48 V to 1 V DC-DC Converter Based on Cascade/Ladder Connected Switched Capacitor Cells

Pont, Neilor C. Dal; Andrade, Jessika M. de; Bharatiraja, Chokkalingam; Lehman, Brad; Lazzarin, Telles B.

doi:10.18618/REP.e202525

person Neilor C. Dal Pont *

Conceptualization · Formal Analysis · Investigation · Methodology · Validation · Writing – Original Draft · Writing – Review & Editing Neilor C. Dal Pont was born in Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil, in 1989. He received his B.Sc., M.Sc., and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical Engineering in 2015, 2017, and 2022, respectively, from the Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, where he was affiliated with the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering and the Power Electronics Institute. He is currently an electrical engineer at UFSC. His research interests focus on switched-capacitor converters, inverters, high-gain step-up and step-down DC-DC converters, resonant converters, and grid-connected systems.

schoolFederal University of Santa Catarina, Electrical Engineering Department, Florianopolis – SC, Brazil. e-mail: neilorcolombodalpont@gmail.com

0000-0003-1381-7485

person Jessika M. de Andrade *

Supervision · Writing – Original Draft · Writing – Review & Editing Jessika M. de Andrade was born in Florianopolis, Brazil, in July 1994, graduated in Electronic Systems at the Federal Institute of Santa Catarina (IFSC), Florianopolis, in 2015. She received a M.Sc and Ph.D degrees in Electrical Engineering from the Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianopolis, in 2018 and 2022, respectively. She is currently a Professor with the Department of Mobility Engineering (EMB) at the UFSC and a member of Brazilian society of power electronics (SOBRAEP). Her interests include high gain dc-dc converters, modeling and control applied to power electronics, converters/inverters with gain cells, renewable energy and related areas.

schoolFederal University of Santa Catarina, Mobility Engineering Department, Joinville – SC, Brazil. e-mail: melo.jessika@ufsc.br

0000-0003-2974-5711

person Chokkalingam Bharatiraja

Conceptualization · Investigation Bharatiraja Chokkalingam (Senior Member, IEEE) received the bachelor’s degree in electrical and electronics engineering from the Kumarguru College of Technology, Bharathiyar University, India, in 2002, the M.Eng. degree in power electronics and drives from the Government College of Technology (Anna University Coimbatore), India, in 2006, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India, in 2015. He completed the post Centre for Energy and Electric Power, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. He is currently a Postdoctoral Fellow/Visiting Research Scientist with Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA. He is also currently working as an Associate Professor with the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology. He has authored more than 300 scientific articles. He is a member in of the IEEE Industrial Electronics, the IEEE Power Electronics, and the IEEE Power and Energy Societies. He serves as a Reviewer for more than 50 refereed journals, in particular, the IEEE.

schoolSRM Institute of Science and Technology, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Chennai – TN, India. e-mail: bharatic@srmist.edu.in

0009-0006-9307-4464

person Brad Lehman

Conceptualization · Investigation Brad Lehman (Fellow, IEEE) is currently a Professor of electrical engineering with Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA. He has been listed in the inaugural edition of the book The 300 Best Professors (Princeton Review, 2012). He performs research in power electronics and renewable energy. Dr. Lehman was a recipient of the 2015 IEEE (PELS) Modeling and Control Technical Achievement Award, the 2016 IEEE Standards Medallion, the 2018 IEEE Award for Achievement in Power Electronics Standards, and the 2019 IEEE PELS Harry A. Owen, Jr. Distinguished Service Award. He was the Editor-in-Chief of the IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics from 2013 to 2018. He was the President of the IEEE Power Electronics Society (PELS) from 2022 to 2023.

schoolNortheastern University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston – MA, USA. e-mail: lehman@ece.northeastern.edu

0000-0003-1120-399X

person Telles B. Lazzarin

Conceptualization · Investigation · Supervision · Writing – Review & Editing Telles B. Lazzarin (S’09-M’12-SM’18) was born in Criciúma, Santa Catarina State, Brazil, in 1979. He received his B.Sc., M.Sc., and Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from the Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil, in 2004, 2006, and 2010, respectively. He is currently a Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EEL) at the UFSC. In 2006, he worked with industry, including R&D activities at WEG Motor Drives & Controls, Brazil. He was a Postdoctoral Fellow at the UFSC, Florianopolis, Brazil, in 2011 and a Visiting Researcher at the Northeastern University, Boston, USA, from 20017 to 2018. He was the Associate Editor of the Brazilian Journal of Power Electronics Power from 2022 to 2023. He is the president of the Power Electronics Association (SOBRAEP), term 2023-2025, and the Electrical Engineering Postgraduate Course Coordinator at the UFSC since 2020 (terms 2020-2022 and 2023-2025). He has been an Associate Editor for the IEEE Open Journal of Power Electronics (OJ-PEL) since 2020. Dr. Lazzarin is a member of the Brazilian Power Electronics Association (SOBRAEP), Power Electronics Society (PELS), Industry Applications Society (IAS), and Industrial Electronics Society (IES). His research areas include DC-DC converters, single-phase rectifiers, on-grid and off-grid inverters, power supplies, power converters for renewable energies, electric vehicles, and battery energy storage Systems (BESS).

