Lições sobre a pandemia da COVID-19: a carga desigual da COVID-19 sobre as populações vulneráveis da região central do Brasil

Santos, Kamila Cardoso dos; Silva, Grazielle Rosa da Costa e; Moura, Winny Éveny Alves; Magalhães, Larissa Silva; Silva, Bruno Vinícius Diniz e; Silva Filho, Gabriel Francisco da; Villar, Lívia Melo; Caetano, Karlla Antonieta Amorim; Carneiro, Megmar Aparecida dos Santos; Lopez-Quintero, Catalina; Cook, Robert L.; Vaddiparti, Krishna; Teles, Sheila Araujo; Martins, Regina Maria Bringel

doi:10.1590/0102-311XEN199623

person Kamila Cardoso dos Santos

contributed with the study conception and design · data acquisition and interpretation · writing, and review · approved the final version

school Faculdade de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brasil.

0000-0001-9367-4837

person Grazielle Rosa da Costa e Silva

contributed with the writing, and review · approved the final version

school Faculdade de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brasil.

0000-0003-3462-8050

person Winny Éveny Alves Moura

contributed with the writing, and review · approved the final version

school Faculdade de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brasil.

0000-0002-6676-6573

person Larissa Silva Magalhães

contributed with the writing, and review · approved the final version

school Faculdade de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brasil.

0000-0002-0418-325X

person Bruno Vinícius Diniz e Silva

contributed with the writing, and review · approved the final version

school Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brasil.

0000-0002-6477-9733

person Gabriel Francisco da Silva Filho

contributed with the writing, and review · approved the final version

school Faculdade de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brasil.

0000-0002-5463-2017

person Lívia Melo Villar

contributed with the writing, and review · approved the final version

school Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.

0000-0001-7644-8969

person Karlla Antonieta Amorim Caetano

contributed with the writing, and review · approved the final version

school Faculdade de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brasil.

0000-0003-4818-4753

person Megmar Aparecida dos Santos Carneiro

contributed with the writing, and review · approved the final version

school Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.

0000-0003-0569-477X

person Catalina Lopez-Quintero

contributed with the writing, and review · approved the final version

school Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, U.S.A.

0000-0003-3646-4408

person Robert L. Cook

contributed with the writing, and review · approved the final version

school Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, U.S.A.

0000-0002-7770-3754

person Krishna Vaddiparti

contributed with the writing, and review · approved the final version

school Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, U.S.A.

0000-0002-7892-0769

person Sheila Araujo Teles

contributed with the study conception and design · data acquisition and interpretation · writing, and review · approved the final version

school Faculdade de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brasil.

0000-0002-7059-4241

person Regina Maria Bringel Martins

contributed with the writing, and review · approved the final version

school Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.

0000-0001-8941-8531

personCorrespondence S. A. Teles Faculdade de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de Goiás. Rua 227, quadra 68, s/n, Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia, GO 74605-080, Brasil.
sheila.fen@gmail.com

Additional information

ORCID: Kamila Cardoso dos Santos (0000-0001-9367-4837); Grazielle Rosa da Costa e Silva (0000-0003-3462-8050); Winny Éveny Alves Moura (0000-0002-6676-6573); Larissa Silva Magalhães (0000-0002-0418-325X); Bruno Vinícius Diniz e Silva (0000-0002-6477-9733); Gabriel Francisco da Silva Filho (0000-0002-5463-2017); Lívia Melo Villar (0000-0001-7644-8969); Karlla Antonieta Amorim Caetano (0000-0003-4818-4753); Megmar Aparecida dos Santos Carneiro (0000-0003-0569-477X); Catalina Lopez-Quintero (0000-0003-3646-4408); Robert L. Cook (0000-0002-7770-3754); Krishna Vaddiparti (0000-0002-7892-0769); Sheila Araujo Teles (0000-0002-7059-4241); Regina Maria Bringel Martins (0000-0001-8941-8531).

Category	n	%
Vulnerable population
Recyclable waste pickers	281	47.3
Immigrants/Refugees	176	29.6
Homeless	137	23.1
Gender
Male	314	52.9
Female	280	47.1
Race/Ethnicity
White	96	16.2
Non-white	498	83.8
Marital status (no information: 9)
Single/Divorced/Widowed	384	65.6
Married	201	31.4
COVID symptoms (flu-like symptoms) (no information: 6)
No	235	40.0
Yes	353	60.0
Continuous variables	Median	Q1-Q3
Age (years)	35	26-47
Monthly income (BRL *)	1,100	1,000-2,000
Years of education	9	6-12

