of small/remote municipalities from the reverse logistics system for post-consumer packaging, ensuring equity	Creation of a system to integrate small/remote municipalities, similar to the "sidewalk equivalence" criterion
Rate modulation	Instrument that allows a reduction in the financial contribution of companies that adopt practices that increase recyclability or reduce the environmental impact of packaging	Environmental Economic Technical	Incentives for eco-design through tax modulation	Tariff differentiation based on the degree of recyclability of packaging

The adoption of a decentralized federal model in Canada has contributed significantly to the effectiveness of reverse logistics in post-consumer packaging. Provincial governments have the autonomy to regulate and operate programs adapted to local realities, ensuring flexibility without compromising national coordination, which is ensured by federal guidelines as well as technical and financial support mechanisms. According to Hickle (2013), this approach provides regulatory and operational flexibility, enabling the adaptation of programs to local conditions, such as available infrastructure, the volumes and types of waste generated, as well as the technical capacity of regional administrations. This view is corroborated by Franz and Silva (2024) when discussing the role of BRICS metropolises in the management of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment. This flexibility, however, does not result in disarticulation between federal entities, since the Canadian model is supported by clear federal guidelines and structured technical and financial support mechanisms, ensuring national cohesion and alignment of policies.

In Brazil, although intermunicipal solid waste consortia are provided for in the PNRS (Law No. 12,305/2010) as a strategy for regionalizing management, they face several challenges that compromise their effectiveness. Among the main obstacles are the lack of adequate technical planning and the lack of prior economic feasibility studies, which results in the formation of consortia with low operational capacity and fragile administrative structures (Firmino Silva et al., 2017).

In addition to these structural limitations, the financial sustainability of consortia is equally constrained, since they depend almost exclusively on municipal contributions, which are often impacted by budgetary constraints (Firmino Silva et al., 2017; Barbosa et al., 2025). There is also difficulty in raising funds at the federal and state levels, due to the lack of technically structured projects and the bureaucratic complexity of the financing processes.

Another relevant obstacle is the limited technical and institutional capacity of the consortia, evidenced by the shortage of qualified professionals to plan, implement, and monitor integrated public policies aimed at the management of post-consumer packaging (Silva et al., 2020; Casellato; Candiani, 2023). This technical limitation aggravates the political instability that characterizes the articulation between the consortium municipalities, often marked by institutional divergences and the high turnover of municipal managers, which compromises the continuity and effectiveness of the consortium actions (Igrejas et al., 2025).

In this scenario, the Canadian experience is seen as a promising alternative for Brazil, provided it is adapted to the local context. The combination of a decentralized model, with clear national guidelines and technical and financial support from the federal and state governments, can strengthen regional consortia for reverse packaging logistics.

Another Canadian difference, evident in British Columbia, is the adoption of the EPR. In Brazil, post-consumer packaging management is guided by shared responsibility, which distributes responsibilities among various actors in the chain. According to Rebehy et al. (2019), the involvement of multiple stakeholders is essential to achieve environmentally appropriate waste disposal, where each segment is responsible for specific actions within the life cycle of a product.

However, in practice, the implementation of this model presents weaknesses. The dispersion of responsibilities among various actors generates a lack of clarity in obligations, low standardization in selective collection, and uneven compliance to the recovery goals, with a strong reliance on informal cooperatives and poorly structured local policies (Miranda et al., 2020; Mendez et al., 2022). Furthermore, the lack of solid governance and concrete economic incentives limits the effectiveness of reverse logistics for post-consumer packaging in the country, especially when operationalized through sectoral agreements and voluntary commitments (Vieira et al., 2020; Aguirre Rodríguez et al., 2024).

Alternatively, EPR is more effective at holding producers and importers legally, technically, and financially responsible for packaging management, following the polluter-pays principle (Pereira et al., 2024). The model provides clear goals, rigorous oversight, and sanctions, in addition to encouraging eco-design and technological innovation (Oliveira et al., 2023). Studies indicate that EPR systems can achieve recovery rates above 90%, with the potential to alleviate municipal costs (Leclerc; Badami, 2024). Despite the likely resistance of the productive sector to internalizing costs, the implementation of EPR can generate the resources necessary to overcome the current lack of logistical and technical infrastructure (Patulski et al., 2024).

Furthermore, in Canada, reverse logistics management is led by private operators hired based on performance, recovery targets, and periodic audits. Compensation is calculated based on the actual costs of operations, ensuring quality, traceability, and efficiency (Barbosa et al., 2025). Although there are community environmental education initiatives, the formal participation of the cooperatives is limited (Miranda et al., 2020), contrasting with the Brazilian reality, where selective collection relies heavily on cooperatives, especially in smaller municipalities.

In Brazil, despite the legal recognition of cooperatives by the PNRS, they face challenges such as informality, poor infrastructure, low pay, and financial instability (Gutberlet et al., 2020; Marchi; Santana, 2022). This asymmetry between the prominence granted to cooperatives and the lack of effective professional recognition constitutes one of the main obstacles in the strengthening of the sector. In this context, the Canadian experience offers an institutional model based on professionalization, contracts with clear targets, and remuneration based on real costs, serving as a benchmark for Brazil. Adapting this model can promote greater technical efficiency and socioeconomic inclusion, placing cooperatives on par with private companies.

Furthermore, Canada adopts a strict system of proportional penalties, with gradual sanctions that include exclusion from the system and the requirement for independent audits (OECD, 2024), unlike Brazil, where oversight is still limited (Demajorovic et al., 2016). Another Canadian distinguishing feature is the centralization of governance in a single managing entity, ensuring standardization, traceability, and operational efficiency (Hasan et al., 2024). In Brazil, adopting a similar model could strengthen monitoring and oversight capabilities. Regarding territorial coverage, Canada uses technical criteria that include remote areas in reverse logistics, aiming for equity in access to services (Tari; Alumur, 2014; Fostinone, 2016). Practices such as Recycle BC's "sidewalk equivalence" could be replicated in Brazil to expand geographic coverage.

Finally, the financial modulation of fees paid by companies based on packaging recyclability stands out, encouraging eco-design and the adoption of more environmentally appropriate materials. As Laubinger et al. (2021) note, defining fees based on criteria that go beyond weight or material type strengthens incentives for producers to invest in more environmentally appropriate packaging, considering differences in disposal costs and environmental impacts throughout the life cycle.

European continent: Germany

Germany is recognized as an international reference in the management of urban solid waste, standing out for the efficiency of its reverse logistics model for packaging, based on the EPR and regulated by the Packaging Law (Verpackungsgesetz — VerpackG), which obliges all economic agents that place packaging on the market, bearing the full costs of the process (Bundesministerium der Justiz, 2019).

The model is operationalized by the Dual System, as detailed in Table 6. The Dual System in Germany is financed entirely privately. Companies subject to VerpackG must sign up to a dual system and pay a licensing fee proportional to the type, quantity, and composition of the packaging sold. These resources fully finance collection, sorting, and recycling operations, independently of public funding, ensuring a clear separation between private and public responsibilities as well as ensuring financial transparency (Der Grüne Punkt, 2022; VERPACKG, 2022).

Table 6
Key aspects of Germany reverse packaging logistics.