schoolFederal University of Santa Catarina, Electrical Engineering Department, Florianopolis – SC, Brazil. e-mail: neilorcolombodalpont@gmail.com

0000-0001-8598-8641

person* Corresponding Author. e-mail:
melo.jessika@ufsc.br

Associate Editor

Edivan L. C. da Silva https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8389-8703

Editor-in-Chief

Heverton A. Pereira https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0710-7815

Switch	Voltage	Average Current	RMS Current
$S_{1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8}$	$\frac{V_{i}}{4}$	$\frac{P_{o}}{V_{i}}$	$\frac{{2 P}_{o}}{\sqrt{2} V_{i}}$
$S_{4, 5}$	$\frac{V_{i}}{4}$	$\frac{{3 P}_{o}}{V_{i}}$	$\frac{{6 P}_{o}}{\sqrt{2} V_{i}}$
$S_{1 a, 2 a, 3 a, 4 a}$	$\frac{V_{i}}{8}$	$\frac{I_{o}}{2^{N}}$	$\frac{I_{o}}{2^{(N - 1)} \sqrt{2}}$
$S_{1 b, 2 b, 3 b, 4 b}$	$\frac{V_{i}}{16}$	$\frac{I_{o}}{2^{(N - 1)}}$	$\frac{I_{o}}{2^{(N - 2)} \sqrt{2}}$
$S_{1 N, 2 N, 3 N, 4 N}$	$\frac{V_{i}}{2 (N + 2)}$	$\frac{I_{o}}{2}$	$\frac{I_{o}}{\sqrt{2}}$

Parameter	$S_{1 a, b, c}$	$S_{2 a, b, c}$
Peak voltage	$V_{o 1}$	$V_{o 1}$
Average voltage	$V_{o 1} (1 - D)$	$V_{o 1} D$
Average current	$I_{L} D$	$I_{L} (1 - D)$
RMS current	$I_{L} \sqrt{D}$	$I_{L} \sqrt{1 - D}$

Parameter	Value
Input voltage ( $V_{i}$ )	48 V
Output voltage ( $V_{o 1}$ )	3 V
Gain ( $G_{MSCC}$ )	1/16
Output power ( $P_{o}$ )	30 W
Switching frequency ( $f_{s}$ )	80 kHz
$f_{s} τ$	0.3
Switches ( $S_{x}$ )	BSC016N06NST 60 V / 234 A
Capacitors ( $C_{x}$ )	KG57NX7S1C107M500JH 100 µF / 16 V (six in parallel)

Parameter	Value
Input voltage ( $V_{o 1}$ )	3 V
Output voltage ( $V_{o}$ )	1 V
Gain ( $G_{MSCC}$ )	1/3
Output power ( $P_{o}$ )	30 W
Switching frequency ( $f_{s}$ )	80 kHz
Inductor current ripple ( $Δ_{I L %}$ )	10%
Output voltage ripple ( $Δ_{V c o %}$ )	1%
Current loop phase margin	75°
Current loop crossover frequency	1 kHz
Current PI zero frequency ( $ω_{zi}$ )	2.8 krad/s
Gain PI current ( $K_{PIi}$ )	0.02
Voltage loop phase margin	90°
Voltage loop crossover frequency	50 Hz
Voltage PI zero frequency ( $ω_{zv}$ )	1.8 krad/s
Gain PI voltaget ( $K_{PIv}$ )	5.2
Switches ( $S_{x}$ )	BSC016N06NST 60 V / 234 A
Capacitor ( $C_{xa}$ )	KG57NX7S1C107M500JH 100 µF / 16 V
Inductors ( $L_{x}$ )	HCMA1707-100-R 10 µH / $R_{L} = 10 m Ω$
Digital signal processor (DSP)	F28069m
Current sensors	ACS731

Topology	T	L	C	S	$V_{c}$	$V_{s}$	G	P	η
Proposed	0	3	12	22	Vi/4	Vi/4	D/16	30 W	87.22 %
HSCC [²⁶]	0	10	9	16	Vi/2	Vi/2	D/8	150 W	90.6 %
DP-MIH [²⁷]	0	4	4	8	3Vi/4	3Vi/4	D/N	100 W	90.9 %
HB-FC-CD [²⁸]	0	2	4	6	Vi/2	Vi/4	D/4n	60 W	92.8 %
ACFC [²⁹]	1	1	3	4	Vi	Vi(1+1/n)	D/n	60 W	89.9 %
HDSCC [¹⁴]	0	3	6	11	Vi/2	Vi/2	D/10	12 W	90.4 %
DFBC [³⁰]	0	2	1	4	Vi/2	Vi/2	D/4	1.5 W	85.4 %
SCBC [³¹]	0	2	11	13	Vi(12-i)/12	Vi/12	D/12	8 W	90.2 %

R_{s} (f_{s} τ) = \frac{2 R_{o n}}{f_{s} τ} \frac{1 - e^{- \frac{1}{f_{s} τ}}}{1 + e^{- \frac{1}{f_{s} τ}} - (e^{- \frac{D}{f_{s} τ}} + e^{- \frac{D}{f_{s} τ}})}