Parameter	COVID-19+	COVID-19-	p-value *	PR (95CI%)
Parameter	n (%)	n (%)	p-value *	PR (95CI%)
Age (years) [median (Q1-Q3)]	32 (23-45)	35 (27-46)	0.118	0.99 (0.95-1.00)
Monthly income (BRL *) [median (Q1-Q3)]	1,100 (1,000-2,000)	1,100 (1,000-2,000)	0.802	1.00 (1.00-1.00)
Years of education [median (Q1-Q3)]	9 (6-12)	9 (6-12)	0.347	1.01 (0.98-1.04)
Vulnerable population
Homeless	19 (16.8)	94 (83.2)		1.00
Recyclable waste picker	80 (30.9)	179 (69.1)	0.008	1.84 (1.17-2.88)
Immigrants/Refugees	114 (67.5)	55 (32.5)	< 0.001	4.01 (2.63-6.13)
Gender
Male	108 (39.6)	165 (60.4)	0.928	0.99 (0.80-1.22)
Female	105 (39.2)	163 (60.8)	0.928	0.99 (0.80-1.22)
Race/Ethnicity
White	31 (35.6)	56 (64.4)	0.448	1.13 (0.83-1.53)
Non-white	182 (40.1)	272 (59.9)	0.448	1.13 (0.83-1.53)
Marital status (no information: 9)
Single/Divorced/Widowed	129 (37.2)	218 (62.8)	0.184	1.16 (0.93-1.43)
Married	80 (43.0)	106 (57.0)	0.184	1.16 (0.93-1.43)
Worked during the pandemic
No	60 (46.2)	70 (53.8)	0.163	1.18 (0.94-1.48)
Yes	133 (39.2)	206 (60.8)	0.163	1.18 (0.94-1.48)
Cloth mask
Yes	206 (40.2)	306 (59.8)	0.772	1.09 (0.62-1.92)
No	7 (43.8)	9 (56.2)	0.772	1.09 (0.62-1.92)
Surgical mask
Yes	22 (28.2)	56 (71.8)	0.031	1.50 (1.04-2.18)
No	191 (42.4)	259 (57.6)	0.031	1.50 (1.04-2.18)
N-95 mask
Yes	5 (27.8)	13 (72.2)	0.317	1.47 (0.69-3.12)
No	302 (59.2)	208 (40.8)	0.317	1.47 (0.69-3.12)
Hand wash
Yes	149 (39.7)	223 (60.3)	0.797	0.97 (0.77-1.22)
No	64 (38.6)	102 (61.4)	0.797	0.97 (0.77-1.22)
Number of people sleeping in the same room
Only one	115 (33.7)	226 (66.3)		1.00
Two people	37 (40.7)	54 (59.3)	0.206	1.21 (0.90-1.61)
Three or more people	61 (58.7)	43 (41.3)	< 0.001	1.74 (1.40-2.17)
COVID symptoms in family (flu-like symptoms)
No	107 (35.7)	193 (64.3)	0.171	1.16 (0.94-1.44)
Yes	83 (43.7)	107 (56.3)	0.171	1.16 (0.94-1.44)
TV news as the main source of information about the pandemic
No	58 (45.0)	71 (55.0)	0.131	0.84 (0.67-1.05)
Yes	155 (37.7)	256 (62.3)	0.131	0.84 (0.67-1.05)
Radio broadcasts as the main source of information about the pandemic
No	175 (38.8)	276 (61.2)	0.483	1.10 (0.84-1.44)
Yes	38 (42.7)	51 (57.3)	0.483	1.10 (0.84-1.44)
Social media as the main source of information about the pandemic
No	141 (39.9)	72 (38.5)	0.746	0.96 (0.77-1.20)
Yes	212 (60.1)	115 (61.5)	0.746	0.96 (0.77-1.20)
Friends as the main source of information about the pandemic
No	161 (40.0)	241 (60.0)	0.627	0.94 (0.74-1.20)
Yes	52 (37.7)	86 (62.3)	0.627	0.94 (0.74-1.20)
Family as the main source of information about the pandemic
No	171 (39.0)	267 (61.0)	0.688	1.05 (0.81-1.37)
Yes	42 (41.2)	60 (58.8)

Parameter	p-value *	Adjusted PR (95%CI) **
Vulnerable population
Homeless		1.00
Waste recycle pickers	0.149	1.49 (0.87-2.55)
Immigrants/Refugees	< 0.001	2.95 (1.76-4.94)
Surgical mask
Yes		1.00
No	0.051	1.44 (1.00-2.07)
Number of people sleeping in the same room
Only one		1.00
Two people	0.940	0.99 (0.72-1.36)
Three or more people	0.023	1.32 (1.04-1.69)
TV news as the main source of information about the pandemic
No		1.00
Yes	0.046	0.80 (0.65-1.00)

[TFN1] Q1-Q3: quartile 1 to quartile 3.

[TFN2] * BRL 5.64 was equivalent to USD 1.