Country	Model	Entity	Operator	Coverage	Recycling rates	Penalties
Germany	EPR under the Dual System (since 2019): public sector manages non-recyclables and organics; private, licensed systems handle selective collection, sorting, and recycling of packaging	ZSVR: independent national regulator for registration, oversight, and data consolidation	Licensed dual systems (e.g., Der Grüne Punkt, BellandVision, Interseroh+) contracted by producers; they assume full logistical and financial responsibility	Nationwide (all entities placing packaging on the German market)	Since 2022: plastics 63%, paper 90%, glass 90%, metals > 80%. Recycled content: PET bottles ≥ 25% (from 2025); all single-use plastic bottles ≥ 30% (by 2030)	Administrative offense, subject to fines of up to €uro 200,000 per occurrence (∼BRL 1.16 million)

The model is overseen by the Stiftung Zentrale Stelle Verpackungsregister (ZSVR. Registration with the ZSVR is a mandatory prerequisite for any business working with packaged goods on the German market. After registration, operators must submit periodic declarations reporting the quantities sold and projections for the following year (ZSVR, 2024a).

Companies that exceed certain annual volumes (e.g., 80,000 kg of glass, 50,000 kg of paper, or 30,000 kg of plastics, composites, or metals) must also submit a Declaration of Integrity, which consists of an annual report detailing, with the support of an external auditor, the exact quantities of packaging placed on the market, separated by type of material. It is important to note that the exemption from the Declaration does not exempt other producers from complying with other legal obligations, such as registration, contracting a dual system, and reporting (ZSVR, 2024a).

Non-compliance with the obligations constitutes offense (Table 6). The main violations include failure to register with the ZSVR, providing incorrect information, failing to contract a dual system, and failing to submit a Declaration of Integrity. Irregular companies are prohibited from selling their products in Germany, whether in physical stores or online. Marketplaces and e-commerce platforms are also required to verify sellers’ compliance, under the risk of joint liability (Bundesministerium der Justiz, 2019).

Additionally, the legislation provides for joint and several liability in cases involving outsourcing or commercial representation. This means that not only the producer, but also their legal representatives, logistics operators, or intermediaries can be held liable for violations. The ZSVR maintains a public compliance registry, where unregistered companies appear as "unregistered", which can lead to reputational damage (ZSVR, 2024b).

The legislation also provides economic incentives for eco-design, with rates modulated according to recyclability. Eco-friendly packaging benefits from reduced fees, while materials with low recyclability are subject to financial surcharges (Bundesministerium der Justiz, 2019). The system's extensive digitalization is another major highlight, with the ZSVR using automated tools for cross-referencing tax data and real-time monitoring, ensuring greater traceability and control (ZSVR, 2024c).

Citizen participation is also a differentiator, reflected in high rates of separation at the source and adherence to selective collection systems. The DRS, known as the Pfand System, is considered one of the most effective in the world. It ensures the return of packaging through an additional fee charged at the time of purchase and refunded to the consumer upon return (TOMRA, 2023; How to Germany, 2025).

The Der Grüne Punkt (Green Dot) environmental seal is also one of the distinguishing features of the German reverse packaging logistics system. Created in the early 1990s by Duales System Deutschland GmbH (DSD), the seal symbolizes that the packaging is linked to a licensed collection, sorting, and recycling system. Its international management is currently handled by PRO Europe, which licenses the use of the brand in several European countries. Although originated by DSD, the seal can be used by other companies participating in the Dual System, provided that they are authorized by PRO Europe or national sublicensees. In addition to attesting to compliance with legal obligations, Der Grüne Punkt adds reputational value, solidifying the company's market standing regarding social and environmental responsibility and their commitment to the circular economy (Duales System Deutschland, 2025; Pro Europe, 2025).

Based on the identified potential, the good practices adopted in Germany were categorized and systematized. In this context, Table 7 consolidates the main evidence that supports and underpins the identified good practices, allowing for a structured analysis of their applicability and effectiveness in the Brazilian context.

Table 7
Good practices adopted in Germany capable of enhancing the reverse logistics of post-consumer packaging in the Brazilian context.

Good practices	Description	Nature	Justification	Application in Brazil
Sistema Dual	Model in which the private sector is responsible for collecting, sorting and recycling packaging, in parallel with public waste collection	Environmental Social Economic Technical Legal	It ensures specialization and efficiency in reverse logistics, avoiding overlapping functions between the public and private spheres	Consolidation of a hybrid model that combines the Dual System with shared responsibility, clearly differentiating obligations, maintaining selective collection for the private sector, maintaining the performance of cooperatives
ZSVR	Single and independent body responsible for regulating, monitoring and consolidating information on the legal compliance of economic agents	Same as the Canadian case	Same as the Canadian case	Same as the Canadian case
Rate modulation	Instrument that allows a reduction in the financial contribution of companies that adopt practices that increase recyclability or reduce the environmental impact of packaging	Same as the Canadian case	Same as the Canadian case	Same as the Canadian case
Digitalization applied to traceability	Integrated digital systems for real-time tracking of packaging, with automated data validation and public transparency	Technical Environmental Legal	It directly contributes to meeting reverse logistics goals and ensures compliance with legal requirements	Digitalization of integrated, centralized and compulsory traceability
Environmental education	Systematic and continuous investment in educational campaigns, with the inclusion of environmental issues from primary education onwards	Environmental Social	Promotes changes in population behavior and improves the quality of waste separation at source	Expansion of environmental education programs in partnership with schools, governments and the private sector
DRS	System in which the consumer pays an additional amount for packaging and receives a refund when returning it	Environmental Social Economic	It encourages the direct participation of the population in reverse logistics, generating environmental and social benefits	National implementation of return systems with financial incentives, integrated with transport and social benefit systems
Der Grüne Punkt environmental seal	Seal that certifies adherence to licensed packaging collection and recycling systems	Environmental Economic	Contributes to the appreciation of companies that comply with environmental packaging legislation	Creation of a national seal exclusively for compliance with legal obligations regarding reverse logistics

In the Brazilian context, it is understood that the adoption of the German good practices described in Table 7 could significantly contribute to strengthening the reverse logistics system for post-consumer packaging.

Germany's Dual System is a well-established and efficient model for managing post-consumer packaging waste, based on the separation of responsibilities between the public and private sectors. While municipalities handle non-recyclable and organic waste, the selective collection, sorting, and recycling of packaging are compulsory for the private sector, through licensed operators hired by producers, who bear the full costs (Colelli et al., 2022; Ramasubramanian et al., 2023). Oversight is centralized by the ZSVR, ensuring governance, traceability, and transparency (Allen-Taylor et al., 2022). In Brazil, the shared responsibility provided for in the NSWP faces structural and operational limitations, as previously mentioned in the Canadian experiences. Challenges persist, such as legislative fragmentation, low integration between spheres of government, as well as technical and administrative insufficiency (Guarnieri et al., 2020; Aguirre Rodríguez et al., 2024).

