CHEMICAL CHANGES OF SOIL AND WATER IN HILLSIDE AREAS UNDER INTENSIVE HORTICULTURE

Silva, Laércio S.; Galindo, Izabel C. de L.; Gomes, Romário P.; Campos, Milton C. C.; Souza, Edivan R. de; Cunha, José M. da

doi:10.1590/1809-4430-Eng.Agric.v38n3p351-360/2018

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Scientific Paper, Soil and Water Engineering • Eng. agríc. (Online) 38 (3) • May-Jun 2018 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-4430-Eng.Agric.v38n3p351-360/2018 linkcopy

CHEMICAL CHANGES OF SOIL AND WATER IN HILLSIDE AREAS UNDER INTENSIVE HORTICULTURE

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Inadequate and intensive management of soils can promote changes in their chemical attributes and impair the quality of surface and groundwater, especially in hillside areas. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify possible changes in soil and water chemical composition of hillside areas cultivated with horticulture. For this, chemical attributes of three soil depths (0-10, 10-30, and 30-60 cm) were determined in three hillside positions (upper, middle, and lower thirds) of five hillside and adjacent forest areas, as well as water from reservoirs for agricultural use and human consumption. Compared with the forest area, horticultural areas present soil with lower organic matter content and CEC, but higher values of pH, base saturation, and contents of P, Ca, and K. In cultivated areas, CEC decreases from the upper to the lower hillside, without significant changes in other soil fertility parameters. Soil fertility decreases with depth, regardless of soil management and hillside position. Water from reservoirs adjacent to hillside areas with horticulture is more acidic and has a higher nitrate content, especially during rainy periods.

KEYWORDS
landscape; environmental contamination; management practices; irrigation water

	pH (H₂0)				P (mg dm ^-3)
	0–10 cm	10–30 cm	30–60 cm	Mean	0–10 cm	10–30 cm	30–60 cm	Mean
Forest	4.6	4.5	4.7	4.5b	7.0	3.8	2.8	4.5b
UT	5.8	6.0	5.9	5.9a	170.2	100.6	99.0	123.2ab
MT	6.2	6.3	6.4	6.3a	206.2	174.2	137.2	172.5a
LT	5.8	5.7	6.1	5.9a	150.4	132.0	134.6	139.0ab
Mean	5.6A	5.6^a	5.8^a		133.4A	102.6AB	93.4B
F Position (P)		26.41**				4.17*
F Depth (D)		0.26^NS				4.19*
F P × D		0.61^NS				0.94^NS
CV (%)		14				101
	MO (g kg^-1)				CTC (cmol_c dm ^-3)
	0–10 cm	10–30 cm	30–60 cm	Mean	0–10 cm	10–30 cm	30–60 cm	Mean
Forest	4.1	3.6	2.9	3.53a	13.6	12.9	12.7	13.08a
UT	2.6	1.9	1.6	2.06b	11.8	10.3	10.1	10.73ab
MT	2.2	1.6	1.3	1.72b	10.2	8.2	8.1	8.85bc
LT	2.0	1.7	1.1	1.62b	8.9	8.2	6.5	7.85c
Mean	2.73A	2.22B	1.74C		11.13A	9.9B	9.35B
F Position (P)		45.83**				11.31**
F Depth (D)		59.22**				11.46**
F P × D		0.90^NS				0.78^NS
CV (%)		45				31
	Ca (cmol_c dm ^-3)				Mg (cmol_c dm ^-3)
	0–10 cm	10–30 cm	30–60 cm	Mean	0–10 cm	10–30 cm	30–60 cm	Mean
Forest	1.11	1.04	1.12	1.09b	2.64	1.79	1.50	1.97
UT	4.26	3.76	3.43	3.81a	2.30	1.96	1.36	1.87
MT	4.23	3.73	3.66	3.87a	2.17	1.89	1.45	1.83
LT	3.78	3.49	2.68	3.31a	1.50	1.60	1.01	1.37
Mean	3.34A	3.01B	2.72B		2.15A	1.8AB	1.33B
F Position (P)		20.80**				1.59^NS
F Depth (D)		11.38**				10.29**
F P × D		2.04^NS				0.63^NS
CV (%)		47				46
	K (cmol_c dm ^-3)				V (%)
	0–10 cm	10–30 cm	30–60 cm	Mean	0–10 cm	10–30 cm	30–60 cm	Mean
Forest	0.23bA	0.20aA	0.18bA	0.20	32	24	22	26b
UT	1.49aA	1.05aA	1.38aA	1.31	70	68	64	67^a
MT	1.81aA	0.65aB	0.59abB	1.02	81	77	72	77^a
LT	1.03abA	0.53aA	0.50abA	0.69	73	70	69	70^a
Mean	1.14	0.61	0.66		63.91A	59.82AB	56.91B
F Position (P)		4.82*				38.80**
F Depth (D)		11.41**				3.92*
F P × D		2.98*				0.23^NS
CV (%)		95				37