In this scenario, the adoption of a hybrid model inspired by the German Dual System is seen as a promising solution for Brazil. The proposal includes the legal formalization of private sector obligations, binding contracts with licensed operators, and the creation of a national regulatory body for licensing, inspection, and digital monitoring. The Ministério de Meio Ambiente e Mudanças Climáticas (MMAMC) would maintain policymaking, while the new body would fill in the gaps in the PNRS. Furthermore, according to Rutkowski (2021), the model can finance waste picker initiatives, strengthening cooperatives and reducing informality in the sector.

Another strategic element for Brazil is the modulation of fees, also mentioned in the Canadian example, which adjusts costs according to the recyclability and eco-design of the packaging (Micheaux; Aggeri, 2021; Lifset et al., 2023; OECD, 2024). This measure encourages the production of more sustainable and economically viable packaging for recycling.

Digitization is also a highlight of the German model, with a centralized system for automated, real-time monitoring of fiscal, operational, and environmental information, ensuring transparency and control. A survey by Borchard et al. (2021) of 130 waste management entities in Germany confirms the growing adoption of digital technologies throughout the chain. In Brazil, the Sistema Nacional de Informações sobre a Gestão dos Resíduos Sólidos (SINIR) remains limited in terms of data integration and automation, compromising governance and traceability (Bernardo et al., 2020).

Another German difference that applies to the Brazilian context is the mandatory registration of all operators who place packaging on the market, with penalties for non-compliance. In Brazil, this requirement still has gaps, especially among small producers and digital platforms (Schneider et al., 2024). In the field of environmental education, Germany integrates the topic across school curricula, promoting community campaigns and practical educational projects, strengthening the public engagement to reverse logistics (Kolbe et al., 2019; Schleicher et al., 2022). In Brazil, the adoption of a similar strategy is recommended, with mandatory inclusion of environmental issues in curricula, combined with local campaigns and partnerships with system operators.

The implementation of DRS in Brazil, despite being implicitly provided for in the PNRS, still lacks structure due to the absence of specific regulations defining technical, operational, financial, and oversight parameters. Gaps such as the definition of deposit amounts, identification of covered products, minimum return points structure, and traceability mechanisms compromise their effectiveness (O’Dwyer et al., 2022; Phipps et al., 2024). As a reference, the German model stands out for its seamless integration of DRS into the broader EPR framework.

Finally, the environmental seal Der Grüne Punkt (Green Dot) stands out, which certifies the compliance with legal obligations regarding reverse logistics, contributing to Germany's high recycling rates (Ramasubramanian et al., 2023). In Brazil, the creation of a specific and standardized national seal for reverse logistics of packaging is seen as a strategic advance to increase corporate adoption, promoting socio-environmental initiatives, especially in the context of recycling credit certifications, structuring, and future mass.

Asian continent: Japan

Japan has one of the most efficient reverse logistics systems for packaging, regulated by the Containers and Packaging Recycling Law, in force since 1997. The model adopts the principle of shared responsibility, involving four main actors: producers/importers/distributors (referred to as specific entities), consumers, local governments, and the Japan Containers and Packaging Recycling Association (JCPRA), the national governing body (JCPRA, 2025a). In Japan the specific entities must declare the volumes of packaging placed on the market annually and pay fees calculated based on the type and quantity of materials, according to average recycling costs (JCPRA, 2025a). Table 8 shows key aspects of Japan reverse packaging logistics.

Table 8
Key aspects of Japan reverse packaging logistics.

Country	Model	Entity	Operator	Coverage	Recycling rates	Penalties
Japan	Shared responsibility scheme under the Packaging and Container Recycling Act (EPR style)	JCPRA: non-profit public-interest foundation that administers the scheme, monitors compliance, runs auctions, and coordinates stakeholders	Municipalities handle source-separated collection; JCPRA contracts accredited recyclers (via bidding) and obligated producers/importers finance the system based on actual recycled tonnage	Nationwide (all entities placing packaging on the Japan market)	No statutory per-material minimum rates; financing is proportional to quantities recycled Plastic Resource Circulation Strategy (2019): -25% single-use plastic generation by 2030; 100% packaging reusable/recyclable by 2025; 60% plastic recycling by 2030; 100% reuse/recycling by 2035; 2 million tons biodegradable plastics by 2030	Fines of up to 1,000,000 yen (∼R$ 22,000) for failure to comply with the recycling obligation and up to 200,000 yen (∼R$ 4,400) for failures such as failure to report, inadequate records, providing false information, or obstructing audits

The Japanese requirement applies to companies that meet specific economic and operational criteria. Economically, the requirement is to have a registered capital of 30 million yen or more (approximately R$ 660,000 in May 2025) or to employ 301 or more employees in the country. Operationally, the company must cumulatively sell more than 50 tons of packaging per material type annually, operate in sectors where packaging is essential (such as food, beverages, cosmetics, and e-commerce), use packaging intended for the end consumer (primary, secondary, or tertiary), or produce/import empty packaging for distribution (JCPRA, 2023).

To standardize the estimation of obligations, the JCPRA applies standardized coefficients by product type and sector, which reflects the average number of packages generated per unit sold. These coefficients convert packaging volumes into equivalent financial values. Exceeding these limits determines mandatory membership in the system (JCPRA, 2023). Microenterprises, local businesses, and artisanal producers are formally exempt, but voluntary membership is permitted and encouraged as a good practice of social and environmental responsibility.

JCPRA, a non-profit public interest foundation, is the national management entity responsible for operationalizing, monitoring, and coordinating reverse logistics in Japan. The foundation is responsible for fundraising, contracting recyclers through bidding processes, coordinating logistics with municipalities, conducting audits and certifications, and financing environmental education programs (JCPRA, 2025e). Although it is not responsible for household collection, JCPRA coordinates the transfer of waste from municipalities to recyclers, providing technical and logistical support to local governments to standardize procedures and improve system efficiency (JCPRA, 2025e). Household selective collection and initial sorting of packaging are the sole responsibility of local governments, which have the autonomy to define collection schedules and methods, provided that they are aligned with national legislation. These services are funded exclusively by local public resources, with no financial involvement from JCPRA (JCPRA, 2025a).

Consumers play a crucial role in properly separating packaging in their homes, following municipal guidelines. The high level of quality in source separation reflects the strong environmental awareness of the Japanese population, a result of ongoing investments in environmental education. JCPRA, in partnership with the Ministry of the Environment, conducts educational campaigns, distributes separation manuals, promotes initiatives in schools and universities, and supports municipal environmental education centers, with environmental issues being introduced from basic education onwards (Hanashima, 2025; JCPRA, 2025a).

In addition to the traditional contribution system, Japan has adopted the Rationalization Contribution Scheme, which encourages companies to improve the recyclability and environmental efficiency of their packaging. Companies that implement measures such as structural simplification, replacement of hard-to-recycle materials, or reduction of paints and composite layers can apply for a technical assessment with the JCPRA. If approved, they become eligible for a proportional reduction in contribution rates (JCPRA, 2025c).

Table 9 shows the good practices adopted in Japan, which hold the potential to be applied and adapted to Brazil.

Table 9
Best practices adopted in Japan capable of enhancing the reverse logistics of post-consumer packaging in the Brazilian context.

Good practices	Description	Nature	Justification	Application in Brazil
Shared responsibility with mandatory funding	System in which companies contribute financially to recycling, proportionally to the volume of packaging they place on the market	Technical Economic	Ensures the financial sustainability of the system and links responsibility to the real impact of packaging on the environment	Implementation of EPR
Sole managing entity responsible for operating the system	Centralization of management in a single entity responsible for the entire chain (collection, sorting, disposal), under minimum criteria established in regulations	Same as the Canadian and Germany cases	Same as the Canadian and Germany cases	Same as the Canadian and Germany cases
Differentiation of obligations according to the size of the producers	Obligations vary depending on the size of the company and the volume of packaging sold	Economic Technical Legal	It guarantees proportionality in responsibility according to financial capacity and environmental impact, in addition to allowing adaptations of obligations to the reality of each company	National regulation on the differentiation of obligations according to the size and environmental impact of producers
Environmental education	Systematic and continuous investment in educational campaigns, with the inclusion of environmental issues from primary education onwards	Same as the Germany case	Same as the Germany case	Same as the Germany case
Rate modulation	Instrument that allows a reduction in the financial contribution of companies that adopt practices that increase recyclability or reduce the environmental impact of packaging	Same as the Canadian and Germany cases	Same as the Canadian and Germany cases	Same as the Canadian and Germany cases
Plastic Resource Circulation Strategy	Regulation for the progressive elimination of single-use plastics	Environmental Legal	Legal regulation that imposes restrictions on the use of disposable plastics, ensuring environmental benefits through the reduction of these materials	Implementation of complementary measures to reduce the consumption of plastics and other packaging materials in Brazil
Sanctions and penalties for non-compliance	Provision of fines proportional to the severity and recurrence of the offense	Same as the Canadian case	Same as the Canadian case	Same as the Canadian case

In the Brazilian context, it is understood that the adoption of the Japanese best practices described in Table 6 could significantly contribute to strengthening the reverse logistics system for post-consumer packaging. Among these practices, shared responsibility with mandatory financing stands out, in which consumers separate waste, local governments manage selective collection, and producers bear the recycling costs, proportional to the volume of packaging placed on the market (Johannes et al., 2021). Unlike the German EPR, in Japan, policy limits producer obligations strictly to financial responsibilities, while the public sector maintains operational execution (Portugaise et al., 2023).

Companies required to participate must declare the volumes sold and pay fees calculated based on the average recycling cost per material, allowing for the transparent internalization of environmental costs (Corbier et al., 2025). In Brazil, both the implementation of the EPR, a German model, and the adoption of shared responsibility with mandatory financing, a Japanese model, could correct flaws such as the fragmentation of initiatives and poor predictability.

The adoption of both models would face significant regulatory challenges, requiring the creation of binding federal regulations. From a business perspective, the imposition of mandatory contributions is seen as onerous and politically sensitive, generating resistance, as identified by Milanez and Buhrs (2009). Currently, the Brazilian system, based on voluntary actions and limited sectoral agreements, has proven insufficient to ensure the effectiveness of reverse logistics. Environmental costs are largely treated as uncertain incidentals and remain poorly incorporated into corporate financial strategy (Schneider et al., 2024).

Furthermore, the creation of a single national or sectoral management entity, with clear technical competencies and robust oversight mechanisms, is highlighted as a good practice, aligned with the governance observed in Canada and Germany (Gupta; Sahay, 2015; OECD, 2024). Another essential element is the differentiation of obligations according to the economic size of the producers, a practice already consolidated in Japan, but still lacking uniform regulation in Brazil (Couto; Lange, 2017).

Japanese environmental education is also a highlight, with mandatory and cross-curricular inclusion in the school curriculum and ongoing awareness campaigns. This approach strengthens the population's adherence to source separation and reverse logistics (Kodama, 2017; Glackin; Greer, 2021). In Brazil, despite environmental education initiatives based on the PNRS and the National Environmental Education Policy, an institutionalized, continuous, and coordinated system across different levels of government, as is the case in Japan, is still lacking. Adopting a national strategy inspired by this international model can help address problems such as the poor quality of household separation and limited public participation in reverse logistics. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to make environmental education a mandatory guideline in solid waste policies, with progressive inclusion in school curricula and the creation of ongoing educational campaigns, with goals, indicators, and ongoing funding, also involving the private sector as part of its responsibilities (Santos et al., 2024).

Modulating fees based on recyclability, as already mentioned in the cases of Canada and Germany, represents another instrument for encouraging eco-design and environmental innovation with potential applicability in Brazil (Micheaux; Aggeri, 2021; Lifset et al., 2023). Additionally, the Plastic Resource Circulation Strategy, created by Japan, is a structural policy that establishes guidelines to reduce single-use plastics and promotes the circular economy. The strategy includes reduction targets, increased recycling, and encouragement of eco-designs, guiding the productive sector in replacing materials with high environmental impact (Nomura; Yamamoto, 2025). For Brazil, adopting a similar policy would be a step forward in reducing dependence on single-use plastics and could be made possible through sectoral funds that encourage sustainable practices, such as reusable packaging and the use of recycled content (Gonçalves-Dias et al., 2023).

In the legal field, Japanese law also provides for strict sanctions proportionate to the severity of the violations, including fines, suspension of activities, and administrative and criminal liability. In Brazil, the weakness in the application of penalties undermines the effectiveness of the PNRS. Adapting the Japanese model would help strengthen producer accountability and improve compliance with legal obligations (Ablas; Ribeiro, 2025).

CONCLUSIONS

This article presents a systematization of the best international practices related to the reverse logistics of post-consumer packaging, based on a document review conducted using the SSF methodology. The application of this approach allowed the consolidation of a portfolio of 13 documents, covering experiences from countries located in the Americas, Europe, and Asia, which enabled a comprehensive comparative analysis aligned with the state of the art on the subject.

Based on the analysis of the cases of Canada, Germany, and Japan, it was found that there is no single solution or isolated instrument capable of ensuring, on its own, the effectiveness and sustainability of reverse logistics systems for post-consumer packaging. The results demonstrate that the success of the international models analyzed derives from the implementation of integrated sets of regulatory, financial, operational, technical, and social instruments, which act in a coordinated and complementary manner.

In the Americas, progress was driven by robust EPR legislation. Canada, drawing on the experience of the province of British Columbia, introduced a Total Producer Responsibility model operated by a single managing entity, with technical remuneration based on actual costs, performance contracts, and a rigorous oversight structure. Another notable element was the adoption of fee modulation based on packaging recyclability, in addition to the use of technical criteria such as "curbside equivalence" to include remote areas in selective collection services and the professionalization of collection and sorting, with technically and economically validated remuneration.

Germany, has been highly effective in managing the reverse logistics of post-consumer packaging thanks to the implementation of the Dual System, which articulates the performance of licensed private operators under centralized regulatory governance independent of the public sector. It is also noteworthy that the establishment of an independent and exclusive body to oversee and control compliance with legal obligations regarding reverse logistics for packaging. Among the distinguishing features of the German model are the automation of traceability processes, the existence of structured environmental education programs with broader social reach, the consolidated implementation of the DRS and other complementary instruments that, in an integrated manner, provide robustness and transparency to the system.