	OM		P		H+Al		Ca		K		CEC		V
	A	F	A	F	A	F	A	F	A	F	A	F	A	F
Soil depth of 0–10 cm
pH	0.12ns	0.47ns	-0.12ns	0.81*	-0.49*	-0.05ns	0.60**	0.81*	0.35ns	0.48ns	0.20ns	0.00ns	0.61**	0.20ns
OM	…	…	0.06ns	0.00ns	0.41ns	0.86*	0.45*	0.90*	0.32ns	0.56ns	0.82**	0.88*	0.02ns	-0.69ns
H+Al	0.41ns	0.86*	-0.01ns	-0.49ns	…	…	-0.19ns	0.54ns	-0.41ns	0.30ns	0.38ns	0.98**	-0.86** -	-0.92**
Mg	0.59**	-0.12ns	0.2ns	0.31ns	0.00ns	-0.10ns	0.21ns	-0.10ns	0.72**	0.69ns	0.78**	0.08ns	0.41ns	0.42ns
Al	0.41ns	0.43ns	0.15ns	-0.82*	0.37ns	0.71ns	0.43*	0.09ns	0.30ns	-0.45ns	0.70*	0.56ns	-0.02ns	-0.93**
Soil depth of 10–30 cm
pH	0.12ns	0.17ns	0.22ns	-0.23ns	-0.42*	0.15 ns	0.46*	0.71 ns	0.43*	-0.27	0.24 ns	0.25 ns	0.70**	0.48 ns
OM	…	…	-0.45*	0.90*	0.68*	0.99*	0.28 ns	0.67 ns	0.51*	0.84*	0.76**	0.99*	-0.33 ns	-0.75 ns
H+Al	0.68*	0.99*	-0.46*	0.92 ns	…	…	-0.09 ns	0.60 ns	0.19 ns	0.80*	0.68**	0.99**	-0.81**	-0.79*
Mg	0.38 ns	0.19 ns	-0.12 ns	0.05 ns	0.23 ns	0.25 ns	0.19 ns	0.22 ns	0.46*	-0.37 ns	0.76**	0.33 ns	0.27 ns	0.13 ns
Al	0.19 ns	0.40 ns	-0.33ns	0.76 ns	0.32 ns	0.48 ns	0.14 ns	-0.41ns	0.04 ns	0.46 ns	0.37 ns	0.42 ns	-0.15 ns	-0.87*
Soil depth of 30–60 cm
pH	0.12ns	0.57 ns	0.24 ns	0.22 ns	-0.45*	0.01 ns	0.59**	-0.78*	-0.02 ns	0.26 ns	0.01 ns	0.04 ns	0.62**	0.16 ns
OM	…	…	-0.22 ns	0.63 ns	0.65**	0.79*	0.34 ns	0.02 ns	0.50*	0.65 ns	0.88**	0.83*	-0.37 ns	0.57 ns
H+Al	0.65**	0.79*	-0.52*	0.81 ns	…	…	-0.23 ns	0.61 ns	0.39 ns	0.81*	0.76**	1.00**	-0.89**	0.33 ns
Mg	0.77**	0.76 ns	-0.01 ns	0.00 ns	0.39 ns	0.45 ns	0.29 ns	-0.06 ns	0.57**	0.02 ns	0.74**	0.57 ns	-0.07 ns	0.96**
Al	0.58**	-0.39 ns	0.08 ns	-0.26 ns	0.49*	-0.74 ns	-0.24 ns	-0.84*	0.30 ns	-0.24 ns	0.42*	-0.78 ns	-0.38 ns	-0.56 ns

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[TFN1] Means followed by the same uppercase letter in the row and lowercase letter in the column do not differ from each other by the Tukey's test (5%). CV = coefficient of variation.