In the Asian context, Japan has a reverse logistics model for post-consumer packaging based on the internalization of environmental costs throughout the product life cycle, with compulsory financing from producers. The country centralizes management in a single entity and establishes differentiated obligations according to company size, ensuring greater equity in the distribution of responsibilities. The Japanese system also stands out for its high social engagement, reflecting consolidated public environmental education policies and significant investment in raising public awareness regarding the segregation and proper disposal of post-consumer packaging. Additionally, Japan adopts regulatory incentives for eco-design, encouraging the development of more recyclable packaging. Another relevant aspect is the existence of a robust system of sanctions and penalties, which reinforces the effectiveness of meeting established goals, ensuring the system's credibility with society and the productive sector.

Based on these cases, it can be concluded that the good practices previously systematized provide a solid technical and scientific basis for supporting proposals to enhance Brazilian reverse logistics. Among the most applicable aspects are the adoption of governance models based on the EPR, capable of ensuring greater transparency and control over legal obligations; the creation of a single national regulatory authority dedicated exclusively to reverse logistics for post-consumer packaging; enhanced digital traceability integrated with SINIR; the implementation of economic incentives and penalty instruments, such as modulating fees based on packaging recyclability and effective sanctions for non-compliance with established targets; the professionalization of the collection and sorting chain, with technical and performance-based compensation; and the promotion of structured environmental education programs, aimed at social engagement and changing consumer behavior.

• 1
  The gray literature concerns non-conventional, non-commercial, semi-published publications that are difficult to find, have ineffective bibliographic control and are often not included in bibliographies and catalogs. Some examples are monographs, dissertations, theses, scientific reports, conference proceedings, handouts, minutes, and webinars (Botelho; Oliveira, 2017).
• Funding:
  none.

DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT

No new data were generated or analyzed in this study.

REFERENCES

• ABLAS, Isabelle Sofia; RIBEIRO, Flávio de Miranda. A logística reversa no Brasil: desafios, avanços e a governança dos créditos de reciclagem. Revista FAPAD - Revista da Faculdade Pan-Americana de Administração e Direito, Curitiba, v. 5, p. e87, 2025. https://doi.org/10.37497/revistafapad.v5id.article.87
  » https://doi.org/10.37497/revistafapad.v5id.article.87
• AGUIRRE RODRÍGUEZ, Elias Carlos; HERNÁNDEZ, Cecilia Toledo; AGUIRRE-RODRÍGUEZ, Elen Yanina; SILVA, Aneirson Francisco da; MARTINS SILVA, Fernando Augusto. Reverse logistics and the circular economy: a study before and after the implementation of the national solid waste policy in Brazil. Recycling, v. 9, n. 4, p. 64, ago. 2024. https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling9040064
  » https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling9040064
• ALLEN-TAYLOR, Kehinde. A study of the extended producer responsibility (EPR) scheme for plastic waste management in Germany. Journal of Global Ecology and Environment, v. 16, n. 4, p. 1-10, 2022. https://doi.org/10.56557/jogee/2022/v16i47723
  » https://doi.org/10.56557/jogee/2022/v16i47723
• BARBOSA, Alexandro; GONÇALVES, Tadeu Junior de Castro; SIMÕES, Pedro. Improving municipal solid waste services: insights into efficiency, productivity, and recycling in Brazil. Sustainability, v. 17, n. 6, p. 2519, 2025. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17062519
  » https://doi.org/10.3390/su17062519
• BERNARDO, Odair Oliveira; SOUZA, Maria Tereza Saraiva de; DEMAJOROVIC, Jacques. Inovação na cadeia reversa de resíduos eletroeletrônicos: um estudo sobre os sistemas de informação e tecnologias de rastreamento. Revista de Administração de Empresas, v. 60, n. 4, p. 248-261, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-759020200402
  » https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-759020200402
• BORCHARD, Rebecca; ZEISS, Roman; RECKER, Jan. Digitalization of waste management: Insights from German private and public waste management firms. Waste Management & Research, v. 40, n. 6., p. 775-792, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X211029173
  » https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X211029173
• BOTELHO, Rafael Guimarães; OLIVEIRA, Cristina de Cruz de. Literaturas branca e cinzenta: uma revisão conceitual. Ciência da Informação, Brasília, v. 44, n. 3, p. 501-513, 2017. Available at: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/fcdf/8fed84e8b43c58987877bc5cabf716473ff6.pdf Accessed on: Nov 5, 2023.
  » https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/fcdf/8fed84e8b43c58987877bc5cabf716473ff6.pdf
• BRITISH COLUMBIA. Environmental Management Act – SBC 2003, c. 53 Victoria: Government of British Columbia, 2003. Available at: https://www.bclaws.gov.bc.ca/civix/document/id/complete/statreg/03053_01 Accessed on: Mar 26, 2025.
  » https://www.bclaws.gov.bc.ca/civix/document/id/complete/statreg/03053_01
• BRITISH COLUMBIA. Recycling Regulation – B.C. Reg. 449/2004 Victoria: Government of British Columbia, 2004. Available at: https://www.bclaws.gov.bc.ca/civix/document/id/complete/statreg/449_2004 Accessed on: Mar 26, 2025.
  » https://www.bclaws.gov.bc.ca/civix/document/id/complete/statreg/449_2004
• BUNDESMINISTERIUM DER JUSTIZ. Gesetz über das Inverkehrbringen, die Rücknahme und die hochwertige Verwertung von Verpackungen (Verpackungsgesetz - VerpackG) – Lei de devolução e reciclagem de embalagens Bundesministerium der Justiz, 2019. Available at: https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/verpackg/index.html Accessed on: June 10, 2025.
  » https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/verpackg/index.html
• CAMPOS, Claudinei José Gomes. Método de análise de conteúdo: ferramenta para a análise de dados qualitativos no campo da saúde. Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem, Brasília, v. 57, n. 5, p. 611-614, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-71672004000500019
  » https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-71672004000500019
• CASELLATO, Thais Fernanda Leitão; CANDIANI, Giovano. Consórcios intermunicipais no Brasil contribuem para o gerenciamento adequado de resíduos sólidos? Uma revisão bibliográfica da produção brasileira. Revista Brasileira de Meio Ambiente e Sustentabilidade, Florianópolis, v. 3, n. 5, p. 51-66, 2023.
• COLELLI, Francesco Pietro; CROCI, Edoardo; PONTONI, Federico Bruno; ZANINI, Sara Floriana. Assessment of the effectiveness and efficiency of packaging waste EPR schemes in Europe. Waste Management, v. 148, p. 61-70, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2022.05.019
  » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2022.05.019
• CORBIER, Darius; PETTIFOR, Hazel; AGNEW, Maureen; NAGASHIMA, Miyuki. Shaping sustainable consumption practices: Changing consumers’ habits through lifestyle changes and Extended Producer Responsibility schemes. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, v. 217, 108214, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108214
  » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108214
• COUTO, Maria Claudia Lima; LANGE, Liséte Celina. Análise dos sistemas de logística reversa no Brasil. Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental, v. 22, n. 5, p. 889-898, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-41522017149403
  » https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-41522017149403
• CRUZ, Uilmer Rodrigues Xavier da; FERREIRA, Eduardo Rodrigues; GARCIA, Ricardo Alexandrino. Breve panorama socioeconômico da reciclagem no Brasil atual (2024). Revista de Estudos Interdisciplinares, v. 6, n. 2, p. 1-14, 2024. https://doi.org/10.56579/rei.v6i2.1326
  » https://doi.org/10.56579/rei.v6i2.1326
• DEMAJOROVIC, Jacques; AUGUSTO, Eryka Eugênia Fernandes; SOUZA, Maria Tereza Saraiva de. Reverse logistics of e-waste in developing countries: challenges and prospects for the Brazilian model. Ambiente & Sociedade, São Paulo, v. 19, n. 2, p. 117-136, Apr./June 2016. https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-4422ASOC141545V1922016
  » https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-4422ASOC141545V1922016
• DER GRÜNE PUNKT. Duales System Deutschland Der Grüne Punkt, 2022. Available at: https://www.gruener-punkt.de/de/ Accessed on: June 10, 2025.
  » https://www.gruener-punkt.de/de/
• DUALES SYSTEM DEUTSCHLAND. About Der Grüne Punkt Duales System Deutschland, 2025. Available at: https://www.gruener-punkt.de/en/company/about-us Accessed on: June 11, 2025.
  » https://www.gruener-punkt.de/en/company/about-us
• FERENHOF, Helio Aisenberg; FERNANDES, Roberto Fabiano. Desmistificando a revisão de literatura como base para redação científica: método SSF. Revista ACB, v. 21, n. 3, p. 550-563, 2016.
• FIRMINO SILVA, Wanessa de Matos; IMBROSI, Denise; NOGUEIRA, Jorge Madeira. Municipal solid waste management: public consortia as an alternative scale efficient? Lessons from the Brazilian experience. Current Urban Studies, v. 5, n. 2, p. 185-201, 2017. https://doi.org/10.4236/cus.2017.52011
  » https://doi.org/10.4236/cus.2017.52011
• FOSTINONE, Laura Arneiro. Packaging waste in remote communities: opportunities and challenges – a case study for Tefé, Amazon. Dissertation (Mastering in Science in Environmental Sciences, Policy & Management) – Lund University, University of Manchester, University of the Aegean, Central European University, Lund, 2016. Available at: https://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?fileOId=8892531&func=downloadFile&recordOId=8892530. Accessed on: June 20, 2025.
  » https://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?fileOId=8892531&func=downloadFile&recordOId=8892530
• FRANZ, Nádia Mara; SILVA, Christian Luiz da. The role of BRICS metropolises in the management of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment. Revista Brasileira de Ciências Ambientais, Rio de Janeiro, v. 59, e1836, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5327/Z2176-94781836
  » https://doi.org/10.5327/Z2176-94781836
• GLACKIN, Melissa; GREER, Kate. Environmental education-related policy enactment in japanese high schools. Journal of Education for Sustainable Development, v. 15, n. 2, p. 165-185, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1177/09734082211031325
  » https://doi.org/10.1177/09734082211031325
• GONÇALVES-DIAS, Sylmara Lopes Francelino; VALLIN, Isabella de Carvalho; CARVALHO, Isabela Ribeiro Borges de; DIAS, Beatriz Magalhães; CORRÊA, Carolina Berti de Souza; SALLES, Guilherme dos Santos; SILVA, Júlia Valle. Single-use plastic in Brazil: policies and laws. Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades, São Paulo, 2023. https://doi.org/10.11606/9786588503508
  » https://doi.org/10.11606/9786588503508
• GOVERNMENT OF CANADA. Introduction to extended producer responsibility Ottawa: Environment and Climate Change Canada, 2016. Available at: https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/managing-reducing-waste/ Accessed on: Feb 19, 2026.
  » https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/managing-reducing-waste/
• GUARNIERI, Patricia; CERQUEIRA-STREITA, Jorge A.; BATISTAB, Luciano C. Reverse logistics and the sectoral agreement of packaging industry in Brazil towards a transition to circular economy. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, v. 153, 104541, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.104541
  » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.104541
• GUPTA, Yamini; SAHAY, Samraj. Review of extended producer responsibility: A case study approach. Waste Management & Research, v. 33, n. 7, p. 595-611, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X15592275
  » https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X15592275
• GUTBERLET, Jutta; BRAMRYD, Torleif; JOHANSSON, Michael. Expansion of the waste based commodity frontier: insights from Sweden and Brazil. Sustainability, v. 12, n. 7, p. 2628, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12072628
  » https://doi.org/10.3390/su12072628
• HANASHIMA, Atsuko. Implementation of environmental education for waste management in Japan. Journal of Sustainable Development, v. 18, n. 1, p. 1-11, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v18n1p1
  » https://doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v18n1p1
• HASAN, Mohammad Mehedi; MAHMUD, Tanvir Shahrier; ASSUAH, Anderson; NG WAY, Kelvin Tsun; TASNIM, Anica; ABHA, Anika Tahsin. An investigation on the operational resilience of the Canadian electronic product stewardship program and the recycling business characteristics. Waste Management, v. 181, p. 68-78, May 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2024.04.002
  » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2024.04.002
• HICKLE, Garth T. Comparative analysis of extended producer responsibility policy in the United States and Canada. Journal of Industrial Ecology, v. 17, n. 2, p. 249-261, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12020
  » https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12020
• HOW TO GERMANY. Recycling in Germany – Comprehensive Guide to Waste Management How to Germany, 2025. Available at: https://www.how-to-germany.com/recycling-in-germany/ Accessed on: June 11, 2025.
  » https://www.how-to-germany.com/recycling-in-germany/
• IGREJAS, Rafael; CATTANI, Yan Nonato; MAXIMINO, Leonardo de Santis; KOMESU, Daniel Kiyoyudi; TUROLLA, Frederico Araujo; GOES, Geraldo Sandoval. O impacto de consórcios públicos de resíduos sólidos urbanos no Brasil: estimativas de investimentos e potenciais impactos socioeconômicos. Brasília: Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada, 2025. (Texto para Discussão, n. 3077.) https://doi.org/10.38116/td3077-port
  » https://doi.org/10.38116/td3077-port
• INSTITUTE FOR GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGIES (IGES). Implementation of the plastic resource circulation act in Japan IGES, 2024. Available at: https://www.iges.or.jp/sites/default/files/2024-04/Keitaro%20Tsuji%20MOEJ.pdf Accessed on: May 14, 2025.
  » https://www.iges.or.jp/sites/default/files/2024-04/Keitaro%20Tsuji%20MOEJ.pdf
• JAPAN CONTAINERS AND PACKAGING RECYCLING ASSOCIATION (JCPRA). The Containers and Packaging Recycling Law Tokyo: JCPRA, 2023. Available at: https://www.jcpra.or.jp/Portals/0/resource/association/pamph/pdf/law2003_eng.pdf Accessed on: May 14, 2025.
  » https://www.jcpra.or.jp/Portals/0/resource/association/pamph/pdf/law2003_eng.pdf
• JAPAN CONTAINERS AND PACKAGING RECYCLING ASSOCIATION (JCPRA). About the law: containers and packaging recycling law. JCPRA, 2025a. Available at: https://www.jcpra.or.jp/law/ Accessed on: May 14, 2025.
  » https://www.jcpra.or.jp/law/
• JAPAN CONTAINERS AND PACKAGING RECYCLING ASSOCIATION (JCPRA). Collection of laws and regulations related to the Containers and Packaging Recycling Law and the Plastics Law JCPRA, 2025b. Available at: https://www.jcpra.or.jp/law/relate.html Accessed on: May 14, 2025.
  » https://www.jcpra.or.jp/law/relate.html
• JAPAN CONTAINERS AND PACKAGING RECYCLING ASSOCIATION (JCPRA). Contribution and Rationalization System JCPRA, 2025c. Available at: https://www.jcpra.or.jp/law/contribution.html Accessed on: May 14, 2025.
  » https://www.jcpra.or.jp/law/contribution.html
• JAPAN CONTAINERS AND PACKAGING RECYCLING ASSOCIATION (JCPRA). Penalties JCPRA, 2025d. Available at: https://www.jcpra.or.jp/law/duty/penalties.html Accessed on: May 14, 2025.
  » https://www.jcpra.or.jp/law/duty/penalties.html
• JAPAN CONTAINERS AND PACKAGING RECYCLING ASSOCIATION (JCPRA). Role of the JCPRA JCPRA, 2025e. Available at: https://www.jcpra.or.jp/english/role.html Accessed on: May 14, 2025.
  » https://www.jcpra.or.jp/english/role.html
• JOHANNES, Hendro Putra; KOJIMA, Michikazu; IWASAKI, Fusanori; EDITA, Ellen Putri. Applying the extended producer responsibility towards plastic waste in Asian developing countries for reducing marine plastic debris. Waste Management Research, v. 39, n. 5, p. 690-702, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X211013412
  » https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X211013412
• KODAMA, Toshiya. Environmental education in formal education in Japan. International Journal of Environmental and Science Education, v. 26, n. 4, p. 21-26, 2017. https://doi.org/10.5647/jsoee.26.4_21
  » https://doi.org/10.5647/jsoee.26.4_21
• KOLBE, Karin. Community and school education on the subject of waste management: experiences of Romania, the United Kingdom and Germany. In: SO, Winnie; CHOW, Cheuk; LEE, John (org.). Environmental sustainability and education for waste management Singapore: Springer, 2019. p. 101-115. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9173-6_7
  » https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9173-6_7
• LANDIM, Ana Paula M.; BERNARDO, Cristiany Oliveira; MARTINS, Inayara Beatriz Araujo; FRANCISCO, Michele Rodrigues; SANTOS, Monique Barreto; MELO, Nathália Ramos de. Sustentabilidade quanto às embalagens de alimentos no Brasil. Polímeros: Ciência e Tecnologia, São Carlos, v. 26, spe. no., p. 82-92, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-1428.1897
  » https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-1428.1897
• LAUBINGER, Frithjof; BROWN, Andrew; DUBOIS, Maarten; BÖRKEY, Peter. Modulated fees for extended producer responsibility schemes (EPR). OECD Environment Working Papers, n. 184, p. 1-56, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1787/2a42f54b-en
  » https://doi.org/10.1787/2a42f54b-en
• LECLERC, Stéphanie H.; BADAMI, Madhav G. Extended producer responsibility: An empirical investigation into municipalities’ contributions to and perspectives one waste management. Environmental Policy and Governance, v. 34, n. 2, p. 111-124, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1002/eet.2059
  » https://doi.org/10.1002/eet.2059
• LIFSET, Reid; KALIMO, Harri; JUKKA, Antti; KAUTTO, Petrus; MIETTINEN, Mirella. Restoring the incentives for eco design in extended producer responsibility: The challenges for eco modulation. Waste Management, v. 168, p. 189-201, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2023.05.033
  » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2023.05.033
• MARCHI, Cristina Maria Dacach Fernandez; SANTANA, Joilson Santos. Catadores de materiais recicláveis: análise do perfil socioeconômico na cidade de Salvador, Bahia, Brasil. Interações, Campo Grande, v. 23, n. 2, p. 413-422, Apr./June 2022. https://doi.org/10.20435/inter.v23i2.3058
  » https://doi.org/10.20435/inter.v23i2.3058
• MENDEZ, Gabriel de Pinna; MAHLER, Claudio Fernando; TAQUETTE, Stella Regina. Challenges of selective collection of household waste: A case study in a Brazilian metropolis. Waste Management & Research, v. 41, n. 3, p. 733-739, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X221122545
  » https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X221122545
• MICHEAUX, Helen; AGGERI, Franck. Eco-modulation as a driver for eco-design: A dynamic view of the French collective EPR scheme. Journal of Cleaner Production, v. 289, 125714, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125714
  » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125714
• MILANEZ, Bruno; BUHRS, Ton. Extended producer responsibility in Brazil: the case of tyre waste. Journal of Cleaner Production, v. 17, n. 6, p. 608-615, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2008.10.004
  » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2008.10.004
• MIRANDA, Isabella Tamine Parra; FIDELIS, Reginaldo; FIDELIS, Dayanne Aline de Souza; PILATTI, Luiz Alberto; PICININ, Claudia Tania. The integration of recycling cooperatives in the formal management of municipal solid waste as a strategy for the circular economy — The case of Londrina, Brazil. Sustainability, v. 12, n. 24, 10513, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/su122410513
  » https://doi.org/10.3390/su122410513
• NOMURA, Kai; YAMAMOTO, Masashi. Plastic reduction and firm characteristics: evidence from (non-) financial information in Japan. Environmental Economics and Policy Studies, v. 27, n. 1, p. 1-25, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10018-025-00438-3
  » https://doi.org/10.1007/s10018-025-00438-3
• O’DWYER, Ciara; ZAMAN, Atiq; BREADSELL, Jessica K. The uptake of container deposit schemes: a case study in Perth, Western Australia. Sustainability, v. 14, n. 19, 11863, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141911863
  » https://doi.org/10.3390/su141911863
• OLIVEIRA, Thiago José Arruda de; NOGUEIRA, Letícia Antunes; RODRIGUES, Waldecy. Nos limites da sustentabilidade: a responsabilidade estendida do produtor na gestão de embalagens de agroquímicos. Ambiente & Sociedade, São Paulo, v. 26, n. 4, p. 1-17, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-4422asoc0076r1vu2023L3AO
  » https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-4422asoc0076r1vu2023L3AO
• ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT (OECD). Extended producer responsibility: basic facts and key principles. OECD Publishing, 2024.
• PATULSKI, Ana Caroline de Paula; CARNEIRO, Charles; FERNANDES, Valdir. Modalities of packaging reverse logistics in Brazil, Federal Decree No. 11,413, February 13, 2023. Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental, v. 29, e20240034, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-415220240034
  » https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-415220240034
• PEREIRA, Raissa Silva de Carvalho; RIBEIRO, Flávio de Miranda; GÜNTHER, Wanda Maria Risso. Improvements in the regulation and implementation of extended producer responsibility systems: analysis from the e-waste case study in the State of São Paulo from 2012 to 2021. Revista Brasileira de Ciências Ambientais, Rio de Janeiro, v. 59, e1698, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5327/Z2176-94781698
  » https://doi.org/10.5327/Z2176-94781698
• PHIPPS, Daniel J.; BROWN, Daniel J.; HAGGER, Martin S.; HAMILTON, Kyra. Can the cans: determinants of container deposit behavior before and after introduction of a container refund scheme. Behavioral Sciences, v. 14, n. 2, p. 112, 2024. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14020112
  » https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14020112
• PORTUGAISE, Mika Kaibara; JÓHANNSDÓTTIR, Lára; MURAKAMI, Shinsuke. Extended producer responsibility's effect on producers’ electronic waste management practices in Japan and Canada: drivers, barriers, and potential of the urban mine. Discover Sustainability, v. 4, p. 8, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-023-00124-y
  » https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-023-00124-y
• PRO EUROPE. Green Dot – The Protected Trademark Pro Europe, 2025. Available at: https://www.pro-e.org/green-dot-trademark/ Accessed on: June 11, 2025.
  » https://www.pro-e.org/green-dot-trademark/
• RAMASUBRAMANIAN, Brindha; TAN, Jovan; CHELLAPPAN, Vijila; RAMAKRISHNA, Seeram. Recent advances in Extended Producer Responsibility initiatives for plastic waste management in Germany and UK. Materials Circular Economy, v. 5, p. 6, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42824-023-00076-8
  » https://doi.org/10.1007/s42824-023-00076-8
• REBEHY, Perla Calil Pongeluppe Wadhy; LIMA, Sabrina Andrade dos Santos; NOVI, Juliana Chiaretti; SALGADO JR., Alexandre Pereira. Reverse logistics systems in Brazil: Comparative study and interest of multistakeholders. Journal of Environmental Management, v. 250, 109223, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.06.124
  » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.06.124
• RECYCLE BC. Packaging and paper product extended producer responsibility plan: March 2023. British Columbia: Recycle BC, 2023. Available at: https://recyclebc.ca/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Recycle-BC-Stewardship-Plan-Amendments-Updated-March2023.pdf Accessed on: Mar. 26, 2025.
  » https://recyclebc.ca/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Recycle-BC-Stewardship-Plan-Amendments-Updated-March2023.pdf
• RECYCLE BC. Annual Report 2023 British Columbia: Recycle BC, 2024. Available at: https://recyclebc.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Recycle-BC_Annual-Report_2023_F.pdf Accessed on: Mar. 26, 2025.
  » https://recyclebc.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Recycle-BC_Annual-Report_2023_F.pdf
• RUTKOWSKI, Jaqueline. Case study: reverse logistics for packaging – Brazil's EPR Model. Global Alliance of Waste Pickers & WIEGO, 2021. Available at: https://epr.globalrec.org/case-study/brazil/ Accessed on: June 24, 2025.
  » https://epr.globalrec.org/case-study/brazil/
• SANTOS, Leonardo Souza; PEDROSO, Natalie Alana; ANTIQUEIRA, Lia Maris Orth Ritter. Educação ambiental, sustentabilidade e gestão de resíduos sólidos: percepções em Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brasil. Revista Ambiente & Educação, Rio Grande, v. 29, n. 1, p. 1-15, 2024. https://doi.org/10.63595/ambeduc.v29i1.16371
  » https://doi.org/10.63595/ambeduc.v29i1.16371
• SCHLEICHER, K. Trends and current state of environmental education in Germany Waxmann Verlag, 2022.
• SCHNEIDER, Alice Frantz; AANESTAD, Margunn; CARVALHO, Tereza Cristina. Exploring barriers in the transition toward an established e-waste management system in Brazil: a multiple-case study of the formal sector. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-024-05188-y
  » https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-024-05188-y
• SILVA, Dituzaya Panguila da; SILVESTRE, Hugo Consciência; EMBALO, Alfa Aliu. A cooperação intermunicipal no Brasil: o caso dos consórcios de resíduos sólidos. Revista de Administração Pública, Rio de Janeiro, v. 54, n. 5, p. 1239-1259, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-761220180151
  » https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-761220180151
• SILVA, Rayanne Maria Galdino; NÓBREGA, Claudia Coutinho; SÁ, Ana Cecília Novaes de; SILVA, Davi Lopes Viana; FIRMINO, Lílian de Queiroz. Indicadores de sustentabilidade para análise do gerenciamento dos resíduos de equipamentos eletroeletrônicos. Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental, v. 28, e20220220, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-415220220220
  » https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-415220220220
• TARI, Isil; ALUMUR, Sibel. Collection center location with equity considerations in reverse logistics networks. Information Systems and Operational Research, v. 52, n. 4, p. 157-173, 2014. https://doi.org/10.3138/infor.52.4.157
  » https://doi.org/10.3138/infor.52.4.157
• TOMRA. Deposit return scheme in Germany: the world's highest-performing drink container recycling system. Asker: TOMRA, 2023. Available at: https://www.tomra.com/reverse-vending/media-center/feature-articles/germany-deposit-return-scheme Accessed on: June 14, 2025.
  » https://www.tomra.com/reverse-vending/media-center/feature-articles/germany-deposit-return-scheme
• VERPACKG. Information platform for manufacturers and distributors regarding the packaging act - plataforma de informações para fabricantes e distribuidores sobre a lei de embalagens VERPACKG, 2022. Available at: https://verpackungsgesetz-info.de/en/ Accessed on: June 10, 2025.
  » https://verpackungsgesetz-info.de/en/
• VIEIRA, Bárbara de Oliveira; GUARNIERI, Patricia; SILVA, Lucio Camara e; ALFINITO, Solange. Prioritizing barriers to be solved to the implementation of reverse logistics of e-waste in Brazil under a multicriteria decision aid approach. Sustainability, v. 12, n. 10, p. 4337, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12104337
  » https://doi.org/10.3390/su12104337
• ZENTRALE STELLE VERPACKUNGSREGISTER (ZSVR). About the foundation & authority Osnabrück: ZSVR, 2024a. Available at: https://www.verpackungsregister.org/en/foundation-authority/about-us#c2136 Accessed on: June 10, 2025.
  » https://www.verpackungsregister.org/en/foundation-authority/about-us#c2136
• ZENTRALE STELLE VERPACKUNGSREGISTER (ZSVR). How packaging law breaches come to light Osnabrück: ZSVR, 2024b. Available at: https://www.verpackungsregister.org/en/i-would-like-to-know-how-my-compliance-with-obligations-is-monitored Accessed on: June 10, 2025.
  » https://www.verpackungsregister.org/en/i-would-like-to-know-how-my-compliance-with-obligations-is-monitored
• ZENTRALE STELLE VERPACKUNGSREGISTER (ZSVR). The LUCID Packaging Register of the Central Agency Osnabrück: ZSVR, 2024c. Available at: https://www.zmart.de/en/lucid-packaging-register Accessed on: June 11, 2025.
  » https://www.zmart.de/en/lucid-packaging-register

Edited by

• Editor:
  André Bezerra dos Santos, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará/CE, Brasil. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3395-8878

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  20 Apr 2026
• Date of issue
  2026

History

• Received
  18 July 2025
• Accepted
  31 Oct 2025